Anatomy and Physiology Chp. 13 (Pt. 1 and Pt. 2)
There are ___ pairs of spinal nerves.
-31
Vagus
-A mixed nerve that controls muscles of breathing and digestion (CN X)
What is needed to trigger a reflex?
-A stimulus
Which of the following is NOT true of the stretch reflex?
-Always occurs simultaneously with a cross-extensor reflex
White matter of the spinal cord is organized into...?
-Anterior, lateral, and posterior funiculi
Which of the following is made up of a web of collagen and elastic fibers?
-Arachnoid Mater
Which cells help protect the brain by creating the blood-brain barrier?
-Astrocytes
Which is the plexus from which the radial and ulnar nerves originate?
-Brachial
The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata make up the...?
-Brainstem
What is the function of a motor neuron in a reflex?
-Carries motor information from the spinal cord to an effector
The ____ is the bundle of spinal nerves beyond the inferior spinal cord.
-Cauda Equina
Which part of the brain helps maintain equilibrium and posture?
-Cerebellum
Which is the plexus from which the phrenic nerve originates?
-Cervical
The ____ is the inferior, cone-shaped tip of the spinal cord.
-Conus Medullaris
The epithalamus, hypothalamus, and thalamus make up the...?
-Diencephalon
Which layer of meninges is the most superficial?
-Dura Mater
Which layer of meninges is the thickest and toughest?
-Dura Mater
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by...?
-Ependymal Cells
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a stationary fluid in the central nervous system and does not circulate. (True or False)
-False
Sensory neurons travel through the anterior root into the anterior horns of the spinal cord. (True or False)
-False
The corpus callosum separates the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum. (True or False)
-False
The hypothalamus is very small and has only minor functions in the brain. (True or False)
-False
The limbic system is located anterior to the hypothalamus. (True or False)
-False
There are 5 lobes of the brain; two on the left hemisphere and 3 on the right hemisphere. (True or False)
-False
Which is NOT true of ventricles?
-Filled with air to cushion the brain
The ____ attaches the conus medullaris to the coccyx.
-Filum Terminale
Which term refers to the deep grooves as seen between the cerebrum and cerebellum or between the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
-Fissures
There are ___ ventricles in the brain.
-Four
The most anterior lobe of the cerebrum is the ____.
-Frontal Lobe
Which lobe of the cerebrum controls motor function, concentration, verbal communication, and personality?
-Frontal Lobe
Which term refers to a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
-Ganglion
Trigeminal
-General sensation from face, scalp, and teeth; controls muscles involved in chewing (CN V)
If a loud noice occurs behind you and you turn your head in the direction of the sound, you are displaying an auditory reflex and engaging the...?
-Inferior Colliculi
Which are the largest ventricles in the cerebrum?
-Lateral
Which part of the brain is involved in storing long-term memories associated with smell?
-Limbic System
Which separates the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum?
-Longitudinal Fissure
The nerves arising from the lumbar enlargement innervate the...?
-Lower Limb
Which is the region of the spinal cord that has an enlargement?
-Lumbar Region
Which part of the brain is continuous with the spinal cord?
-Medulla Oblongata
Which regulates the rate of your breathing and heart rate?
-Medullary respiratory center
The structures that come from the rhombencephalon are:...?
-Metancephalon
Oculomotor
-Most eye muscle movements, movements of eyelid and iris (CN III)
Facial
-Movement of the muscles of facial expression; taste sensation from the anterior tongue (CN VII)
Which lobe of the cerebrum receives vision information from the optic nerves?
-Occipital Lobe
Which lobe of the cerebrum receives most of the general sensory information?
-Parietal Lobe
Cranial nerves are part of the...?
-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Which of the following is NOT a main nerve of the brachial plexus?
-Phrenic
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
-Phrenic Nerve (C3-C5)
Which layer of meninges is attached to the surface of the spinal cord?
-Pia Mater
Which produces melatonin?
-Pineal Gland
Which part of the brainstem helps control the skeletal muscles needed for breathing?
-Pons
Which funiculus of the spinal cord contains only ascending sensory tracts that carry sensory information to the brain?
-Posterior
Which side of the spinal cord has a median sulcus?
-Posterior
Which contains a ganglion?
-Posterior Root
Which gyrus of the cerebrum is located on the frontal lobe and coordinates somatic motor movements?
-Precentral Gyrus
Which is NOT a characteristic of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
-Produced by oligodendrocytes
Which is a main function of the cerebral nuclei (basal nuclei)?
-Regulate motor output (muscle activity)
Which part of the brainstem controls your states of consciousness?
-Reticular Formation
Which is the plexus from which the sciatic nerve originates?
-Sacral
Which is the largest and longest nerve in the body?
-Sciatic Nerve
Olfactory
-Sensory for smell (CN I)
Optic
-Sensory for vision (CN II)
Melatonin functions in regulating...?
-Sleep-wake cycles
The sensation which is not translated by thalamus:...?
-Smell
Which is NOT one of the 4 major parts of the brain?
-Spinal Cord
Which space contains CSF?
-Subarachnoid Space
What area of the spinal cord meninges contains cerebrospinal fluid?
-Subarachnoid space
The shallow depressions between the ridges on the surface of the cerebrum are called...?
-Sulci
Which term refers to the ridges found on the outer surface of the cerebellum?
-Sulci?
Which lobe is located on the lateral sides of the cerebrum?
-Temporal Lobe
Which lobe of the cerebrum receives most of the sensory information regarding hearing and smell?
-Temporal Lobe
The right side of the brain generally receives sensory information from and sends motor signals to...?
-The left side of the body
Which of the following is correct about dura matter?
-Thick fibrous layer and a strong protective sheath over the entire brain and spinal cord
Which is NOT a plexus?
-Thoracic
Like the cerebrum, the cerebellum has gray matter on the outside and white matter towards the inside. (True or False)
-True
Reflexes are all involuntary responses to a stimulus. (True or False)
-True
Somatic sensory nuclei (cells bodies of sensory neurons) are located in the posterior root ganglia of the spinal cord. (True or False)
-True
The cerebral cortex is the outer surface of the cerebrum. (True of False)
-True
The cerebral cortex is the outer surface of the cerebrum. (True or False)
-True
The first and second ventricles are separated by a thin membrane called the septum pellucidum. (True or False)
-True
The fourth ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. (True or False)
-True
The gray matter is more superficial than white matter in the brain. (True or False)
-True
The infundibulum connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. (True or False)
-True
The insula is a lobe of the cerebrum that receives sensory information regarding taste (gustation). (True or False)
-True
White matter tracts (funiculi) of the spinal cord carry sensory information up to the brain and motor information down from the brain. (True or False)
-True
Select ALL the places CSF is found.
-Ventricles -Subarachnoid Space -Central Canal of the spinal cord
A funiculis is a region of _______ in the spinal cord.
-White Matter
The arbor vitae makes up the _____ of the cerebellum.
-White Matter
Pulling the arm back from a hot pan is an example of a ______ reflex.
-Withdrawal