Anatomy and Physiology, Digestive
The 4 regions of the stomach are the?
cardiac region, fundus, body, and pyloric region
This structure serves as the junction between the esophagus and stomach, prevents backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus?
cardiac sphincter
The anterior and lateral borders of the oral cavity is formed by the?
labia, cheeks, and vestibule
Connective tissue extensions of the serosa that help to anchor the small intestines and holds the approx. 20 ft. of intestines into a tight mass.
mesenteries
Mesenteries attached specifically to the small intestine is called?
mesentery proper
Mesenteries that are directly attached to the large intestine is called?
mesocolon
Tiny projections of the plasma membrane of each simple columnar cell creating a fuzzy appearance called brush border cells.
microvilli
Flattened crowns with prominent ridges, for grinding and crushing, 12 total
molars
The labia is distinguished by the red margin and what muscle?
orbcularis oris
Extends between the soft palate and the level of the hyoid bone
oropharynx
What is saliva a mixture of?
water, mucins, buffers, lysozymes, and enzymes
Hydrochloric acid is very acidic, what is its pH range?
1-2
Each circumvallate papillae posses this along the sides of each papilla.
100 taste buds
Fecal material is what percentage of indigestible materials, inorganic materials, and epithelial cells?
20%
How many permanent teeth are there?
32
Fecal material is what percentage of bacteria?
5%
Fecal material is what percentage of water?
75%
Movement of small organic end products and other important molecules from the lumen of the GI tract into the interstitial fluids, blood, or lymph is called?
Absorption
The duodenum contains large numbers of duodenal glands that secrete mucous, sometimes called?
Brunner's glands
The sublingual and submandibular glands are innervated by which cranial nerves?
CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
The parotid glands are innervated by which cranial nerve?
CN VII (facial)
The compacted materials are called feces and the elimination of feces via the anus is called?
Defecation
Occurs when foods and beverages enter the digestive tract via the mouth
Ingestion
Name the middle and lower portion of the small intestine where continued chemical digestion and absorption occurs.
Jejunum and ileum
Possess no sweat glands or sebaceous glands, or lips
Labia
Chewing, mixing of food with saliva, churning of food in the stomach and segmentation in the small intestines is called?
Mechanical processing
What are the four basic layers of the muscular tube of the GI tract?
Mucosa (innermost), submucosa, and muscularis externa and serosa
Aggregated masses of lymphoid tissue with large numbers of lymphocyte cells that is found in the lower portion of the ileum are called?
Peyer's patches
Movement of food through the alimentary canal by swallowing and peristalsis is called?
Propulsion
The nasopharynx is lined with?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Emission of water, enzyme, buffers, and acids into the lumen is called?
Secretion
What is the lamina propria?
a basement membrane of the mucosa composed of areolar connective tissue
What is the submucosa?
a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the mucosa
What attaches lips to the gums?
a superior and inferior labial frenulum
The organs that do not have serosa covering them have a sheath that anchors them to the surrounding tissues, this is called the?
adventitia
What is the GI tract also called?
alimentary canal
Brush border enzymes that process short peptides into individual amino acids.
aminopeptidase, dipeptidase, and carboxypeptidase
The distal portion of the rectum that is composed of two muscles that work together to regulate defecation.
anal canal
Wormlike structure extending from the cecum that contains masses of lymphoid tissue and plays a role in immunity.
appendix
Where are pacesetter cells located?
areas where peristalsis, or rhythmic contraction is necessary
What are the 4 regions of the colon?
ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid
The upper esophageal sphincter prevents?
backflow of food into the oral cavity
The cardiac sphincter prevents?
backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus
Synthesizes vitamin B5, Biotin, and most of the vitamin K that the liver requires to make blood clotting proteins.
bacterial flora
What is the anterior, mobile portion of the tongue called?
body of the tongue
The inferior boundary (or floor) of the oral cavity is formed by the?
body of the tongue, geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscle
What enzymes complete the digestion of organic molecules?
brush border enzymes
Conical-shaped teeth with a sharp ridgeline and pointed tip, for tearing and piercing, 4 total, sometimes called cuspids or eyeteeth
canines
The area where the esophagus empties into the stomach, also known as the cardia, is called the?
cardiac region
Expanded sac-like region that collects and stores materials from the ileum and begins the process of compaction
cecum
What are the 3 main segments of the large intestine?
cecum, colon, rectum
Formed by the buccinators muscles.
cheeks
Polymers are converted to monomers during which process of digestion?
chemical digestion
Cells that secrete the inactive enzyme pepsinogen, which when activated to form pepsin, can begin process of protein digestion.
chief cells
What are the 3 cells of the gastric glands?
chief, parietal, and G cells
Released when fatty or protein rich chyme enters the small intestine, causes release of enzyme juices from the pancreas to buffer the acidity and bile from the liver/gallbladder
cholecystokinin (CCK)
What are the 3 layers of the stomach?
circular, longitudinal, and oblique
This structure has 7 to 12 large, round papillae found on the posterior margin of tongue in a V pattern.
circumvallate papillae
The uvula is composed of what tissue?
connective and reticular
The exposed part of the tooth that projects into the oral cavity
crown
What are the 3 typical structures of the tooth?
crown, neck, and root
The movement of food from the oral cavity into the pharynx and then into the esophagus is called swallowing or?
deglutition
Thin fibers called actin are attached to what in the muscularis externa layer?
dense bodies
Brush border cells that break down disaccharides and oligosaccharides into monosaccharides.
dextrinase, maltase, sucrose, and lactase
What is the muscularis externa?
dominated by smooth muscle cells, an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer
What is the serosa?
double layered membrane and the 4th layer of the GI tract, along most portions of the organs in the peritoneal cavity
Upper region of the small instestine, about 10 to 12 inches long, receives chyme from the stomach as well as digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver and gallbladder via the sphincter of Oddi.
duodenum
What is bile important for?
emulsifies fat
The crown is made up of these 3 materials.
enamel, dentin, and pulp
The esophagus has many of these glands that produce mucus to lubricate the bolus as it moves to the stomach?
esophageal
The esophagus passes through an opening in the diaphragm called the?
esophageal hiatus
A hollow muscular tube that functions to carry bolus from the pharynx to the stomach is called the?
esophagus
This muscle, made of skeletal muscle allows the person to control bowel movements.
external anal sphincter
Hair-like papillae scattered all over the anterior 2/3 of the tongue that do not have taste buds and create friction.
filiform papillae
This structure has 4-5 vertical folds located on the lateral margins of the posterior region of the tongue possessing many taste buds.
foliate papillae
Where is the stratified squamous epithelium of the mucosa layer found?
found in the oral cavity, pharynx, the upper portions of the esophagus and the rectum to protect against abrasion.
Where is the simple columnar epithelium of the mucosa layer found?
found within the lower portions of the esophagus, the stomach, small intestine, and most of the large intestine. Possess numerous goblet cells which produce mucous.
Dome-shaped portion at the top of the stomach that lies superior to the junction between the stomach and esophagus is called the?
fundus
Mushroom-shaped papillae within shallow depressions scattered over anterior 2/3 surface of tongue.
fungiform papillae
Located in the fundus and body, secrete most of the stomach juices used for gastric digestions.
gastric glands
Released when fats and carbohydrates enter the small intestines, slows gastric activity and stimulates the secretion of insulin to affect metabolism.
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
Shallow depressions within the inner surface of the stomach are called?
gastric pits
A hormone that increases stomach motility, churning, and stimulates the release of HCI from parietal cells.
gastrin
What supports the body of the tongue?
geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles
These cells are located in the large intestines and produce mucus that lubricates feces.
goblet cells
The lateral surface of the stomach to which the greater omentum is attached.
greater curvature
Forms an enormous pouch that drapes down over the anterior surface of the small intestines.
greater omentum
What is the structure composed of the palatine process of the maxilla and the palatine bones?
hard palate
The superior boundary of the oral cavity (or roof) is formed by?
hard palate and soft palate
Allows for expansion and elongation of the colon.
haustra
The lower portion of the ileum drains into the large intestines at the?
ileocecal valve
Blade-shaped teeth at the front of the mouth, for cutting and nipping, 8 total, described as either central or lateral incisors.
incisors
What are the four general types of teeth?
incisors, canines, premolars, and molars
This muscle, made of smooth muscle stimulates the urge.
internal anal sphincter
Finger-like projections that sit over the surface of the plicae circularis and continue to greatly increase surface area, each containing an artery, vein, and lacteals.
intestinal villi
Specialized lymph capillaries that help with the absorption of chyle are called?
lacteals
Stores and concentrates fecal material, 5 ft. long, also known as the large bowel
large intestine
The medial surface of the stomach to which the lesser omentum is attached, stabilizes the position of the stomach and provides an access route for blood vessels to enter or leave the liver.
lesser curvature
The root of the tongue possesses which tonsils?
lingual
The tongue is anchored by the?
lingual frenulum
The superior of the tongue is covered by epithelial projections called?
lingual papillae
The largest internal organ of the body and is responsible for the production of bile.
liver
This function breaks down food into smaller pieces.
mastication (chewing)
What are the layers of the muscularis externa essential for?
mechanical processing of food and the propulsion of food through the GI tract
Connective tissue extensions of the serosa that help anchor the large intestine to the body wall.
mesenteries
What are the functions of the salivary glands?
moistens and lubricates the mouth and food, cleanses food by defensins, lysozymes, and IgA antibodies, dissolves food chemicals for gustation, initiates chemical digestion of complex carbohydrates by salivary amylase and fats by lingual lipase.
Salivary glands secrete what?
mucus and enzymes
The soft palate is composed of?
muscle tissue
The superior portion of the pharynx located between the soft palate and the internal nares, transports air only, houses the pharyngeal tonsils.
nasopharynx
The narrow area of the tooth that serves at the boundary between the crown and the root
neck
The oral cavity is lined with what type of tissue?
non-keratinized stratified squamous
Brush border cells that break down nucleic acids to produce a nitrogen base, phosphate group, and five-carbon sugar.
nucleosidases and phosphatases
What is the 3rd, inner layer of the stomach containing smooth muscle that provides ability to churn food for mixing enzymes?
oblique
Which organs do not have serosa covering them?
oral cavity, pharynx, or esophagus
What structure lies on either side of the oral cavity in the archways called the fauces?
palatine tonsils
Cells that secrete hydrochloric acid for activating the pepsinogen and intrinsic factor which is important in the absorption of B12.
parietal cells
This salivary gland contains only serous cells for the production of salivary amylase, lysozymes, and IgA antibodies, secreted into the parotid duct
parotid gland
What are the 3 types of salivary glands?
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular
The organs of the lower GI are located within the peritoneal cavity and are lined by a serous membrane called the?
peritoneum
More commonly called the throat, possesses skeletal muscle tissue for swallowing.
pharynx
Deep, permanent folds of the mucosa and submucosa, increases surface area, and most are located within the jejunum.
plicae circularis
Flattened crowns with prominent ridges, for grinding, mashing, and crushing, 8 total, sometimes called bicuspids
premolars
The 20 baby teeth are called?
primary dentition or deciduous teeth
The region that forms the sharp curve of the J, frequently changes in shape, also called the pylorus.
pyloric region
Regulates the flow of chyme out of the stomach and into the duodenum.
pyloric sphincter
What are the 3 major functions of the large intestine?
reabsorption of water and compaction, absorption of important vitamins, and storage of fecal material.
What valve helps to separate feces from flatulence?
rectal valve
The last 15 cm of the digestive tract and serves as an expandable organ for temporary storage of feces.
rectum
This part of the tooth is found below the gingiva (gums) and sits into the sockets of the jawbone (alveoli), to form numerous gomphosis joints, covered by cementum and anchored by the periodontal ligament, and holds up the pulp cavity filled with pulp and extends down into the root canal and apical foramen.
root
What is the fixed portion of the tongue that enters into the oropharynx?
root of the tongue
Longitudinal folds within the lumen of the stomach which aid in the stretch and expandability of the stomach, as stomach fills they gradually flatten.
rugae
Exocrine glands that produce and secrete saliva via ducts connected to the oral cavity.
salivary glands
The primary accessory organs are?
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
These fully replace baby teeth by age 21.
secondary dentition or permanent teeth
Released when acidic chyme enters the small instestine, causes an increase in the secretion of bicarbonate-rich juices from the pancreas to buffer the acidity and bile from the liver/gallbladder to emulsify fats.
secretin
Name the 4 secretions produced by the enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine.
secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
The large intestine, except for the rectum and anal canal is made up of what epithelial tissue?
simple columnar
The lower portion of the esophagus near the stomach is lined with which type of epithelium tissue?
simple columnar
The mucosa is composed of this epithelium tissue type that maximizes absorption and secretion.
simple columnar
The mucosa of the stomach is what type of epithelium?
simple columnar
The tongue is composed of what kind muscular tissue?
skeletal
The middle third of the esophagus is composed of a mixture of what to types of muscular tissue?
skeletal and smooth
The upper third of the esophagus is composed of?
skeletal muscle
Performs peristalsis and segmentation.
small intestine
Receives chyme from the stomach and serves as the site for the majority of digestion and absorption of nutrients.
small intestine
The lower third of the esophagus that undergoes peristalsis is made entirely of?
smooth muscle
A hormone that increases stomach motility and emptying.
somatostatin
A muscular, expandable, J-shaped organ that converts the bolus into chyme is called the?
stomach
The rectum and anal canal are made up of what epithelial tissue?
stratified squamous
Upper portion of the esophagus is lined with which type of epithelium tissue?
stratified squamous
At the boundary between the nasopharynx and the oropharynx, the epithelial tissue changes from pseudostratified columnar to?
stratified squamous epithelium
This salivary gland contains mostly mucous cells and produces a watery mucin to act as a buffer and lubricant, secreted into sublingual duct
sublingual gland
Equal numbers of serous cells and mucous cells and therefore secrete a mix of mucin and salivary amylase, secreted into submandibular duct
submandibular gland
Bands of longitudinal smooth muscle that creates pocket-like sacs called haustra.
teniae coli
What are the 3 phases of deglutition?
the buccal phase, the pharyngeal phase, and the esophageal phase
This structure helps to manipulate food, form words, and as a sensory organ for gustation (taste).
tongue
What is the muscularis mucosae?
two concentric layers of smooth muscle of the mucosa
What is the structure that helps prevent food from entering the oropharynx prematurely and houses WBCs?
uvula
The posterior boundary of the oral cavity is formed by the?
uvula, palatine tonsils, and root of the tongue
The root of the tongue is differentiated from the body of the tongue by the?
v-shaped circumvallate papillae
Stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands, dilates regional capillaries to enhance absorption, and inhibits acid production in the stomach.
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
An area bounded by the lips and cheeks externally and internally by the gingivae (gums) and teeth is called?
vestibule
The peritoneum is divided into 2 sections called?
visceral and parietal
What are the 3 main vitamins that the large intestine absorbs?
vitamin B5, biotin, and vitamin K
The 3rd molars are sometimes called?
wisdom teeth
The largest region of the stomach, area between the fundus and the curve in the J, functions as a mixing bowl for ingested food and secretions.
Body
The chemical and enzymatic breakdown of foods into small organic molecules that can be absorbed is called?
Chemical digestion
The progressive dehydration of indigestible materials and organic wastes prior to elimination from the body is called?
Compaction
Enteroendocrine cells that produce a variety of hormones important in the digestive processes, such as gastrin and somatostatin.
G cells
The pharynx is divided into these 3 regions.
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx