Anatomy and Physiology, Digestive

The 4 regions of the stomach are the?

cardiac region, fundus, body, and pyloric region

This structure serves as the junction between the esophagus and stomach, prevents backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus?

cardiac sphincter

The anterior and lateral borders of the oral cavity is formed by the?

labia, cheeks, and vestibule

Connective tissue extensions of the serosa that help to anchor the small intestines and holds the approx. 20 ft. of intestines into a tight mass.

mesenteries

Mesenteries attached specifically to the small intestine is called?

mesentery proper

Mesenteries that are directly attached to the large intestine is called?

mesocolon

Tiny projections of the plasma membrane of each simple columnar cell creating a fuzzy appearance called brush border cells.

microvilli

Flattened crowns with prominent ridges, for grinding and crushing, 12 total

molars

The labia is distinguished by the red margin and what muscle?

orbcularis oris

Extends between the soft palate and the level of the hyoid bone

oropharynx

What is saliva a mixture of?

water, mucins, buffers, lysozymes, and enzymes

Hydrochloric acid is very acidic, what is its pH range?

1-2

Each circumvallate papillae posses this along the sides of each papilla.

100 taste buds

Fecal material is what percentage of indigestible materials, inorganic materials, and epithelial cells?

20%

How many permanent teeth are there?

32

Fecal material is what percentage of bacteria?

5%

Fecal material is what percentage of water?

75%

Movement of small organic end products and other important molecules from the lumen of the GI tract into the interstitial fluids, blood, or lymph is called?

Absorption

The duodenum contains large numbers of duodenal glands that secrete mucous, sometimes called?

Brunner's glands

The sublingual and submandibular glands are innervated by which cranial nerves?

CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

The parotid glands are innervated by which cranial nerve?

CN VII (facial)

The compacted materials are called feces and the elimination of feces via the anus is called?

Defecation

Occurs when foods and beverages enter the digestive tract via the mouth

Ingestion

Name the middle and lower portion of the small intestine where continued chemical digestion and absorption occurs.

Jejunum and ileum

Possess no sweat glands or sebaceous glands, or lips

Labia

Chewing, mixing of food with saliva, churning of food in the stomach and segmentation in the small intestines is called?

Mechanical processing

What are the four basic layers of the muscular tube of the GI tract?

Mucosa (innermost), submucosa, and muscularis externa and serosa

Aggregated masses of lymphoid tissue with large numbers of lymphocyte cells that is found in the lower portion of the ileum are called?

Peyer's patches

Movement of food through the alimentary canal by swallowing and peristalsis is called?

Propulsion

The nasopharynx is lined with?

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Emission of water, enzyme, buffers, and acids into the lumen is called?

Secretion

What is the lamina propria?

a basement membrane of the mucosa composed of areolar connective tissue

What is the submucosa?

a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the mucosa

What attaches lips to the gums?

a superior and inferior labial frenulum

The organs that do not have serosa covering them have a sheath that anchors them to the surrounding tissues, this is called the?

adventitia

What is the GI tract also called?

alimentary canal

Brush border enzymes that process short peptides into individual amino acids.

aminopeptidase, dipeptidase, and carboxypeptidase

The distal portion of the rectum that is composed of two muscles that work together to regulate defecation.

anal canal

Wormlike structure extending from the cecum that contains masses of lymphoid tissue and plays a role in immunity.

appendix

Where are pacesetter cells located?

areas where peristalsis, or rhythmic contraction is necessary

What are the 4 regions of the colon?

ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid

The upper esophageal sphincter prevents?

backflow of food into the oral cavity

The cardiac sphincter prevents?

backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus

Synthesizes vitamin B5, Biotin, and most of the vitamin K that the liver requires to make blood clotting proteins.

bacterial flora

What is the anterior, mobile portion of the tongue called?

body of the tongue

The inferior boundary (or floor) of the oral cavity is formed by the?

body of the tongue, geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscle

What enzymes complete the digestion of organic molecules?

brush border enzymes

Conical-shaped teeth with a sharp ridgeline and pointed tip, for tearing and piercing, 4 total, sometimes called cuspids or eyeteeth

canines

The area where the esophagus empties into the stomach, also known as the cardia, is called the?

cardiac region

Expanded sac-like region that collects and stores materials from the ileum and begins the process of compaction

cecum

What are the 3 main segments of the large intestine?

cecum, colon, rectum

Formed by the buccinators muscles.

cheeks

Polymers are converted to monomers during which process of digestion?

chemical digestion

Cells that secrete the inactive enzyme pepsinogen, which when activated to form pepsin, can begin process of protein digestion.

chief cells

What are the 3 cells of the gastric glands?

chief, parietal, and G cells

Released when fatty or protein rich chyme enters the small intestine, causes release of enzyme juices from the pancreas to buffer the acidity and bile from the liver/gallbladder

cholecystokinin (CCK)

What are the 3 layers of the stomach?

circular, longitudinal, and oblique

This structure has 7 to 12 large, round papillae found on the posterior margin of tongue in a V pattern.

circumvallate papillae

The uvula is composed of what tissue?

connective and reticular

The exposed part of the tooth that projects into the oral cavity

crown

What are the 3 typical structures of the tooth?

crown, neck, and root

The movement of food from the oral cavity into the pharynx and then into the esophagus is called swallowing or?

deglutition

Thin fibers called actin are attached to what in the muscularis externa layer?

dense bodies

Brush border cells that break down disaccharides and oligosaccharides into monosaccharides.

dextrinase, maltase, sucrose, and lactase

What is the muscularis externa?

dominated by smooth muscle cells, an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

What is the serosa?

double layered membrane and the 4th layer of the GI tract, along most portions of the organs in the peritoneal cavity

Upper region of the small instestine, about 10 to 12 inches long, receives chyme from the stomach as well as digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver and gallbladder via the sphincter of Oddi.

duodenum

What is bile important for?

emulsifies fat

The crown is made up of these 3 materials.

enamel, dentin, and pulp

The esophagus has many of these glands that produce mucus to lubricate the bolus as it moves to the stomach?

esophageal

The esophagus passes through an opening in the diaphragm called the?

esophageal hiatus

A hollow muscular tube that functions to carry bolus from the pharynx to the stomach is called the?

esophagus

This muscle, made of skeletal muscle allows the person to control bowel movements.

external anal sphincter

Hair-like papillae scattered all over the anterior 2/3 of the tongue that do not have taste buds and create friction.

filiform papillae

This structure has 4-5 vertical folds located on the lateral margins of the posterior region of the tongue possessing many taste buds.

foliate papillae

Where is the stratified squamous epithelium of the mucosa layer found?

found in the oral cavity, pharynx, the upper portions of the esophagus and the rectum to protect against abrasion.

Where is the simple columnar epithelium of the mucosa layer found?

found within the lower portions of the esophagus, the stomach, small intestine, and most of the large intestine. Possess numerous goblet cells which produce mucous.

Dome-shaped portion at the top of the stomach that lies superior to the junction between the stomach and esophagus is called the?

fundus

Mushroom-shaped papillae within shallow depressions scattered over anterior 2/3 surface of tongue.

fungiform papillae

Located in the fundus and body, secrete most of the stomach juices used for gastric digestions.

gastric glands

Released when fats and carbohydrates enter the small intestines, slows gastric activity and stimulates the secretion of insulin to affect metabolism.

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

Shallow depressions within the inner surface of the stomach are called?

gastric pits

A hormone that increases stomach motility, churning, and stimulates the release of HCI from parietal cells.

gastrin

What supports the body of the tongue?

geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles

These cells are located in the large intestines and produce mucus that lubricates feces.

goblet cells

The lateral surface of the stomach to which the greater omentum is attached.

greater curvature

Forms an enormous pouch that drapes down over the anterior surface of the small intestines.

greater omentum

What is the structure composed of the palatine process of the maxilla and the palatine bones?

hard palate

The superior boundary of the oral cavity (or roof) is formed by?

hard palate and soft palate

Allows for expansion and elongation of the colon.

haustra

The lower portion of the ileum drains into the large intestines at the?

ileocecal valve

Blade-shaped teeth at the front of the mouth, for cutting and nipping, 8 total, described as either central or lateral incisors.

incisors

What are the four general types of teeth?

incisors, canines, premolars, and molars

This muscle, made of smooth muscle stimulates the urge.

internal anal sphincter

Finger-like projections that sit over the surface of the plicae circularis and continue to greatly increase surface area, each containing an artery, vein, and lacteals.

intestinal villi

Specialized lymph capillaries that help with the absorption of chyle are called?

lacteals

Stores and concentrates fecal material, 5 ft. long, also known as the large bowel

large intestine

The medial surface of the stomach to which the lesser omentum is attached, stabilizes the position of the stomach and provides an access route for blood vessels to enter or leave the liver.

lesser curvature

The root of the tongue possesses which tonsils?

lingual

The tongue is anchored by the?

lingual frenulum

The superior of the tongue is covered by epithelial projections called?

lingual papillae

The largest internal organ of the body and is responsible for the production of bile.

liver

This function breaks down food into smaller pieces.

mastication (chewing)

What are the layers of the muscularis externa essential for?

mechanical processing of food and the propulsion of food through the GI tract

Connective tissue extensions of the serosa that help anchor the large intestine to the body wall.

mesenteries

What are the functions of the salivary glands?

moistens and lubricates the mouth and food, cleanses food by defensins, lysozymes, and IgA antibodies, dissolves food chemicals for gustation, initiates chemical digestion of complex carbohydrates by salivary amylase and fats by lingual lipase.

Salivary glands secrete what?

mucus and enzymes

The soft palate is composed of?

muscle tissue

The superior portion of the pharynx located between the soft palate and the internal nares, transports air only, houses the pharyngeal tonsils.

nasopharynx

The narrow area of the tooth that serves at the boundary between the crown and the root

neck

The oral cavity is lined with what type of tissue?

non-keratinized stratified squamous

Brush border cells that break down nucleic acids to produce a nitrogen base, phosphate group, and five-carbon sugar.

nucleosidases and phosphatases

What is the 3rd, inner layer of the stomach containing smooth muscle that provides ability to churn food for mixing enzymes?

oblique

Which organs do not have serosa covering them?

oral cavity, pharynx, or esophagus

What structure lies on either side of the oral cavity in the archways called the fauces?

palatine tonsils

Cells that secrete hydrochloric acid for activating the pepsinogen and intrinsic factor which is important in the absorption of B12.

parietal cells

This salivary gland contains only serous cells for the production of salivary amylase, lysozymes, and IgA antibodies, secreted into the parotid duct

parotid gland

What are the 3 types of salivary glands?

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular

The organs of the lower GI are located within the peritoneal cavity and are lined by a serous membrane called the?

peritoneum

More commonly called the throat, possesses skeletal muscle tissue for swallowing.

pharynx

Deep, permanent folds of the mucosa and submucosa, increases surface area, and most are located within the jejunum.

plicae circularis

Flattened crowns with prominent ridges, for grinding, mashing, and crushing, 8 total, sometimes called bicuspids

premolars

The 20 baby teeth are called?

primary dentition or deciduous teeth

The region that forms the sharp curve of the J, frequently changes in shape, also called the pylorus.

pyloric region

Regulates the flow of chyme out of the stomach and into the duodenum.

pyloric sphincter

What are the 3 major functions of the large intestine?

reabsorption of water and compaction, absorption of important vitamins, and storage of fecal material.

What valve helps to separate feces from flatulence?

rectal valve

The last 15 cm of the digestive tract and serves as an expandable organ for temporary storage of feces.

rectum

This part of the tooth is found below the gingiva (gums) and sits into the sockets of the jawbone (alveoli), to form numerous gomphosis joints, covered by cementum and anchored by the periodontal ligament, and holds up the pulp cavity filled with pulp and extends down into the root canal and apical foramen.

root

What is the fixed portion of the tongue that enters into the oropharynx?

root of the tongue

Longitudinal folds within the lumen of the stomach which aid in the stretch and expandability of the stomach, as stomach fills they gradually flatten.

rugae

Exocrine glands that produce and secrete saliva via ducts connected to the oral cavity.

salivary glands

The primary accessory organs are?

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

These fully replace baby teeth by age 21.

secondary dentition or permanent teeth

Released when acidic chyme enters the small instestine, causes an increase in the secretion of bicarbonate-rich juices from the pancreas to buffer the acidity and bile from the liver/gallbladder to emulsify fats.

secretin

Name the 4 secretions produced by the enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine.

secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

The large intestine, except for the rectum and anal canal is made up of what epithelial tissue?

simple columnar

The lower portion of the esophagus near the stomach is lined with which type of epithelium tissue?

simple columnar

The mucosa is composed of this epithelium tissue type that maximizes absorption and secretion.

simple columnar

The mucosa of the stomach is what type of epithelium?

simple columnar

The tongue is composed of what kind muscular tissue?

skeletal

The middle third of the esophagus is composed of a mixture of what to types of muscular tissue?

skeletal and smooth

The upper third of the esophagus is composed of?

skeletal muscle

Performs peristalsis and segmentation.

small intestine

Receives chyme from the stomach and serves as the site for the majority of digestion and absorption of nutrients.

small intestine

The lower third of the esophagus that undergoes peristalsis is made entirely of?

smooth muscle

A hormone that increases stomach motility and emptying.

somatostatin

A muscular, expandable, J-shaped organ that converts the bolus into chyme is called the?

stomach

The rectum and anal canal are made up of what epithelial tissue?

stratified squamous

Upper portion of the esophagus is lined with which type of epithelium tissue?

stratified squamous

At the boundary between the nasopharynx and the oropharynx, the epithelial tissue changes from pseudostratified columnar to?

stratified squamous epithelium

This salivary gland contains mostly mucous cells and produces a watery mucin to act as a buffer and lubricant, secreted into sublingual duct

sublingual gland

Equal numbers of serous cells and mucous cells and therefore secrete a mix of mucin and salivary amylase, secreted into submandibular duct

submandibular gland

Bands of longitudinal smooth muscle that creates pocket-like sacs called haustra.

teniae coli

What are the 3 phases of deglutition?

the buccal phase, the pharyngeal phase, and the esophageal phase

This structure helps to manipulate food, form words, and as a sensory organ for gustation (taste).

tongue

What is the muscularis mucosae?

two concentric layers of smooth muscle of the mucosa

What is the structure that helps prevent food from entering the oropharynx prematurely and houses WBCs?

uvula

The posterior boundary of the oral cavity is formed by the?

uvula, palatine tonsils, and root of the tongue

The root of the tongue is differentiated from the body of the tongue by the?

v-shaped circumvallate papillae

Stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands, dilates regional capillaries to enhance absorption, and inhibits acid production in the stomach.

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

An area bounded by the lips and cheeks externally and internally by the gingivae (gums) and teeth is called?

vestibule

The peritoneum is divided into 2 sections called?

visceral and parietal

What are the 3 main vitamins that the large intestine absorbs?

vitamin B5, biotin, and vitamin K

The 3rd molars are sometimes called?

wisdom teeth

The largest region of the stomach, area between the fundus and the curve in the J, functions as a mixing bowl for ingested food and secretions.

Body

The chemical and enzymatic breakdown of foods into small organic molecules that can be absorbed is called?

Chemical digestion

The progressive dehydration of indigestible materials and organic wastes prior to elimination from the body is called?

Compaction

Enteroendocrine cells that produce a variety of hormones important in the digestive processes, such as gastrin and somatostatin.

G cells

The pharynx is divided into these 3 regions.

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx