Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1, Anatomy and Physiology Exam 2, Anatomy & Physiology Exam 3, Anatomy & Physiology Exam 4, Anatomy and Physiology Exam 5

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Which of the following conditions in muscle fibers would contribute to muscle fatigue?

Depletion of ATP reserves

Which of the following statements regarding melanin is true?

During pregnancy, melanin production is increased.

Which type of gland possesses ducts?

Exocrine

In the process of tissue repair, which of the events listed below occurs last?

Granulation tissue develops.

Which type of muscle tissue is under voluntary neural control?

Skeletal muscle

Which type of muscle tissue would cause flexion and extension of the arm?

Skeletal muscle

The superior and inferior colliculi are located in which of the following portions of the midbrain?

Tectum (roof)

The building blocks of proteins are_________.

amino acids

The inferior colliculi

are involved with auditory pathways in the CNS.

Keratinocytes

are responsible for the reduction of water loss from the skin.

Nucleotides

are the building blocks of nucleic acids.

Dendrites

are the input part of the neuron.

Electrons

are the subatomic particles most involved in bonding behavior of atoms.

Nissl bodies are_________.

areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum

Association fibers connect

areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere.

Which of the following activities is NOT associated with the cerebrum?

Controlling the autonomic nervous system

The term "stratum germinativum" is sometimes used to refer to the_________.

stratum basale

A cell that forms fibrous connective tissue would be called a_________.

fibroblast

Adipose tissue

functions as an insulator and a site of energy storage.

Groups of related nerve cell bodies located outside of the central nervous system are called_________.

ganglia

Cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in

ganglia.

The anterior and posterior chambers of the eye are separated by the_________.

iris

Movements of the body are usually smooth and occur at differing rates because

motor units contract out of phase at their own particular rates.

Cells that maintain bone are called_________.

osteocytes

Most enzymes are_________.

proteins

Damage to pontine nuclei might affect_________.

respiration

The type of cell connection that serves as a permeability barrier is a_________.

tight junction

Which muscle(s) can contract without the need for nervous stimulation?

Smooth and cardiac muscle

Which type of muscle is found in the wall of the digestive tract?

Smooth muscle

In which layer of the epidermis are granules of keratohyalin formed?

Stratum granulosum

Which type of gland discharges fragments of the gland's cells during secretion?

Apocrine

Which type of muscle is found in the wall of the heart?

Cardiac muscle

Which type of muscle tissue has cells that branch?

Cardiac muscle

Which type of tissue possesses an abundant extracellular matrix?

Connective tissue

What is the most commonly dislocated joint in the body?

Glenohumeral joint

Injury to the reticular formation can result in which of the following?

Irreversible coma

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by tissue in the walls and roofs of the_________.

ventricles of the brain

Which of the following individuals would have more mitochondria in her skeletal muscle?

A 22-year-old soccer player

In which layer of the epidermis are lamellar bodies formed inside keratinocytes?

Stratum spinosum

Why are cyanide compounds lethal to humans?

They interfere with the production of ATP.

The mesentery is

a double-layered serous membrane that anchors some of the abdominal organs to the body wall.

Dense regular collagenous connective tissue would be found in

a ligament.

Gout is

a metabolic disorder caused by increased uric acid in blood.

An isometric contraction is described as

a muscle produces an increasing tension as the length remains constant.

An isotonic contraction is described as

a muscle produces constant tension during contraction.

An eccentric contraction is described as

a muscle produces tension, but the length of the muscle is increasing.

The minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction

can be lowered by enzymes.

Dermatomal maps are important clinically because they

can be used to help locate nerve damage.

By covering the whole body surface, the skin acts as a protective barrier and plays a role in_________.

immunity

Parallel curving ridges of dermis that shape the overlying epidermis into friction ridges

improve the grip of the hands.

When repolarization of the plasma membrane is complete, the

original polarity of the cell is restored.

Impulses that initiate motivation and forethought originate in the_________.

prefrontal area

Articular cartilage

provides a smooth surface where bones meet.

A term that means "toward the attached end of a limb" is _________.

proximal

Skeletal muscle cells need large numbers of_________ to make the many proteins they contain.

ribosomes

Rhodopsin is found in the_________.

rods

The portion of the hair below the surface of the skin is the_________.

root

Turning a structure around its longitudinal axis is called_________.

rotation

In order for excitation-contraction coupling to occur, the production of an action potential must occur within the_________ of a muscle fiber.

sarcolemma

T tubules are invaginations of the

sarcolemma

T tubules are invaginations of the

sarcolemma.

Olfactory adaptation occurs when odorant receptors become_________.

saturated

Cranial nerve functions include_________.

somatic motor control

The reticular formation

is composed of nuclei scattered throughout the brain stem.

A sarcomere extends from

one Z disk to an adjacent Z disk.

A buffer will

resist drastic changes in the pH of the solutions.

Diseases that affect the ability of skeletal muscle to contract are considered life threatening because

respiratory movements depend on skeletal muscle contractions.

For distant vision,

the ciliary muscles are relaxed.

To focus on objects closer than 20 feet

the ciliary muscles must contract.

The fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane suggests that

the membrane is neither rigid nor static in structure.

Osteoarthritis is

the most common type of arthritis.

Whole muscles can respond in a graded fashion to stimuli by varying

the number of motor units recruited.

If reciprocal innervation failed during a stretch reflex, the consequence might be that

the overall movement would be diminished due to opposing muscles contracting simultaneously.

If a physician applies eye drops that inhibit muscle fibers controlled by the parasympathetic division, you would expect

the patient's pupil to constrict.

Myosin is also known as the

thick myofilament.

Damage to branches of the_________ nerve can interfere with normal speech.

vagus

The motor root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as the_________ root.

ventral

Intercostal nerves are formed from the

ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves.

Plasma membrane phospholipids

All of the choices are correct.

Reflexes function in

All of the choices are correct.

The accessory nerve

All of the choices are correct.

The brainstem

All of the choices are correct.

The nervous system

All of the choices are correct.

The presence of water in our bodies allows us to

All of the choices are correct.

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS differ in the

All of the choices are correct.

Which factors can be used to differentiate between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following events occurs in the secondary active transport of glucose?

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following structures is part of the vascular tunic?

Iris

Which of the following is correctly matched?

Iris - sphincter pupillae

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

Left cerebral hemisphere - spatial perception

Turning the ankle so that the plantar surface faces laterally is_________.

eversion

The elevated oxygen consumption relative to activity level after exercise has ended is called

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption.

When acetylcholine binds with nicotinic receptors, the response is_________.

excitatory

Rotating the ankles so that the bottoms of the feet face each other medially is called_________.

inversion

The opposite of eversion is_________.

inversion

The joint capsule

is a double layer of tissue that encloses a joint.

Color vision

is a function of cone cells.

An enzyme

is a protein catalyst.

If 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a 0.5% saline solution

is hypotonic to the cell.

During the absolute refractory period, the cell

is insensitive to further stimulation.

The glossopharyngeal nerve

is involved in the sense of taste.

The conversion between different states of energy (e.g. potential energy to kinetic energy)

is not 100% efficient and typically generates heat.

The cornea

is part of the focusing system of the eye.

Hyaluronic acid

is responsible for the lubricating properties of synovial fluid.

A fascicle

is surrounded by perimysium.

Endocytosis

is the bulk uptake of material through the plasma membrane by vesicle formation.

Complete tetanus

is the condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there are no intervening relaxations.

Incomplete tetanus

is the condition in which the muscle fiber only partially relaxes between contractions.

The central nervous system

is the site for processing information.

The function of the Golgi apparatus is

packaging and distribution of proteins and lipids.

A toxic drug destroyed the Golgi apparatus. This would affect

packaging of glycoproteins and lipoproteins.

The dermal layer closest to the epidermis is the_________.

papillary layer

A cut bleeds, but does not penetrate to the subcutaneous layer. The deepest layer of skin penetrated was the_________.

papillary layer of the dermis

The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the_________ lobe.

parietal

Beta-blockers (beta-adrenergic blocking agents) are frequently used to

prevent increases in heart rate.

Blood vessels enter the eye and nerve processes exit the eye at the_________.

optic disc

Visual input is sent to the brainstem via the_________ nerve, whereas the_________ nerve sends facial sensation to the brainstem.

optic; trigeminal

Internal structures of a cell that carry out specialized metabolic tasks are called_________.

organelles

Ventral rami of some spinal nerves join with each other to form a_________.

plexus

Phospholipids have a hydrophilic end which is

polar and water soluble.

When doing a pushup, your shoulders_________ as your body is pushed upward.

protract

The function of a bursa is to

provide a fluid-filled cushion that reduces friction.

Microtubules

provide structure and support to the cytoplasm.

Improper use of crutches could cause compression of the_________ nerve.

radial

Muscular tissue consists of which type of cells or fibers?

Elongated fibers (cells) that are specialized to contract

Which of the following structures is considered to be an accessory structure of the eye?

Palpebrae

Which type of circuit is associated with complex neuronal processes, such as solving mathematical equations?

Parallel after-discharge

Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid?

Provides oxygen to CNS tissue

What is a malignant tumor derived from connective tissue?

Sarcoma

What type of neuroglial cells provide support and nutrition to sensory ganglia in the PNS?

Satellite cells

The antecubital region is the

area in front of the elbow.

The integumentary system has many functions, one of which is

detection of heat and touch.

Lack of a gag reflex would indicate dysfunction of the_________ nerve.

glossopharyngeal

Triglycerides are composed of

glycerol and fatty acids.

Vitreous humor

helps to hold the lens and retina in place.

The mass number of an atom is the number of

neutrons plus protons in the atom.

The membranes of all postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia have_________.

nicotinic receptors

A pseudo-unipolar neuron is characterized by the presence of

no dendrites.

The wall of the abdominopelvic cavity is lined by a serous membrane called the

parietal peritoneum.

A skeletal muscle generates the greatest tension when it is

partially stretched before being stimulated.

Hydrogen bonds form between molecules containing_________ bonds; the hydrogen bond is between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and a partially_________ charged atom of another.

polar covalent; negatively

The nucleus for the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) is located in the_________.

pons

The part of the brain that connects the medulla to the midbrain is the_________.

pons

Collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers in connective tissues are all considered_________.

proteins

Returning the thumb to the anatomical position after touching the little finger is_________.

reposition

Active transport

requires ATP.

Translation

requires the pairing of codons on mRNA with anticodons on tRNA.

Connective tissue is separated into subgroups based on the

structure of the extracellular matrix.

Joints are classified according to the

structure of the joint.

In the TMJ joint, the mandible articulates with the_________.

temporal bone

This type of tissue is composed of closely packed adipocytes and forms a protective cushion around organs, insulate the body, and serves as an energy reserve.

Adipose tissue

A lack of mitochondria within skeletal muscle fibers would impair which ATP-yielding chemical process?

Aerobic respiration

When skeletal muscle is producing and water while making ATP, which chemical processes could be active at this time?

Aerobic respiration

Which chemical pathway do your muscles depend on while you are watching a movie?

Aerobic respiration

What is an oxygen deficit?

After exercise, the taken in that exceeds the required for resting metabolism

Eccrine sweat glands do which of the following?

Aid in cooling the body

Aldosterone is a hormone that increase the level of in the blood. Considering negative-feedback regulation of blood levels, which of the following events would most likely be an effect of aldosterone on the body in blood levels decreased?

Aldosterone would cause a decrease in the amount of that was excreted as part of urine.

Acne is caused by_________.

All of the choices are correct.

Afferent fibers terminating in the hypothalamus provide input from the

All of the choices are correct.

Autonomic reflexes might be integrated in the

All of the choices are correct.

Damage to the cerebellum is likely to cause

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following type of connective tissue is mismatched with its matrix?

Cartilage - highly vascular matrix

Which of the following is a basal nucleus located in the cerebrum?

Caudate nucleus

Which of the following is NOT true of reactive astrocytosis?

Causes the spread of inflammation

Which of the following categories of epithelium is based on cell shape?

Columnar

Which of the following are ciliated cells?

Columnar cells of upper respiratory tract

Which of the following statements concerning epithelial tissue is false?

Columnar epithelial cells promote diffusion.

Contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the dermal blood vessels will cause which of the following?

Conservation of body heat

Which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscle?

Constriction of organs

Which of the following is NOT a sympathetic effect on the body?

Constriction of the pupil

Which of the following is NOT a function of connective tissue?

Contraction

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum?

Control the heart rate

Which of the following occurs during recovery from oxygen deficit?

Conversion of excess lactate to glucose

Which of the following is not a term that describes a cut that separates the body into left and right portions?

Coronal

What type of process conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body?

Dendrite

Which type of connective tissue is found in the walls of large arteries?

Dense irregular elastic tissue

Which of the following situations occurs in electrically excitable cells?

Depolarization causes voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open.

Which of the following is not an important function of calcium ions in skeletal muscle activity?

Depolarization of the sarcolemma

Which of the following is an inflammatory condition of the skin?

Dermatitis

Which of the following structures is likely to consist of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue?

Dermis of the skin

Which tissue type forms glands?

Epithelial

Which type of tissue has little extracellular matrix because it forms covering and lining layers for body structures?

Epithelial

"Cutting off your nose" would be a section in the _________ plane.

coronal

The gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum is called the_________.

cortex

The gray matter of the cerebrum is composed of neuron cell bodies and makes up both the_________ and the_________.

cortex; deep cerebral nuclei

The_________ tract and the_________ tract make up the pyramidal system.

corticospinal; corticobulbar

Jasmine trips and tries to break her fall by putting her hand to the ground. The doctor informs her she has injured the_________ joints in her wrist.

costocarpal

The condition of painful, spasmodic contractions of muscles is referred to as

cramps.

The peripheral nervous system includes the_________.

cranial nerves

Axons exit the sympathetic chain ganglia by all of the following except

cranial nerves.

During resting conditions,_________ is synthesized to store energy.

creatine phosphate

Normal pH for blood is 7.35 to 7.45. Maintenance of the pH in this range is

critical because enzymes work best within narrow ranges of pH.

Rigor mortis occurs after death because

cross-bridges form but can't release.

Terrance is told by his physician that he has lesions on one side of his spinal cord, which cut the lateral spinothalamic tract. Therefore, Terrance will have an inability to perceive

cutaneous sensations on the opposite side of his body below the level of injury.

The bluish tinge of skin due to a reduction of oxygen in the blood is called_________.

cyanosis

Solubility refers to the ability of one substance to_________ in another.

dissolve

The three arches of the foot

distribute the weight of the body during standing and walking.

Sensory neurons carrying action potentials from pain receptors synapse within the spinal cord with interneurons. These interneurons synapse with motor neurons leading back to an effector and ascending neurons that carry action potentials toward the brain. This is an example of a/an_________ pathway.

divergent

The sensory root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as_________ root.

dorsal

The gate control theory of pain says that pain impulses traveling through the lateral spinothalamic tract can be suppressed by increased activity of the

dorsal column/medial lemniscal system.

The branch of a spinal nerve that innervates deep muscles on the dorsal thorax is the_________.

dorsal ramus

The most superficial meningeal layer is the_________.

dura mater

The thickest of the meninges is the_________.

dura mater

The opposite of depression is_________.

elevation

The habenula and pineal body are both found in the_________.

epithalamus

A major limitation of radiographs is that they

give only a flat, two-dimensional image of the body.

Lead poisoning can be detected by doing an analysis of_________.

hair

An expanded knob at the base of the hair root is the_________.

hair bulb

The portion of a hair that protrudes above the surface of the skin is the_________.

hair shaft

Bone

has a rich blood supply.

Unlike an exocrine gland, an endocrine gland

has no ducts.

The autonomic nervous system

has two sets of neurons in a series.

Axons

have a distal portion that branches to form the presynaptic terminals.

Receptor molecules in synapses

have a high degree of specificity.

Cardiac muscle cells are like skeletal muscle cells in that they both

have striations.

The cerebellum functions as a comparator. This means that the cerebellum compares

intended movements with actual movements.

telencephalon

intended movements with actual movements.

A lesion in the red nucleus results in_________ tremors.

intention

The facial and glossopharyngeal nerves

innervate the salivary glands.

The taste area is located in the_________.

insula

The taste cortex is located in the_________.

insula

Damage to a postsynaptic membrane would

interfere with the ability to respond to neurotransmitter.

The blockage of CSF inside the brain is a condition called_________.

internal hydrocephalus

The extracellular material of a tissue is called the_________.

matrix

The extracellular material of tissues is called_________.

matrix

The embryonic germ layer that is the source of connective tissue and muscle is_________.

mesoderm

An organism's ability to use energy in order to swim is an example of _________.

metabolism

The cytoskeleton consists of

microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments.

Cells of the small intestine and kidney tubules have extensions called_________, which increase their surface area.

microvilli

The nuclei of cranial nerves III, IV, and V are located in the_________.

midbrain

Adjacent amino acids in a polypeptide chain are held together by_________ bonds.

peptide

All of the following processes can move substances out of a cell EXCEPT_________.

phagocytosis

Keratinization

produces a layer of cells that resist abrasion.

The conscious perception of cutaneous sensations occurs in the cerebral cortex, but these sensations are perceived as if they were on the surface of the body. This is called_________.

projection

Rotating the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly is called_________.

pronation

The opposite of supination is_________.

pronation

The ability to localize the position of body parts is called_________.

proprioception

The perception of position and movement of body parts is_________.

proprioception

All of the following nerve endings are found in the skin EXCEPT_________.

proprioceptors

Branches of the_________ nerve are anesthetized before a doctor performs an episiotomy for childbirth.

pudendal

Skin color is the result of the

quantity of melanin in the skin.

Too much acetylcholinesterase causes

rapid degradation of acetycholine.

Ricky's lenses are very round and his pupils are constricted. Ricky is most likely

reading a book.

The right cerebral hemisphere

receives sensory input from the left side of the body.

The component of the autonomic reflex arc that detects a change in stimulus is the_________.

receptor

The only place in the body where blood vessels can be viewed directly is the_________.

retina

Depolarization of the plasma membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of

sodium ions.

You go to the movies after a long day and you begin to nod off as soon as the movie starts. Your head starts to lower a little, but a reflex causes your head to rise. This is called the_________ reflex.

stretch

Endomysium is a delicate network of loose connective tissue that

surrounds each muscle fiber.

The endoneurium

surrounds individual axons and their Schwann cells.

Epimysium

surrounds individual muscles.

The lateral fissure separates the_________ from the rest of the cerebrum.

temporal lobe

In DNA replication,

the leading strand is formed as a continuous strand.

When you try to focus on the tip of your nose,

the lens becomes more spherical.

If the charge difference across the plasma membrane is decreased,

the membrane potential is more positive.

The parietal pericardium is

the membrane that lines the pericardial sac.

Concentric contractions occur when

the muscle produces increasing tension as it shortens.

The sac surrounding the spinal cord is the_________.

thecal sac

A collection of specialized cells and extra-cellular substances around them is known as a/an_________.

tissue

An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials which performs a discrete function is known as a/an_________.

tissue

Slowly adapting proprioceptors that would let you know the position of your thumb without looking at it are known as_________ receptors.

tonic

If you stepped in a hole in the yard and sprained your ankle, you have

torn a ligament of the ankle.

A physician is evaluating the cranial nerve function of a patient. To evaluate trigeminal nerve function, the physician should

touch the surface of the patient's eyeball to initiate blinking.

Medial means

toward the middle or midline of the body.

The sagittal suture is between the_________.

two parietal bones.

Michael Jordan was arguably the best player in professional basketball history. Scientifically, one would expect him to have highly developed_________ fibers.

white

Nervous tissue of the CNS that is composed primarily of myelinated axons is often referred to as_________ matter.

white

The short connection between a spinal nerve and a sympathetic chain ganglion through which preganglionic neurons pass is called the_________.

white ramus communicans

In the reversible reaction, , a decrease in respiration rate will increase the concentration of in the blood. What will this do to the amount of in the blood?

H+ will increase.

Damage to which portion of a hair follicle will most affect hair growth?

Hair bulb

Which of the following characteristics is NOT consistent with simple squamous epithelial tissue?

Has good blood supply within it

Which of the following would help to determine if the oculomotor nerve was damaged?

Have the patient look superiorly and inferiorly

What attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane?

Hemidesmosomes

Which of the following is an example of labile cells?

Hemocytoblasts are cells that divide and give rise to multiple types of blood cells.

Which of the following statements provides an accurate description of cellular physiology involving structures of the digestive system?

Hepatocytes (liver cells) produce bile to aid in the breakdown of ingested lipids.

Amanda has no visual impairments, but has noticed that in order to see clearly she must hold books farther from her face in order to read. What is happening to Amanda's vision?

Her lens is becoming more rigid with age.

Which of the following is mismatched?

Hip joint - cruciate ligaments

Microscopic examination of a frozen tissue specimen is an application of which of the following disciplines?

Histology

What is the microscopic study of tissues?

Histology

_________ pressure is the force required to prevent the movement of water by osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane.

Osmotic

Which type of cell forms bone?

Osteoblast

Which type of cell breaks down bone tissue?

Osteoclast

Which of the following sequences is correct?

Oval window, vestibule, scala vestibuli

Select the structure considered a primary receptor.

Pacinian corpuscle

Which of the following is a visceral sensation?

Pain

Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched with its function?

Receptor proteins - attach to ligand molecules

Which of these cells would most likely have the largest number of mitochondria?

Skeletal muscle cells

What is a collection of similar cells and surrounding substances?

Tissue

Which of the following is a general sense?

Touch

Which of the following sensory functions involves neurons in the dorsal root ganglion?

Touch

Which of the following is found in spongy bone but not compact bone?

Trabeculae

What is activated when light causes 11- cis-retinal to convert to all- trans-retinal?

Transducin

Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the urinary bladder?

Transitional epithelium

The blink reflex is initiated by contact with the cornea. Which cranial nerve could be assessed by initiating the blink reflex?

Trigeminal

Which of the following cranial nerves innervates only one muscle of the eyeball?

Trochlear nerve

Which vitamin begins its synthesis in the skin when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light?

Vitamin D

Which of the following statements concerning vitamin D is false?

Vitamin D causes the kidney to excrete calcium.

The sodium chloride molecule breaks apart in water. What does "D" represent?

Water molecule

An unknown molecule was detected in a tissue sample. The molecule is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; appears to be a branching polymer; and is hydrophilic. This molecule is most likely a_________.

carbohydrate

A yellow pigment derived from plants that can impart a yellow color to the skin is_________.

carotene

An example of a saddle joint is the_________ joint.

carpometacarpal

The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous tunic is the_________.

cornea

The H zone

contains only myosin myofilaments.

DNA

contains the sugar deoxyribose.

In the patellar tendon reflex arc, the patellar ligament is stretched, which stretches the quadriceps femoris muscle of the thigh. This reflex will cause the quadriceps femoris to_________ and the hamstrings to_________.

contract; relax

A myofibril is the

contractile thread that extends the length of the muscle fiber.

The electrical properties of cells are the result of

ion concentration differences across the plasma membrane.

The contractile structure that surrounds the pupil is the_________.

iris

Physiological contracture

is a condition in which cross-bridges cannot release.

Muscle tone

is a constant tension produced by muscles for long periods of time.

Nail cells are produced by the_________.

nail matrix

The proximal portion of the nail is the_________.

nail root

The umbilical region is commonly known as the _________.

naval

The cervical region is the _________.

neck

The femoral region is the _________.

thigh

Mechanoreceptors respond to

compression of receptors.

The optic disc

contains no photoreceptor cells.

The lumbar region is the

lower back.

The stretch of elastic components of a muscle adds to the increased tension during

multiple wave summation.

The motor neurons responsible for making a fist are_________.

multipolar

Acetylcholine will cause the pupil of the eye to constrict. A drug acts on receptors for acetylcholine to cause the pupils of the eye to dilate. Nicotine does not bind to receptors in smooth muscle cells of the iris. Therefore, the drug which causes the pupils to dilate is a_________.

muscarinic blocking agent

Effector cells that respond to acetylcholine released from postganglionic neurons have

muscarinic receptors.

The sensory receptor of the stretch reflex is the_________.

muscle spindle

Specialized muscle fibers associated with detection of muscle length are_________.

muscle spindles

Using the biceps brachii to flex the forearm requires innervation by the_________ nerve.

musculocutaneous

Muscle hypertrophy results from increased numbers of

myofibrils and sarcomeres.

In excitation-contraction coupling,

myosin heads bind to exposed active sites on actin.

ATPase is found in

myosin heads.

The nail root and the nail body attach to the_________.

nail bed

The distal portion of the nail is the_________.

nail body

The skin that covers the lateral and proximal edges of the nail is the_________.

nail fold

What happens when the arrector pili muscles contract?

"Goose bumps" form on the skin.

Which of the following statements accurately describe events that occur as a result of a local potential reaching threshold?

A positive feedback cycle develops in which depolarization causes activation gates of channels to open.

What is tropomyosin?

A protein found along the groove of the F-actin double helix

In which of the following situations does a resting membrane potential exist?

A relaxed muscle fiber

Which type of neural circuit is best for producing a prolonged output?

A reverberating circuit

What is a tastant?

A substance dissolved in saliva that causes taste cells to depolarize.

Which of the following chemical reactions best represents the synthesis of ATP?

ADP + Pi + energy → ATP + H2O

Efferent neurons of the

ANS utilize two neurons in series to connect the CNS to the effector.

Aerobic exercise

All of these choices are correct.

Individuals with lighter skin have which of the following?

Approximately the same number of melanocytes as individuals with darker skins

Match the eye structure with the appropriate description. A. Blood vessels enter and the optic nerve exits here B. A small yellow spot near the center of the posterior retina C. The portion of the retina with the greatest visual acuity D. A jelly-like substance in the posterior cavity of the eye E. The fluid that fills the anterior cavity of the eye Macula

B. A small yellow spot near the center of the posterior retina

Match the description of the disease or disorder of the eye with its correct name. A. Difficulty seeing distant objects B. A type of refractory error C. Clouding of the lens of the eye D. Increased intraocular pressure that can lead to loss of vision E. Loss of acute central vision Astigmatism

B. A type of refractory error

Which of the following would you observe in a patient with a tumor of the cerebellum?

Balance impairment

Match the structure associated with the eye with the appropriate description. A. The angle where the eyelids join B. The space between the two eyelids C. Another name for the eyelids D. The membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids E. The membrane that covers the anterior sclera of the eye Palpebrae

C. Another name for the eyelids

C. Clouding of the lens of the eye

Which of these molecules is hydrophobic?

Cholesterol

Which of the following statements concerning connective tissue is true?

Collagen fibers provide strength to dense connective tissue.

What is the large C-shaped mass of white matter that consists of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres?

Corpus callosum

Which of the following statements is NOT true of hyperopia?

Corrected by "minus" lenses

Which of the following is a descending pathway in the spinal cord?

Corticospinal tract

Which of the following term and description is mismatched?

Cutaneous receptors - associated with the viscera

Match the term associated with vision with the appropriate description. A. The area that can be seen with the eyes open B. Opening in the orbit through which the optic nerve passes C. The cerebral area that integrates messages from retina D. Area where medial ganglion cell axons cross over E. The route of the ganglionic axons beyond the chiasma Optic chiasma

D. Area where medial ganglion cell axons cross over

Which type of connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments?

Dense regular collagenous tissue

Match the structure of the ear with the appropriate description. A. Eardrum B. Part of the ear that contains the organ of hearing C. Includes the pinna and external auditory canal D. Fleshy portion of the external ear E. Air-filled space within the temporal bone Auricle

D. Fleshy portion of the external ear

Which type of gland does not have ducts?

Endocrine

Which type of gland releases products by secretion into the blood?

Endocrine

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

Endoderm - bone

Which of the following correctly differentiates endolymph and perilymph? (Check all that apply.)

Endolymph has a high concentration of K+ and a low concentration of Na+ compared to perilymph. Endolymph is within the membranous labyrinth, and perilymph is between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth.

Indicate the class of tissue that is capable of regeneration, is avascular, and consists of cells that are bound to each other via specialized junctions.

Epithelial tissue

Which type of tissue forms linings or coverings?

Epithelial tissue

Which of the following statements concerning epithelial cell surfaces is false?

Epithelium with folded surfaces tends to be very rigid.

Which term is synonymous with the cuticle of the nail?

Eponychium

Substance A is found to be a competitor with acetylcholine. Which step of muscle contraction physiology would be directly affected by this substance?

Exposure of the active sites on G actin

A baseball player was hit on the left side of his skull in the parotid area. He cannot close his eye and the corner of his mouth droops. Which cranial nerve was damaged?

Facial

When you lick frosting off a knife with the tip of your tongue and find the frosting has an orange flavor to it, which cranial nerve is being used to determine the taste of the frosting?

Facial

Which of the following cranial nerves has a parasympathetic component?

Facial

Which of the following nerves has parasympathetic axons?

Facial

True or False? A mitochondrial disease is passed to offspring via the father.

False

Fatty acid A has 10 double covalent bonds scattered throughout its carbon chain while fatty acid B has only single covalent bonds between the carbons in its chain.

Fatty acid B is saturated.

During brain surgery, the superior portion of the postcentral gyrus of a patient is stimulated. What do you expect the patient to do?

Feel pressure on his toes

A cut along which plane would result in the anterior perspective of the body appearing normal, with no evident cuts?

Frontal

If acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors,

G proteins mediate the cell's response.

Identify the statement that best differentiates gray matter and white matter.

Gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites, whereas white matter consists mostly of myelinated axons.

Which of the following is not a feature that almost all connective tissues have in common?

Ground substance is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope.

Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT carry parasympathetic fibers?

Hypoglossal

Which of the following would increase the maximum rate of facilitated diffusion?

Increase the concentration gradient of the transported molecule to the saturation point

Which of the following would increase the rate of mediated transport?

Increase the number of available carrier molecules

Which of the following helps explain the increased tension seen in multiple wave summation?

Increased concentration of around the myofibrils

What is the function of adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer?

It serves as a storage site for lipids, which can be used for energy.

As a stereocilium bends, the tip link pulls_________ gates open.

K+

Which cells of the epidermis are part of the immune system?

Langerhans cells

Which of the following is not a condition that would be considered sensorineural hearing loss?

Loss of flexibility of the joint between the incus and the stapes

Damage to the left side of the brain near the visual cortex could result in which of the following visual changes?

Loss of right visual fields from both eyes

Which of the following skin changes is usually associated with aging?

Loss of subcutaneous tissue contributes to sagging of the skin.

Lynn has an obstruction in her left lacrimal canaliculi. A result of this is that

Lynn appears to be constantly crying but only from her left eye.

A patient is experiencing a high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, and intense headaches. A spinal tap showed bacteria and white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This individual most likely has what condition?

Meningitis

Which type of exocrine gland uses exocytosis to secrete its product?

Merocrine

Which of the following terms encompasses all of the other ones?

Metabolism

Which joint can be injured by closing a hand in a car door at the knuckles?

Metacarpophalangeal joint

From which embryonic brain region does the cerebellum form?

Metencephalon

Of the four primary classes of tissues, the tissue that consists of elongated fibers that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation is_________.

Muscle tissue

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

Oxidation - gain of electrons

The delivery of a radioactive compound to the body to study the metabolism of tissues is called _________.

PET

A patient is experiencing pain on the bottom of his feet due to ligament damage. Which structure is most likely involved?

Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

Which type of movement would you use to reach the bowls on a top shelf, which are slightly out of reach?

Plantar flexion

If a toxic drug inhibited mRNA synthesis, which of the following would be most directly affected?

Protein synthesis

Which of the following matrix molecules tends to trap large quantities of water?

Proteoglycan

Which protein structure results from folding or coiling of a polypeptide chain caused by hydrogen bonds between amino acids?

Secondary structure

What occurs when wound edges are far apart?

Secondary union

has no ducts.

Secretion and absorption of molecules

Whales are air-breathing aquatic mammals, and some species can remain underwater for long periods of time. Which type of skeletal muscle fibers are most likely dominant in these deep diving whales?

Slow fibers

Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the mouth?

Stratified squamous epithelium

_________ epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas_________ epithelium is rare.

Stratified squamous; stratified columnar

A parent of a baby visits the pediatrician because the baby's skin is turning orange. Fortunately, the baby's lab tests indicate no abnormality. What could be causing the orange coloration?

The baby's diet consists of mostly sweet potatoes and carrots.

All of the following statements concerning hair are true except one. Identify the exception.

The growth rate of all types of hair is the same.

When you travel in an elevator, what senses when the elevator is moving?

The hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the vestibule

An infant is born with a genetic defect that greatly reduces production of brown fat. Which of the following will most likely apply to this infant?

The infant will have difficulty regulating his body temperature.

People who live in Arctic regions often have limited exposure to ultraviolet light during the winter months, but do not suffer from vitamin D deficiency. What is one possible explanation for this?

They get enough vitamin D from their diet.

Which of the following would occur as a result of a single muscle contraction?

Twitch

Which of the following is a synthesis reaction?

Two amino acids are bonded together to form a dipeptide.

A physician must administer an anesthesia directly to the CNS via the vertebral column. How many layers of the meninges must be punctured to do so?

Two layers to introduce the anesthesia to the subarachnoid space

Night blindness could be caused by

a lack of rhodopsin.

The cavity of the body immediately inferior to the diaphragm is the _________ cavity.

abdominal

A base is a proton_________.

acceptor

Sensory_________ is the ability the brain has to prioritize the sensory input it receives and to ignore unimportant stimuli.

adaptation

At the base of each cilium is a structure called the_________.

basal body

A group of functionally related nuclei within the cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain are called the_________.

basal nuclei

The substantia nigra interconnects with the_________.

basal nuclei

An atom with 12 electrons, 13 neutrons, and 11 protons is a/an _________.

both an anion and an isotope

In smooth muscle, cross-bridging occurs due to

both binding to calmodulin and myosin kinase adding a phosphate to myosin heads.

The plantar surface is the

bottom of foot.

Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the_________ plexus.

brachial

The perineurium

bundles axons into fascicles.

When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal,

calcium ions diffuse into the presynaptic terminal through voltage-gated ion channels.

Adrenergic receptors

can be activated by the release of epinephrine.

A cell uses centrioles in the process of

cell division.

Absence of a cytoskeleton might affect

cell shape.

The centrioles are found in a zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus called the_________.

centrosome

The region of the limbic system that is involved in the feeling of satisfaction with sex and feeding behaviors is the_________.

cingulate gyrus

A movement through 360 degrees that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction is called_________.

circumduction

With the elbow and wrist extended, painting a circle on a canvas requires_________ of the shoulder.

circumduction

Cephalic means

closer to the head.

Auditory impulses are transmitted by the_________ portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve.

cochlear

Lamellae are characteristic of

compact bone tissue.

If one nerve stimulus arrives at a muscle fiber so soon that the fiber does NOT relax at all from the previous twitch, the most likely result will be_________.

complete tetanus

A condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there are no intervening relaxations between contractions is called

complete tetanus.

The knee joint is an example of a_________ joint.

complex ellipsoid

A gland with branching ducts that end in acini would be classified as

compound acinar.

Lack of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft would result in

continuous stimulation of the postsynaptic membrane.

In working memory,

current information is lost when new information is presented.

The outer surface of the hair is called the_________.

cuticle

Enkephalins produce presynaptic inhibition in neurons transmitting pain signals. Increased levels of enkephalins will

decrease awareness of pain.

All of the following are complication of a major burnexcept_________.

decreased protein demand.

Another name for a bedsore is_________.

decubitus ulcer

Damage to the phrenic nerve would result in

difficulty breathing.

Inflammation of the skin is called dermatitis or or_________.

eczema

Muscles and glands that are capable of producing a response when stimulated by motor neurons are called_________.

effectors

There are_________ cervical spinal nerves.

eight

If the products of a chemical reaction contain less potential energy than the reactants,

energy has been released by the breaking of molecular bonds.

Heat energy is

energy that flows between objects with different temperatures.

Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO inhibitors)

enhance the binding of norepinephrine to its receptors.

In smooth muscle, most of the image needed for muscle contraction

enters from extracellular fluid.

The membrane that lines the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consists of

epithelium and lamina propria

You taste a sauce with the "tip of your tongue." These taste sensations would be carried via the_________ cranial nerve.

facial (VII)

Motor control of the face is the function of the __________ nerve, while sensation from the face is determined by the __________ nerve.

facial; trigeminal

Initiating the withdrawal reflex in both legs at the same time would cause one to

fall

The portion of the dorsal column/medial lemniscal tract that carries proprioceptive sensations from nerve endings in the feet and legs is the_________.

fasciculus gracilis

During brain surgery, the superior portion of the primary somatic sensory cortex of a patient is stimulated. The patient is most likely to

feel something touching his back.

Inflammation of the fibrous connective tissue resulting in stiffness and soreness is

fibrositis.

A joint that has no joint cavity and exhibits little or no movement would be classified as a_________ joint.

fibrous

Pain in a synovial joint such as the hip can occur because of irritation of the nerves in the

fibrous capsule of the joint.

Taste buds are not associated with_________ papillae.

filiform

A slight sunburn is an example of a_________ burn.

first-degree

When you hold out your hands with the palms up,_________ your wrists will tip your palms toward you.

flexing

The opposite of extension is_________.

flexion

Na (atomic no. 11) reacts with Cl (atomic no. 17) to become stable. In the reaction, Na will_________, while Cl will_________.

give up one electron; accept one electron

Support cells of the brain and spinal cord are called_________.

glia

The support and protection of neurons are provided by_________.

glia

The simplest types of movement at a synovial joint are_________ movements.

gliding

The type of movement between carpal bones is described as_________.

gliding

The sense of taste is called_________.

gustation

The cubital or elbow joint is an example of a_________ joint.rev: 10_16_2019_QC_CS-186487

hinge

The popliteal region is the _________.

hollow behind the knee

A synchondrosis contains_________ cartilage.

hyaline

The "thermostat" or nucleus that monitors blood temperature is located in the_________.

hypothalamus

While Stacy is in the process of passing over the bar during a pole vault, her hips are considered to be

inferior to her shoulders.

The stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland is the_________.

infundibulum

The basal nuclei function to

inhibit unwanted muscular activity.

One cause of spastic paralysis might be

inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.

Local hyperpolarization in a synapse is called a/an_________.

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

The corpus callosum

is a band of commissural fibers that connects the right cerebral hemisphere to the left cerebral hemisphere.

A yoga instructor tells the class to stretch the muscles of the side of the trunk by instructing them to perform _________.

lateral flexion

Cilia and flagella are distinguished from each other on the basis of

length and numbers.

The_________ separates the posterior chamber from the vitreous chamber.

lens

If the esophagus were cut from superior to inferior, as it occurs in the thoracic cavity, this would be considered a_________ section.

longitudinal

Water-soluble molecules such as glucose and amino acids move across the blood-brain barrier by_________.

mediated transport

If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, the regions innervated by that spinal nerve would experience complete loss of_________.

movement

Calcium ion blocking agents would most likely affect

movement of the tropomyosin molecule.

Stratified epithelium consists of

multiple layers of cells.

At rest, the inside of the sarcolemma is_________ relative to the outside.

negatively charged

Adduction of the thigh involves the_________ nerve.

obturator

Cells that respond to ligands

possess receptor sites for specific ligands.

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue contains_________.

proteoglycans

Magnetic resonance imaging is based on the movement of

protons in a magnetic field.

The opposite of retraction is_________.

protraction

The outermost tunic of the eyeball is the_________.

sclera

The glenoid labrum is part of the_________ joint, while the acetabular labrum is part of the_________ joint.

shoulder; hip

Glands whose ducts have no branches are called_________.

simple

Epithelium that is primarily secretory in function would most likely be

simple cuboidal.

If one of the functions of the capillaries is to supply body cells with oxygen and nutrients, you would expect the capillary walls to consist of

simple squamous epithelium.

Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles from weight lifting is caused by an increase in the

size of muscle fibers.

The model that describes the contraction of the muscle is called the

sliding filament model.

Movement of food through the digestive tract results from the action of_________ muscle.

smooth

The type of muscle found in the walls of blood vessels is_________ muscle.

smooth

The organelle that protects cells from the damaging effects of medications and toxins is the_________.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A physician is evaluating the cranial nerve function of a patient. To evaluate vestibulocochlear nerve function, the physician should

stand behind the patient and whisper words to see if the patient can repeat them.

The utricle and saccule are involved in

static balance.

Starch is the

storage carbohydrate in plants.

Potential energy is

stored energy that could do work but is not doing so.

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

stores .

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

stores calcium

An epithelial tissue has multiple layers, flat and irregular cell shape, dead outer layers of cells, and keratin present in some cells. This is

stratified keratinized squamous epithelium.

The epidermal stratum that is composed of several layers of living cells held together by desmosomes is the_________.

stratum spinosum

The type of muscle fatigue known as "psychological fatigue" is the result of

the emotional state of an individual.

In the intestine,_________ ensure(s) that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them.

tight junctions

Epithelial tissue is characterized by

tightly packed cells.

A ringing in the ears is called_________.

tinnitus

The malleus, incus, and stapes

transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.

The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system

transmits impulses from the CNS to effectors, such as skeletal muscle.

A kiss on the cheek would be perceived by impulses from the_________ nerve.

trigeminal

Dentists anesthetize a portion of the_________ nerve to stop pain impulses from the teeth.

trigeminal

A symporter will transport_________ across the plasma membrane.

two different ions or molecules in the same direction

Compared to a somatic reflex, an autonomic reflex utilizes

two motor neurons plus cardiac and smooth muscle and glands as effectors.

A reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the_________ reflex.

withdrawal

X-rays can be used to view bones because

x-rays cannot pass through bone.

The middle, thin, spider-like meninx is the_________.

arachnoid mater

A synchondrosis

may be temporary.

Nucleoli

produce ribosomal subunits.

Neurons synapsing on the hair cells of the maculae and the crista ampullaris have cell bodies in the_________.

vestibular ganglion

A deer hunter lost the hearing in his right ear after his gun exploded when he tried firing it. His hearing loss is the result of damage to the_________ nerve.

vestibulocochlear

Which molecule determines the fluidity of the plasma membrane?

Cholesterol

Muscle tissue is characterized by its

contractility

Troponin

has a calcium-binding site.

Skeletal muscle develops from cells called

myoblasts.

Which inhibitory neurotransmitter is blocked in strychnine poisoning?

Glycine

To which of the following organic groups does a steroid belong?

Lipid

Ellipsoid joints

are actually modified ball and socket joints.

Lipids

can insulate and help prevent heat loss.

ATP

serves as the energy currency of the cell.

What is the girdle of glycoproteins just below the tight junction between epithelial cells?

Adhesion belt

Which type of cell contains large amounts of lipids?

Adipocyte

A solution that contains one osmole of solute in one kilogram (kg) of water is called a

1 osmolal solution.

Bob was completely bald on the top of his head by the time he was 35 years of age. Bob noticed he produced abundant sweat on his head when he exercised. He also noticed that his scalp was no longer oily. Which of the following changes account for the observations? (1) He has fewer functional hair follicles now. (2) He has fewer functional sebaceous glands now. (3) He has fewer merocrine sweat glands now. (4) He has fewer apocrine sweat glands now.

1, 2

The muscles of the back contract to straighten so that you sit at a more erect posture and subsequently the muscles are suddenly stretched as you nod off. Which of the following best represents the sequence of events when you start to nod off? (1) Muscles of the back are stretched. (2) The muscle spindle is stretched. (3) Action potentials in sensory neurons of the muscle spindles increase. (4) Action potentials in alpha motor neurons of skeletal muscle fibers increase. (5) Skeletal muscle of the back contract.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

A tissue has the following characteristics: free surface, single layer of cells, cells are narrow and tall, microvilli, many mitochondria, goblet cells. Which of the following is most consistent with those observations? (1) Active transport (2) Epithelium (3) Simple epithelium (4) Columnar epithelium (5) Cuboidal epithelium (6) Squamous epithelium (7) Secretion by exocytosis (8) Movement of mucous across its surface

1, 2, 3, 4, 7

Arrange the following list of biochemical events in the correct sequence. (1) An action potential is conducted deep into the muscle fiber by the T tubule.(2) Calcium ions bind to troponin. (3) The membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum become more permeable to calcium ions. (4) Calcium ions diffuse into the sarcoplasm around the myofibril. (5) The troponin-tropomyosin complex moves exposing active sites.

1, 3, 4, 2, 5

Indicate the order of each of the following in a descending pathway. (1) Cerebral cortex (2) Pyramids (3) Cerebral peduncles (4) Internal capsule

1, 4, 3, 2

Indicate the order of each of the following in a descending pathway. (1) Cerebral cortex (2) Pyramids (3) Cerebral peduncles (4) Internal capsule

1, 4, 3, 2

Indicate the order of each of the following in a descending pathway. (1) Cerebral cortex(2) Pyramids(3) Cerebral peduncles(4) Internal capsule

1, 4, 3, 2

Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23. Sodium has_________.

12 neutrons and 11 protons

There are_________ pairs of cranial nerves and_________ pairs of spinal nerves.

12; 31

The molecular formula H2O means

2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom.

List the following structures in order from smallest to largest.

2, 3, 1, 4

List the following structures in order from smallest to largest. (1) Muscle fiber (2) Myofilament (3) Myofibril (4) Muscle fascicle

2, 3, 1, 4

List the following structures in order from smallest to largest. (1) Muscle fiber (2) Myofilament (3) Myofibril (4) Muscle fascicle

2, 3, 1, 4

List the following structures in order from smallest to largest. (1) Muscle fiber (2) Myofilament (3) Myofibril( 4) Muscle fascicle

2, 3, 1, 4

Which of the following result when the spinal cord is hemitransected (cut) on the left side?

2, 3, 6

Which of the following result when the spinal cord is hemitransected (cut) on the left side? (1) Loss of pain and thermal sensations below the injury on the left side (2) Loss of pain and thermal sensations below the injury on the right side (3) Loss of fine touch and pressure sensations below the injury on the left side (4) Loss of fine touch and pressure sensations below the injury on right side (5) Loss of fine motor control on the right side below the injury (6) Loss of fine motor control on the left side below the injury

2, 3, 6

Arrange the following in order from the diencephalon downward.

2, 4, 3, 1

Arrange the following in order from the diencephalon downward. (1) Spinal cord (2) Midbrain (3) Medulla (4) Pons

2, 4, 3, 1

Which of the following occur as a result of inhibiting the release of chemical mediators of inflammation shortly after injury in a tissue? (1) Stimulation of pain receptors (2) Reduced stimulation of pain receptors (3) Increased permeability of blood vessels (4) Reduced permeability of blood vessels (5) Edema (6) Reduced redness

2, 4, 6

An atom has an atomic number of 19 and a mass number of 39. This atom will have_________ neutrons.rev: 09_05_2019_QC_CS-178293

The spinal cord ends at the_________.

2nd lumbar vertebrae

Arrange the following in correct sequence: (1) Autonomic ganglia and ganglionic synapse (2) Synapse with target tissues (3) Preganglionic neuron (4) Postganglionic neuron

3, 1, 4, 2

Arrange the following to reflect the correct sequence an action potential would follow to reach the olfactory cortex of the brain: (1) Olfactory bulb (2) Olfactory cortex (3) Olfactory epithelium (4) Olfactory tract

3, 1, 4, 2

Arrange the following structures in the order in which they would vibrate as a result of the tympanic membrane vibrating. (1) Oval window (2) Vestibular membrane and endolymph (3) Auditory ossicles (4) Basilar membrane (5) Perilymph

3, 1, 5, 2, 4

Arrange the following list of membranes in correct sequence in which they function during the process of hearing. (1) Tectorial membrane (2) Vestibular membrane (3) Tympanic membrane (4) Basilar membrane

3, 2, 4, 1

Arrange the following in correct sequence: (1) Taste cell depolarizes. (2) Action potential stimulated in sensory neuron associated with taste cell.(3) Food substance dissolves in saliva. (4) Neurotransmitter released by taste cell. (5) Food substance enters taste pore and attaches to receptor on taste hair.

3, 5, 1, 4, 2

Arrange the following events detailing the visual pathway in correct sequence: (1) Retinal cells generate action potential (2) Person becomes aware of the information obtained by CNS (3) Visual cortex translates action potential (4) Bright light is shone into the eye (5) Optic nerve conducts action potential to CNS

4, 1, 5, 3, 2

Arrange the following events of exocytosis in the correct sequence: (1) Vesicle membrane fuses with plasma membrane (2) Secretory vesicles migrate to plasma membrane (3) Vesicle contents are expelled from cell (4) Secretions accumulate within secretory vesicles

4, 2, 1, 3

Arrange the following from largest to smallest: (1) Nucleus (2) DNA molecule (3) Skin cell (4) Chicken eggs

4, 3, 1, 2

Arrange the following parts of the neuronal pathway for hearing in the correct sequence. (1) Inferior colliculus (2) Medial geniculate nucleus (3) Superior olivary nucleus (4) Auditory cortex (5) Cochlear nucleus

5, 3, 1, 2, 4

Arrange the events of synaptic transmission in correct sequence. (1) Na+ diffuses into the cell and cause a local potential (2) Neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell (3) Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft (4) Membrane permeability to Na+ on postsynaptic cell increases (5) Action potential causes release of neurotransmitter

5, 3, 2, 4, 1

Place the following parts of a reflex arc in the correct order beginning with the sensory receptor. (1) Motor neuron(2) Interneuron(3) Effector(4) Sensory neuron(5) Sensory receptor

5, 4, 2, 1, 3

Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic mass of 16. How many valence electrons does it have?

Various areas of the cortex form functional pathways to conduct action potentials necessary to perform specific functions. Arrange the areas below in proper sequence to accomplish reading a poem aloud. (1) Visual association area (2) Premotor area (3) Broca area (4) Primary motor area (5) Wernicke area (6) Visual cortex

6, 1, 5, 3, 2, 4

If the amino acid coding region of an mRNA molecule is 1800 nucleotides (bases) in length, this molecule will contain_________ codons.

600

Normal blood pH is maintained within a range of

7.35 - 7.45.

Which of the following combinations indicates the correct distribution of spinal nerve pairs?

8 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 5 sacral - 1 coccygeal

The shaft of a flagellum contains_________ microtubule doublets around its periphery.

Which of the following people would have the greatest risk of developing skin cancer?

A 68-year old male with blond hair and blue eyes

What is a triad?

A T tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae

The region of the sarcomere that contains both actin and myosin myofilaments is called the

A band.

How does a buffer help a solution maintain pH?

A buffer can act like a base if pH is acidic, and it can act like an acid if pH is basic.

Which of the following is not a feature that connective tissues have in common?

A calcified matrix

Which of the following statements concerning smooth muscle is true?

A calcium-calmodulin complex initiates cross-bridge formation.

Which of the following activities would stimulate the reticular formation?

A clock radio coming on in the morning

What is a scar?

A large amount of granulation tissue converted to dense irregular collagenous connective tissue during tissue repair

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on sense organs?

A large loss in the ability to detect odors

Consider the following condition: pupils dilated, digestive motility decreased, salivary gland activity decreased. Which of the following scenarios matches this condition of the person involved?

A motorist just avoided running over a small child playing in the road

Which of the following is true?

A threshold stimulus will cause contraction of a muscle fiber.

Which of these is an example of an EPSP in a typical neuron?

A voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5 mV

A. Blood vessels enter and the optic nerve exits here

A. Difficulty seeing distant objects

Match the structure associated with hearing with the appropriate description. A. Organ of hearing B. Passageway from the outside to the eardrum C. Interconnecting tunnels in the temporal bone D. Tiny bones in the middle ear E. Connecting chambers of inner ear filled with endolymph Organ of Corti

A. Organ of hearing

Match the structure of the eye with the appropriate description. A. Photoreceptor cells that function in black and white vision B. Photoreceptor cells that function in color vision C. The opening in the iris D. The innermost tunic of the eye E. A pigmented contractile structure Rods

A. Photoreceptor cells that function in black and white vision

Match the description with the most appropriate ear structure. A. Structures that produce earwax B. Fluid in the membranous labyrinth C. Fluid between the membranous and bony labyrinth D. Ossicles connect this structure to eardrum E. Connects the middle ear to the pharynx Ceruminous glands

A. Structures that produce earwax

A. The angle where the eyelids join

What is the function of the basement membrane?

Adhere epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue

A. The area that can be seen with the eyes open

You are hired to work in a laboratory to measure the rate of human muscle contraction. Which of the following might decrease in quantity in muscle fibers undergoing contractions?

ATP

Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of a substance that blocks creatine kinase activity?

ATP production from creatine phosphate would decrease.

Which type of transport proteins use cell energy to move molecules across the plasma membrane?

ATP-powered pumps

Which of the following cranial nerves does not innervate the tongue?

Accessory

Which neurotransmitter is released at neuromuscular junctions?

Acetylcholine

Which of the following is NOT an example of a cytoplasmic inclusion?

Actin filaments

Cyanide stops the production of ATP. Which of the following processes would be affected?

Active transport

Exposure to ultraviolet light causes the skin to darken by stimulating which of the following?

Activity of the enzyme tyrosinase

Which of the following correctly describes myoglobin's special function in muscle tissue?

Acts as a reservoir for

If mesenchymal cells experience mutation during development, which of the following structures is most likely affected by the mutation?

All of the choices are correct.

If you accidentally cut your arm and see adipose tissue, which layer(s) was/were cut?

All of the choices are correct.

Light and dark adaptation involve

All of the choices are correct.

Melanin production can be influenced by

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following movements is possible at the hip joint?

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following statements correctly describes ATP?

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following statements regarding voltage-gated channels is true?

All of the choices are correct.

Which structures are formed from neural crest cells?

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following cell structures do not contain microtubules?

All of the choices contain microtubules.

Treppe

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following influence the range of motion of a joint?

All of these influence range of motion.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

All of these statements are true.

Which of the following events in a stretch reflex occurs last?

Alpha motor neurons transmit action potentials to muscle causing contraction.

With regard to the validity of biomedical research in physiological studies, which statement is correct?

Although the general homeostatic mechanisms may be the same in some animal species, the individual variables are often very different.

A neurotransmitter is released at a synapse. Which of the following occurs last?

An action potential is produced in the postsynaptic membrane.

Which of the following events will lead to depolarization?

An increase in in the extracellular fluid

Which of the following will increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

An increase in reactant concentration

A researcher discovered a sensory receptor that detects decreasing oxygen concentrations in the blood. According to the principles of negative feedback, it is likely that stimulation of this sensory receptor will produce which of the following types of responses?

An increase in the respiratory rate

Which of the following will increase the rate of diffusion?

An increase in the temperature

Which of the following analogies best represents a parallel after-discharge circuit?

An instructor instructs all students to solve the same problem.

Which metabolic pathway do skeletal muscles rely on when someone is lifting weights?

Anaerobic respiration

Which type of respiration rapidly produces ATP for short time periods?

Anaerobic respiration

Some cancer cells have mutations in the p53 gene, often called the guardian of the genome. It normally functions to help repair damaged DNA or cause the elimination of severely altered cells. Which of the following functions is likely regulated by p53?

Apoptosis

Which type of tissue attaches to the underlying muscles and supports the framework for body organs?

Areolar tissue

_________ exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and is found in many serous membranes.

Areolar tissue

Which term refers to a place where two or more bones come together?

Articulation

Which of the following events is NOT a characteristic of an action potential?

As Na+ enter, the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative.

Which type of white fibers connect areas of the cerebral cortex in the same hemisphere?

Association fibers

LouAnn is being treated for a neurological condition with a specific drug that target neurons deep within the brain. Which glial cell must be bypassed by this drug in order for it to be effective?

Astrocyte

When a person is exposed to temperature extremes, why is it difficult to distinguish hot from cold objects?

At extremes, pain receptors are stimulated by both very hot and very cold objects.

Which of the following statements concerning hair is true?

At puberty, much of the vellus hair is replaced with terminal hair.

Which of these joints would be most likely to cause problems with the spinal cord?

Atlantoaxial joint

Which of the following is a synovial joint?

Atlantooccipital

A polar covalent bond forms between Atom 1 and Atom 2. The Atom 1 side of the bond is slightly negative, and the Atom 2 side of the bond is slightly positive. Which atom has the higher electronegativity?

Atom 1

Which of the following is the correct sequence from smallest to largest?

Atom, amino acid, protein, cell

Which structure allows upper respiratory infections to spread from the throat to the middle ear?

Auditory tube

Which type of nerve would cause a blood vessel to constrict?

Autonomic

What is the examination of a dead body to determine the cause of death or to study the changes caused by a disease?

Autopsy

The number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12 is called_________ number.

Avogadro's

Which of the following is associated with nervous tissue?

Axon

Which of the following is correctly matched with its description?

Axons - conduct action potentials away from the cell body

B. Opening in the orbit through which the optic nerve passes

B. Part of the ear that contains the organ of hearing

B. Passageway from the outside to the eardrum

B. The space between the two eyelids

Which statement about baldness is true?

Baldness is more common in men than in women.

Which of the following joints is most movable?

Ball and socket

Which of the following is the most common form of skin cancer?

Basal cell carcinoma

Which type of skin cancer is the most common?

Basal cell carcinoma

Henry has a thrombus just beyond where the vertebral arteries join on the base of the pons. Which vessel is affected?

Basilar artery

Which of the following drugs would be the best choice to use in chronic asthma to dilate the bronchioles?

Beta-adrenergic stimulating agents

Where is the dentoalveolar joint?

Between a tooth socket and a tooth

You are an airborne molecule that dissolves in the fluid covering the olfactory epithelium. Which of the following must you do in order to depolarize neurons in the olfactory epithelium?

Bind to receptor molecules on the olfactory hair membrane

What is the removal of a tissue sample from patients via surgery or needle to diagnose disease?

Biopsy

Which type of taste has the lowest threshold?

Bitter

Which tastant is NOT correctly matched with its process of depolarization?

Bitter - K+

What structural feature of the brain regulates the movement of materials from the blood into the brain?

Blood-brain barrier

Which structure ultimately regulates the passage of materials from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid and the brain?

Blood-brain-barrier

Which of the following can be a result of apocrine sweat gland activity?

Body odor

A tissue sample has the following components: calcified matrix, collagen, and fibroblasts. Sandy has identified it as bone, but her instructor stated that was incorrect. Which statements below should her instructor use to explain the error?

Bone tissue would have osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes present.

Which of the following represents an accurate analogy of dual innervation?

Both "An HVAC system that warms a cool room or cools a hot room" and "A remote control that can increase and decrease the volume of a television" are correct.

If abnormal development occurs in the myelencephalon, which of the following structures may be affected?

Both "Fourth ventricle" and "Medulla oblongata" are correct.

Stimulation by the autonomic nervous system results in increased insulin secretion from the pancreas during and after a meal. Which of the following are most likely to be true?

Both "Increased insulin secretion is due to parasympathetic stimulation" and "Acetylcholine agonists will stimulate insulin secretion" are correct.

Which of the following arteries supply blood to the brain?

Both "Internal carotid arteries" and "Vertebral arteries" is correct.

Which of the following statements is true concerning substances that have a sour taste?

Both "Substances that taste sour have a low pH" and "Substance that taste sour have high concentrations of H+" are correct.

Which of the following subatomic particles can be changed in number without affecting the element identity of the atom?

Both "electrons" and "neutrons" are correct.

When a person consumes a substantial amount of nicotine, the response_________.

Both "increases parasympathetic responses" and "increases sympathetic responses" are correct

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) can result from the_________.

Both "influx of Cl− and "outflow of K+" are correct.

Stimulation of the Golgi tendon organs result in which of the following changes in the reflex arc?

Both "stimulation of an inhibitory neuron" and "decreased action potentials in alpha motor neurons" are correct.

The strength of a stimulus is communicated through

Both "the frequency of action potentials" and "the length of time action potentials are produced" are correct.

Which ion causes depolarization in olfactory neurons?

Both Na+ and Ca2+ are correct.

Which of the following will respond to a threshold stimulus with an all-or-none contraction?

Both a single muscle fiber and a single motor unit are correct.

Which of the following statements regarding the sliding filament model is false?

Both actin and myosin myofilaments shorten during contraction.

Each voltage-gated Na+ channel has two voltage sensitive gates: an activation gate and an inactivation gate. Which of the following would occur during depolarization?

Both activation and inactivation gates are open.

A lack of glycolytic enzymes within skeletal muscle fibers would impair which type of ATP-yielding process?

Both anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration are correct.

Alex is participating in a 50-meter dash. Predict the most important chemical process his muscles will rely on during this race.

Both anaerobic respiration and creatine phosphate breakdown are correct.

Which type of muscle tissue is autorhythmic?

Both cardiac and smooth muscle are correct.

A substance composed of two or more different types of atoms is a/an_________.

Both compound and molecule are correct.

Melanin is found in which cells?

Both melanocytes and keratinocytes

Carbon dioxide is considered a/an_________.

Both molecule and compound are correct.

Which type of muscle tissue possesses striations?

Both skeletal and cardiac muscle are correct.

C. Fluid between the membranous and bony labyrinth

C. Includes the pinna and external auditory canal

C. Interconnecting tunnels in the temporal bone

C. The cerebral area that integrates messages from retina

C. The opening in the iris

C. The portion of the retina with the greatest visual acuity

Which of the following systems carries necessary compounds like oxygen and nutrients throughout the body?

Cardiovascular

A collapsed intervertebral foramen could affect all of the following spinal nerves EXCEPT_________.

A patient with no sensation in the left thumb would most likley have nerve damage of the_________ spinal nerve.

During the first step of gene expression, an RNA copy of a gene is made. Which of the following represents the correct sequence produced from a gene segment with the following sequence: GAACTAAGC?

CUUGAUUCG

Voltage-gated Na+ channels are sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentration of_________.

Ca2+

What will develop when the skin is subjected to excess friction or pressure?

Callus

To which of the following organic groups does lactose belong?

Carbohydrate

Which molecule is produced as a waste product of the metabolism of glucose by cells?

Carbon dioxide

What is a malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue?

Carcinoma

Which of the following is responsible for problem-solving skills?

Central nervous system

Loss of equilibrium and motor coordination would most likely be related to a lesion in which structure?

Cerebellum

There are no cranial nerves associated with which part of the brain?

Cerebellum

Which of the following would indicate dysfunction of the respiratory system?

Change in blood pH

Identify the type of synapse that includes a presynaptic cell, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic cell.

Chemical

An atom of chlorine has 17 protons and 18 neutrons. Which of the following statements is true?

Chlorine has a mass number of 35.

Which of the following would be classified as a lipid?

Cholesterol - a steroid

Which of the following is NOT an adhesive molecule found in the ground substance of connective tissue?

Chondroitin sulfate

Which of the following events occurs during anaphase?

Chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell.

When someone steps on a sharp object like a nail, inflammation and infection can be severe but localized. Which of the following functions limited the size of the injured area to the greatest degree?

Coagulation of plasma proteins

Which of the following does not account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance?

Collagen

Which of the following statements concerning collagen is false?

Collagen is elastic and stretches.

D. Increased intraocular pressure that can lead to loss of vision

D. Ossicles connect this structure to eardrum

D. The innermost tunic of the eye

D. The membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids

Which of the following connective tissue layers is outside all the others?

Epimysium

D. Tiny bones in the middle ear

Deoxyribose is a sugar found in_________.

DNA

Which of the following statements concerning the brainstem is true?

Damage to the brainstem is usually fatal.

Tyler has noticed lately that he doesn't feel pain in his left arm. Which of the following might explain his issue?

Damage to the spinothalamic pathway

Which of the following statements concerning olfaction is true?

Damaged olfactory neurons are replaced.

Suppose there was a drug that could dramatically decrease mucus secretion. Which of the following may be a side effect of this drug?

Decreased mucus secretion would also decrease a person's ability to smell due to less fluid associated with the olfactory organ.

Which of the following is NOT an age-related change in skeletal muscle?

Decreased recovery time

Sucrose is formed when the simple sugars fructose and glucose are covalently bonded. This reaction releases water. What type of reaction is this?

Dehydration

Metabolic water refers to the water molecules produced during normal cellular metabolism. Which types of metabolic reactions are important for the production of metabolic water?

Dehydration reactions

Which of the following means a change in shape of a protein?

Denaturation

Which of the following statements concerning the descending pathways of the spinal cord is true?

Descending pathways consist of upper and lower motor neurons.

What is a disc-shaped structure with especially adhesive glycoproteins around each cell that bind cells to one another?

Desmosomes

Which of the following activities is associated with lysosomes?

Destruction of nonfunctional organelles

Which of the following is not a function of the control center within a feedback mechanism?

Detects a change in the value of a variable

A group of cells was treated with a proteolytic (protein-digesting) enzyme. Which of the following processes would be least affected by this treatment?

Diffusion of lipid-soluble molecules through the plasma membrane

Where is the enteric nervous system located?

Digestive tract

Which technique creates a three-dimensional dynamic image of blood vessels?

Digital subtraction angiography

In the expression "Let your fingers do the walking," which of the following anatomical terms could be substituted for "fingers?"

Digits

On coming inside from the cold, students notice that their cheeks are red. What causes this?

Dilation of the blood vessels in the dermis of the cheeks

Which of the following is NOT a parasympathetic effect?

Dilation of the bronchioles in the lungs

Which type of neuronal pathway allows for a stimulus to be transmitted to the most number of cells?

Divergent

Otoliths can break off and float inside the inner ear. What might happen if the otoliths settle on top of the hair cells?

Dizziness and inability to maintain balance may occur.

Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in Parkinson's disease?

Dopamine

Which of the following thalamic nuclei is mismatched with its function?

Dorsal tier of nuclei - taste impulses

Which of the following statements best describes reseach focused on the physiology of the lymphatic system?

Dr. Ali studies the signaling that occurs between defense cells and abnormal cells of the body.

What is the crista ampullaris associated with?

Dynamic equilibrium in angular acceleration

E. A pigmented contractile structure

Match the structure of the ear with the appropriate description.

E. Air-filled space within the temporal bone

E. Connecting chambers of inner ear filled with endolymph

E. Connects the middle ear to the pharynx

E. Loss of acute central vision

E. The fluid that fills the anterior cavity of the eye

E. The membrane that covers the anterior sclera of the eye

Match the term associated with vision with the appropriate description.

E. The route of the ganglionic axons beyond the chiasma

Which of the following is NOT true of a gene?

Each chromosome contains one gene.

Trina, a 72-year-old retired nurse, presents with the following: difficulty swallowing, easily fatigued, impaired gag reflex. Which of the symptoms is most likely the result of aging?

Easily fatigued

From which germ layer does the nervous system form?

Ectoderm

Which of the following terms correctly identifies the name of an embryonic germ layer?

Ectoderm

Which of the following tissue change occurs when the permeability of blood vessels increases during inflammation?

Edema

Which type of connective tissue is found in the external ears?

Elastic cartilage

Which of the following statements explains why decubitus ulcers are of concern in elderly patients?

Elderly individuals have more fragile skin due to loss of collagen fibers in the dermis, increasing the likelihood of tissue damage.

Which of the following describes someone shrugging their shoulders as if to say "I don't know?"

Elevation of the clavicles and scapulae

Which of the following types of joints is mismatched with its location?

Ellipsoid - between femur and tibia

Which of the following best differentiates between the endoneurium and myelin?

Endoneurium is more complex because it is composed of connective tissue; whereas myelin is composed of individual cells.

Which of the following is NOT a type of enteric neuron?

Enteric bipolar neuron

Hydrocephaly is a condition whereby cerebrospinal fluid accumulates around the brain. Which supportive cells continue CSF production despite it backing up in the subarachnoid space?

Ependymal cells

Name the layer from which fingernails and toenails are derived.

Epidermis

This layer of skin is composed of keratinocytes.

Epidermis

What space, found between the vertebral wall and the dura mater, is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth?

Epidural space

Which of the following will help cool the body?

Evaporation of sweat from the skin's surface

Which of the following is true about skeletal muscle?

Every muscle fiber receives a branch of an axon from the nerve.

Which transport process requires a carrier molecule but does not use cellular energy?

Facilitated diffusion

Which of the following feelings is NOT related to hypothalamic function?

Feeling rested after flying to England

Which of the following feelings is NOT related to hypothalamic function?rev: 10_31_2019_QC_CS-188658

Feeling rested after flying to England

If a person fell down the steps and then developed pain down his anterior thigh into the knee, which of the following spinal nerves was probably damaged?

Femoral

Which type of cell forms protein fibers in connective tissue proper?

Fibroblast

Which type of cell has abundant ribosomes?

Fibroblast (makes protein fibers)

Which type of connective tissue is found between the vertebrae?

Fibrocartilage

Which structure anchors the thecal sac and conus medullaris to the coccyx?

Filum terminale

A burn classified as partial thickness could be which of the following?

First or second degree

Which of the following is an organelle of locomotion?

Flagellum

Nicholas is prone to sinus infections. Lately his mother has noticed he doesn't seem to hear her when she is standing behind him. Which of the following best explains Nicholas's condition?

Fluid associated with Nicholas's infection is inhibiting movement of the auditory ossicles, resulting in conductive hearing loss.

Absence of which of the following papillae would have the greatest effect on a person's sense of taste?

Foliate

Which of the following is NOT a cartilaginous joint?

Fontanelles

There are more microbial cells than human cells in your body, and the health of this microbiota clearly influences human well-being. How many microbes are there?

For every cell in your body, there are ten microbial cells.

Melanoma can be detected early and treated with the application of a special rule. Which of the following is NOT a test used to determine if a mole is cancerous?

Freckles

Consider the following four phrases and select the one that does not belong with the others.

Fuels runner in a marathon

Which molecule is activated from the binding of an odorant to transmembranous receptor molecules on olfactory hairs?

G protein

When norepinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors,

G proteins mediate the cell's response.

A person who has seizures might have a deficit of which of the following?

GABA

Which of the following is the correct complementary strand to CATGTC?

GTACAG

What is a small protein channel that allows the passage of ions and small molecules between cells?

Gap junction

Which of the following statements regarding glial cells is false?

Glial cells produce action potentials for skeletal muscles.

Which of the following is part of a thin myofilament?

Globular (G) actin

Consider the following five terms. Which term does not belong with the other four terms?

Glucose

From the following list, select the one organic substance found in the human body.

Glucose

Identify the material that would NOT be considered an important inorganic substances in our bodies.

Glucose

Which of the following lists includes only monosaccharides that are isomers of one another?

Glucose, fructose, galactose

_________ is a monosaccharide, whereas_________ is a polysaccharide.

Glucose; starch

If you compare a cell with a manufacturing plant that exports goods, the cell's_________ could be compared to the manufacturing plant's shipping department.

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following cell structures would be most important in secretory epithelial cells?

Golgi apparatus

The reflex that prevents excessive tension in a muscle is the_________ reflex.

Golgi tendon

Receptors that detect stretch of a tendon and are important for control of muscle contraction are_________.

Golgi tendon organs

Sam is curling very heavy weights and suddenly drops them. Which reflex forced this action by Sam to prevent tendon damage?

Golgi tendon reflex

Which of the following would be caused by a contraction of smooth muscle?

Goose bumps

Which of the following best describes the effect that holding your breath has on blood pH?

Holding your breath increases blood pH by increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Which type of gland accumulates its secretion in the cytoplasm of the cell, the cell then ruptures and becomes part of the secretion?

Holocrine

Which type of connective tissue forms most of the skeleton before it is replaced by bone?

Hyaline cartilage

In a laboratory experiment, the resting membrane potential of a muscle is measured and is found to be more negative. Which of the following has occurred?

Hyperpolarization

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with which of the following?

Hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane

Thirteen year-old Austin exhibits retarded growth, reduced metabolism, lack of normal reproductive gland development, inability to regulate water intake or water elimination from the body, and an uncontrolled appetite. Which part of Austin's brain is most likely involved?

Hypothalamus

Which of the following brain areas serves as the major control center of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system?

Hypothalamus

Which part of the CNS integrates thoughts and emotions to produce ANS responses?

Hypothalamus

Which part of the brain is in overall control of the ANS?

Hypothalamus

Which of the following is an example of adaptation of sensory receptors?

Ignoring the presence of clothes

Which of the following statements concerning types of muscle contractions is false?

In isometric contractions, the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant.

A child ingested an organophosphate poison used to kill insects. Soon the child's muscles began spastic contractions. Predict what occurred at the synaptic cleft.

Increased accumulation of acetylcholine in the synapse

Which of the following is a sympathetic effect?

Increased heart rate

Which of the following is NOT a complication of a major burn?

Increased immunity

Describe the effect of exposure to UV rays on the skin.

Increased melanin synthesis

Which of the following is NOT an effect of parasympathetic action?

Increased metabolism

Which of the following occurs when the parasympathetic system is stimulated?

Increased motility of the digestive tract

Which of the following changes would have the most dramatic effect on the membrane potential?

Increased permeability of the membrane to Na+

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the joints?

Increased production of synovial fluid

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the skin?

Increased sebaceous gland activity

Select the phrase that does not belong with the others.

Increased vascularity

Which of the following is NOT an intrinsic eye muscle?

Inferior oblique muscle

A swollen, painful area of the skin that is also hot and red are symptoms that accompany which process?

Inflammation

Dr. Clark has been lecturing for 3 hours and her ears are beginning to "pop." Which of the following best explains her condition?

Inflammation of her pharynx is blocking airflow through her auditory tubes, resulting in uneven pressure across her tympanic membranes.

Which of the following is not characteristic of aging at the tissue level?

Injuries heal rapidly and more completely in older people.

Identify the type of hair cells of the spiral organ that are responsible for hearing.

Inner hair cells

Axillary nerve

Innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles

Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be locatedentirely within the central nervous system?

Interneuron

Proteoglycans trap large quantities of water, allowing them to assume their original shape after compression. Based on these characteristics, where are they most likely found in the body?

Intervertebral discs

You are looking at a cell with the electron microscope and you notice the following characteristics: presence of many mitochondria and lysosomes; few, if any, Golgi apparatus; and many ribosomes. Which of the following is the most likely function of that cell?

Intracellular digestion

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus?

Involved in psychosomatic illnesses

Which of the following membrane proteins must be an integral protein to carry out its function?

Ion channel

A toxin released by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum causes the food-borne illness known as botulism, which inhibits the release of ACh at the neuromuscular junction. What effect does this have on a person infected with the bacterium?

It causes flaccid paralysis, and if it affects the respiratory muscles, can result in death.

Which of the following is correctly associated with the medulla oblongata?

It contains nuclei for regulation of heart rate and blood vessel diameter.

How does intact skin provide protection?

It forms a physical barrier against the entry of microbes.

Which of the following is NOT true of a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

It gives the clearest three-dimensional images.

Which of the following statements isnot true of mucous connective tissue?

It is a type of embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to most adult connective tissue types.

Which of the following is NOT true of muscular atrophy?

It is irreversible.

Which of the following statements is true about sweat?

It is produced by a merocrine or apocrine gland.

Identify the statement concerning skeletal muscle that is true.

It is responsible for locomotion.

Which statement is true about the dermis?

It is responsible for most of the skin's structural strength.

Which of the following is NOT true of the latch state of smooth muscle contraction?

It occurs when the phosphate is removed while the cross-bridges are not attached to actin.

Contraction of the arrector pili does which of the following?

It pulls the follicle into a more perpendicular position in relation to the skin surface.

Atrophy at the neuromuscular junction that naturally occurs with age would have what effect on muscles?

It would decrease the number of action potentials sent to the muscle fiber.

Each upward movement of the basilar membrane causes the stereocilia of the inner hair cells to bend, opening _________ gates.

K+

Low levels of_________ can have dire consequences on the functioning of neurons because of its role in membrane repolarization.

K+

Which durable protein is found in the nails, hair, and epidermis?

Keratin

Doctor Johansson wants to test a patient's reflexes by briskly striking the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer. Which reflex is Dr. Johansson testing?

Knee-jerk reflex

Glen is complaining of abnormal sensations, such as cold or hot sensations, along his left hip and anterior thigh. His physician suggests that certain nerves may be compressed, causing these sensations. Which of the following are most likely affected?

L1 - L2

Which of the following statements accurately represents labile cells?

Labile cells are important to the body, providing a source for new cells to replace those that are damaged.

Which of the following statements concerning the process of tissue repair is false?

Labile cells cannot be replaced by the process of regeneration.

Which of the following would indicate a possible lesion of the trigeminal nerve (V)?

Lack of chewing reflex when an item is placed in the oral cavity

_________ is the substrate of_________.

Lactose; lactase

Which of these molecules is correctly matched with its method of movement through the plasma membrane?

Large, water-soluble molecules - transported by carrier-mediated processes

Which of the following is NOT part of the limbic system?

Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

The cervical region of the spinal cord lacks associated autonomic nuclei. How will a cross section of the spinal cord in this region differ from a cross section of the thoracic region?

Lateral gray horns are not present in the cervical region.

Which of the following is an ascending pathway in the spinal cord?

Lateral spinothalamic tract

Alan has experienced several stokes over the past few months. He is unable to move his right arm and leg. In addition, he is having difficulty speaking. Which of the following areas is most likely affected?

Left frontal lobe of the cerebrum

Which of the following could be used to study general features of cells?

Light microscope

What is the group of structures in the brain that is involved with emotions and memory?

Limbic system

One type of experimental contraceptive device is a skin patch that contains a chemical absorbed through the skin. Which of the following substances might be the type of chemical involved?

Lipid-soluble substances

Which of the following statements accurately describes lipids?

Lipids are an important component of plasma membranes.

Which structure is located inferior and lateral to the heart?

Liver

Which type of cell would have an abundance of peroxisomes?

Liver cells that detoxify hydrogen peroxide

Which of the following conditions may cause low active Vitamin D levels?

Liver dysfunction has reduced the conversion of cholecalciferol to the intermediate for calcitriol production.

Which type of reflex operates independently of the CNS?

Local reflex

Which of the following situations would have the greatest effect on depth perception?

Losing one eye in an accident

A man was in an accident during which his spinal cord was severed between C6 and C7. Which of the following would NOT be a consequence of this injury?

Loss of use of the phrenic nerves and paralysis of the diaphragm

Which of the following organelles function in the destruction of nonfunctional organelles?

Lysosomes

Which type of cell phagocytizes foreign or injured cells and plays a major role in providing protection against infections?

Macrophage

Which auditory ossicle is attached to the tympanic membrane?

Malleus

Mary was involved in an accident that resulted in severe damage to several of her facial bones. As a result, her olfactory organ was damaged as well. Which of the following may be a side effect of her injury?

Mary will most likely notice a dramatic decrease in her ability to taste.

Which type of cell releases chemicals in response to injury and plays an important role in inflammation?

Mast cell

Large molecules move across the plasma membrane with the help or assistance of protein carriers. This type of transport is generally called_________.

Mediated transport

Which part of the brainstem contains the cardiac center, vasomotor center, and respiratory center?

Medulla oblongata

Which portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord?

Medulla oblongata

The_________ are distributed throughout the dermal papillae and are involved in_________ touch.

Meissner corpuscles; two-point discrimination

Describe the movement of melanin in the skin.

Melanin is transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes.

Which type of skin cancer is the most deadly?

Melanoma

Frank has a microbial infection attacking his brain. Which cell type would you expect to proliferate and be most active during this time?

Microglia

Which of the following cell structures is CORRECTLY matched with its function?

Microtubules - cell support

Which of the following occurs when the permeability of blood vessels increases during inflammation?

Migration of white blood cells to the site of injury

Olympic marathon runners train for several years. This endurance training causes which of the following organelles to increase in number in their muscle cells?

Mitochondria

Which organelle produces most of the cell's energy?

Mitochondrion

Which of the following is NOT a cell type found in taste buds?

Mitral cells

Why does inhaling deeply and slowly through the nose help to identify an odor?

More air containing the odor is brought into contact with the olfactory epithelium.

Which of the following statements concerning vision is false?

Most of the optic tract axons terminate in the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.

Which of the following represents a local reflex?

Motility of the digestive tract in response to stretch of the wall of the digestive tract

Which of the following is NOT consistent with active transport?

Movement is with a concentration gradient

Which of the following actions is caused by contraction of skeletal muscle?

Moving your feet in walking

Which type of membrane lines cavities that open to the outside and often contains mucous glands?

Mucous

Which type of tissue is contractile?

Muscle tissue

Identify the statement concerning general functional characteristics of muscle that is true.

Muscle tissue shortens forcefully but lengthens passively.

The brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract which of the following?

Muscles of the arm and forearm

Which of the following nerves is part of the brachial plexus?

Musculocutaneous

From which embryonic brain region does the medulla oblongata form?

Myelencephalon

Which of the following is mismatched?

Myosin myofilaments - thin myofilaments

Depolarization of the nerve plasma membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of_________.

Na+

The taste of salts results when_________ diffuses through channels leading to depolarization of the taste cell. Similarly, sour is tasted when_________ lead(s) to the depolarization of taste cells.

Na+, H+

Which of the following is not an organic compound?

Na2HPO3(H2O)5

Which of the following is not associated with the pons?

Neck movement

Which of the following causes an unequal ion concentration across the resting plasma membrane?

Negatively charged proteins not readily diffusing across the plasma membrane

Which type of tissue contains cells called neurons?

Nervous tissue

Which of the following structures contains the other four items listed?

Neuromuscular junction

Which of the following events occurs on the postsynaptic membrane?

Neurotransmitter combines with a receptor molecule

Which type of cell ingests bacteria?

Neutrophil

A skin cell in the stratum granulosum has experienced a mutation that altered its ability to produce keratin. Should this be a health concern for the individual?

No, because cells of the stratum granulosum are dying cells that do not reproduce, so the mutation will be isolated to the one cell.

To which of the following organic groups does DNA belong?

Nucleic acid

Which organelle contains chromosomes?

Nucleus

For which of the following special senses are the receptor cells bipolar neurons?

Olfaction

What sense is a source of major input into the limbic system?

Olfaction

Which of the following special senses is relayed directly to the cerebral cortex without going to the thalamus?

Olfaction

Which of the special senses contains receptor neurons that are the only nerve cells in direct contact with the outside environment?

Olfaction

What do pheromones stimulate?

Olfactory cells

There are three unique strains of Propionibacterium acnes. Two strains are more prevalent in people with acne. However, one of these two strains appears not to be pathogenic to humans and is more prevalent in people with 'clear' skin. Additionally, the strain of P. acnes found in healthy skin kills invading bacteria, including the pathogenic P. acnes. Which of the following statements about the targeted removal of 'bad' P. acnes and addition of 'good' P. acnes is INCORRECT?

Once removed, the invading pathogenic P. acnes cannot regrow on the skin.

Which of the following is NOT true of enzymes?

One enzyme can have many reactions.

Which of the following would explain the loss of certain sensations from the skin of the posterior region of the upper limb?

One or more dorsal roots in the thoracic region of the spinal cord have been damaged.

Dennis has lost the ability to voluntarily raise his left arm due to damage to his spinal cord and associated nerves. Which of the following is a possible explanation for Dennis's symptom?

One or more ventral roots in the cervical region of the spinal cord have been damaged.

Which of the following best describes a proton?

One positive charge, mass of one, found in nucleus

Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT innervate extrinsic eye muscles?

Optic

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the retina?

Optic chiasm

Parathyroid hormone functions to increase calcium ion levels in blood. If its secretion is regulated through negative feedback, under which conditions would this hormone normally be released?

Parathyroid hormone secretion occurs when blood calcium levels are too low.

Gladys had a stroke that has left her unable to detect certain sensations of her face. Based on this information, which region of the brain is most likely affected?

Parietal lobe, in middle region of the postcentral gyrus

Rachel has a lesion on cranial nerve IX. Which of the following would you expect Rachel to experience?

Partial loss of the sense of taste

Which of the organs listed below is not directly innervated by the autonomic nervous system?

Pectoralis major

Which structures connect the cerebellum to the brainstem and allow communication between the cerebellum and other parts of the CNS?

Peduncles

If you were able to sort nucleotides into DNA nucleotides and RNA nucleotides, which component of the nucleotide would you use to do so?

Pentose sugar

What type of covalent bond is formed between amino acid molecules during protein synthesis?

Peptide bond

Which of the following is an example of procedural or implicit memory?

Performing a choreographed dance

The suffix "-itis" means inflammation. Which of the following terms means inflammation of the membrane lining the body cavity that contains the liver?

Peritonitis

Which of the following lists the components of a nucleotide?

Phosphate, monosaccharide, nitrogenous base

Which of the following nerves is a branch of both the cervical plexus and the brachial plexus?

Phrenic

Damage to which of these nerves would be most life-threatening?

Phrenic nerves

Which of the following pairs of terms are opposites?

Plantar flexion - dorsiflexion

Consider the following five terms and determine which does not belong.

Pons

Which area of the brain contains areas that initiates REM sleep?

Pons

Which two portions of the brain are involved in controlling respiration?

Pons, medulla oblongata

An abrasion of the skin results in which of the following?

Portal of entry for microorganisms

A patient is experiencing sacroiliac joint pain. In what region of the body is the pain?

Posterior pelvic region

Which of the following neurons is most likely to be adrenergic?

Postganglionic sympathetic

What occurs during hyperpolarization of a neuron plasma membrane?

Potassium ions are leaving the cell.

Which of the following is true during the resting membrane potential?

Potassium is concentrated primarily inside the cell.

If a person decided to jump over a chair, which of the following areas organizes the motor functions needed to carry out this action?

Premotor area

Which of these combinations of general senses depends on mechanoreceptors?

Pressure and proprioception

Identify the correct sequence of the structures as they are involved in activity at a chemical synapse.

Presynaptic terminal; synaptic cleft; postsynaptic membrane

Why isn't an action potential transmitted from a postsynaptic membrane to a presynaptic terminal?

Presynaptic terminals have no acetylcholine receptors.

Which of the cortical areas listed below is most likely to be stimulated first when repeating a word you just heard spoken?

Primary auditory cortex

Which of the following is NOT a type of burn?

Primary burn

Which of the following is determined by the sequence of amino acids bound by peptide bonds?

Primary structure of protein

A person lying with his/her face down is said to be in what position?

Prone

Which of the following molecules is NOT made from cholesterol?

Prostaglandins

Which of the following is not a function associated with the spinal cord?

Protect neurons in both the ascending and descending tracts

Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates in the body?

Protection

Which function of proteins is NOT correctly matched with the example?

Protection - packing around organs and glands

Which of the following functions is associated with the skin?

Protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun

To which of the following organic groups does an enzyme belong?

Protein

To which of the following organic groups does hemoglobin belong?

Protein

Which of the following molecules consists of numerous polysaccharides attached to a protein core?

Proteoglycan

Which epithelial tissue can be described as "all cells attached to the basement membrane but not all cells reach free surfaces"?

Pseudostratified

Which type of epithelial tissue is found lining the trachea?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

This condition is characterized by a thicker-than-normal stratus corneum producing large silvery scales.

Psoriasis

To which of the following substances would the taste buds be most sensitive?

Quinine (tonic) water

What is the function of the arachnoid granulations?

Reabsorb CSF into the blood of the dural sinuses

Which type of membrane proteins have an exposed site on the outer cell surface that can attach to a ligand?

Receptor proteins

Which of the following activities is a function of the plasma membrane?

Recognition of bacterial cells by the immune system

Which of the following functions is most likely to be performed by the visual association area?

Recognize the face of a close friend

Which mature cells do not have a nucleus?

Red blood cells

To which colors are the three different kinds of cones sensitive?

Red, blue, and green

Which of the following are symptoms of inflammation?

Redness, heat, and pain

A patient has shoulder pain due to ligament damage. Which of the following symptoms will most likely accompany the pain?

Reduction of range of motion

Which of the following is not a property of reflexes?

Reflexes do not require a stimulus.

Which of the following functions is carried out by both aqueous and vitreous humor?

Refraction of light rays

In _________, the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed.

Regeneration

Which two processes function in the repair of injured tissue?

Regeneration and replacement

Which of the following definitions best describes the timbre of sounds?

Resonance quality

What is the group of loosely packed nuclei within the length of the brainstem that are involved in cyclic activities such as sleep-wake cycles?

Reticular formation

Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected?

Reticular layer of dermis

If you put your shoulders back to avoid slouching and improve your posture, you are doing which of the following?

Retracting the scapulae

Unilateral damage to a cranial nerve is suspected because the tongue deviates to the right when it is protruded. Which cranial nerve is damaged?

Right hypoglossal

Which of the following are associated with the retina?

Rods and cones

Which of the following receptor type is mismatched with its sensation?

Ruffini end organs - temperature

Which of the following is not considered a type of skin gland?

Salivary glands

Sally has just heard a strange noise in her basement. Which of the following is an example of normal autonomic nervous system function during this type of situation?

Sally's heart rate increases preparing for possible activity.

Sara is color blind. Her classmates don't believe her and say that color blindness can only occur in males. Which of the following would explain Sara's inheritance of color blindness best to her classmates?

Sara is homozygous recessive for color blindness, inheriting the mutant alleles from her father and her mother.

Arrange these structures as they participate in excitation-contraction.

Sarcolemma, T tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum,

What is formed from granulation tissue?

Scar

Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways?

Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons.

Theresa has been diagnosed with a disease that demyelinates the somatic motor neurons. This disease is destroying the_________ associated with neurons that control_________.

Schwann cells; skeletal muscle

The diagram illustrates accessory structures of the skin. What does "B" represent?

Sebaceous gland

Which of the following is classified as a holocrine gland?

Sebaceous gland

Which of the following statements concerning sebaceous glands is false?

Sebaceous glands are an example of apocrine glands.

A painful and blistered burn would be classified as which of the following?

Second degree

If a neuron is prevented from sending a neurotransmitter across a synapse to another cell, which neuron property is being inhibited?

Secretion

Which of the following is a function of epithelial tissue?

Secretion and absorption of molecules

Which of the following statements concerning the sense of taste is false?

Sensitivity of taste buds for sweet taste is very high.

The knee-jerk reflex involves which of the following?

Sensory and motor neurons

Which type of membrane does not open to the exterior, does not contain glands, but does secrete fluid?

Serous

What are caveolae?

Shallow invaginations of plasma membrane

Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the stomach?

Simple columnar epithelium

Which type of epithelial tissue are found in the kidney tubules?

Simple cuboidal epithelium

_________ epithelium is associated with rapid transport of substances through a membrane, whereas_________ epithelium is associated with resistance to abrasion.

Simple squamous; stratified squamous

Which organ system is the location of blood cell production?

Skeletal

Which type of muscle is attached to bones?

Skeletal muscle

Which type of muscle tissue is multinucleated?

Skeletal muscle

Which type of muscle tissue causes peristalsis?

Smooth muscle

Which type of muscle tissue causes vasoconstriction?

Smooth muscle

Which type of muscle tissue has spindle-shaped cells?

Smooth muscle

Which of the following statements about muscle tissue is true?

Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs.

Solution A has a pH of 10, and solution B has a pH of 2. Which of the following statements about these solutions is true?

Solution B has a higher concentration than solution A.

When people smoke cigarettes, they damage some of their taste buds. Which type of sense has been damaged by the smoking?

Special

Which of the following is not a lobe of the cerebrum?

Sphenoidal

Which of the following is NOT a means of parasympathetic innervation of effectors?

Spinal nerves

How does distribution of sympathetic nerves differ from the distribution of parasympathetic nerves?

Spinal nerves contain sympathetic fibers, while cranial nerves contain parasympathetic fibers.

Which of the following tract is mismatched with its description?

Spinoreticular tract - light touch

Abby is trying to focus on her A&P exam, but she feels something crawling along the back of her arm. Alarmed, she jumps up and brushes away a small spider. Which of the following does Abby have to thank for alerting her to this issue?

Spinothalamic tract

Which type of nerve would be damaged if sympathetic innervation of the adrenal medulla was disrupted?

Splanchnic

Which of the following epithelial types is mismatched with its function?

Squamous epithelium - stretching

The liver is able to regenerate after a portion of it is surgically removed. How is this possible?

Stabile cells of the liver are able to divide and replace the removed liver tissue.

Which of the following is NOT a component of a negative feedback mechanism?

Stabilizer

Impetigo is caused by the bacterium_________.

Staphylococcus

Which type of cell has the potential to differentiate to form adult cell types?

Stem cell

The figure illustrates the joints and bones of the rib cage. What does "C" represent?

Sternocostal synchrondrosis

Which of the following represents the correct order of the layers of the epidermis from the deepest to the most superficial?

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

Excessive shedding of this layer of the epidermis of the scalp is responsible for dandruff.

Stratum corneum

This stratum contains many layers of dead squamous cells.

Stratum corneum

The figure illustrates the layers of the epidermis. Which layer of the epidermis is "C"?

Stratum granulosum

Thin skin has only four epithelial strata. It lacks which of the following?

Stratum lucidum

Which layer of the epidermis is found in only a few areas of the body?

Stratum lucidum

Rupturing the dermis may cause_________ to develop.

Stretch marks

Which of the following statements is false?

Structures receiving dual innervation by the ANS are regulated equally by both divisions.

During a spinal tap, cerebrospinal fluid is obtained from which of the following locations?

Subarachnoid space

Degeneration of the neurons in which of the following structures leads to the muscle tremors associated with Parkinson disease?

Substantia nigra

Which of the following is a carbohydrate?

Sucrose

Which of the following is an organic compound?

Sucrose (C12H22O11)

Viruses are composed primarily of proteins and nucleic acids. Which of the following elements could be used to track the fate of viral proteins to determine if they entered the cell?

Sulfur because proteins contain sulfur, but nucleic acids do not

A bird hits the windshield of your car, and you reflexively duck and close your eyes. Which of the following is responsible for this action?

Superior colliculi

Susan slipped on the ice and was unable to be fully mobile for several days. What disruption to homeostasis would you predict she experienced during her immobile period in terms of her muscular system?

Susan was more cold than usual because her inactivity prevented her muscles from helping to regulate her body temperature.

Increased body temperature causes which of the following?

Sweating

John sees Martha; the pupils of his eyes dilate. It is "love at first sight." What division(s) of the ANS is/are involved?

Sympathetic division

Which of these does not contribute to the cessation of the signal in a synaptic transmission?

Synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitter by exocytosis.

What would result from a lack of extracellular Ca2+ at the neuromuscular junction?

Synaptic vesicles would fail to fuse and ACh would not be released.

Which type of membrane lines joint cavities?

Synovial

Which subdivision of anatomy involves the study of organs that function together?

Systemic

A tissue has the following characteristics: abundant extracellular matrix, abundant collagen fibers, collagen fibers mainly parallel to each other. Which of the following injuries results in damage to this kind of tissue?

Tear in the tissue that attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to bone

Why does a person's nose run when he cries?

Tears drain into the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct.

Which part of the midbrain carries sensory tracts from the spinal cord?

Tegmentum

Cytokinesis is completed at the end of this phase.

Telophase

Which of the following is an example of sensation function of the integumentary system?

Temperature receptors detecting a warm cloth placed on the skin

If five action potentials arrive at the same synapse in very close succession, which of the following would occur?

Temporal summation occurs.

Which of the following statements best distinguishes between tetanus and treppe?

Tetanus occurs when stimulation of muscle occurs frequently with little to no relaxation between stimuli; treppe occurs when stimulation of muscle occurs frequently, but complete relaxation occurs between stimuli.

Which of the following terms does NOT belong with the others?

Thalamus

Identify the structures that receive axons from the vestibular nucleus of medulla. (Check all that apply.)

Thalamus Cerebellum Thalamus Cerebellum Extrinsic eye muscles

Which reflex shows the least synaptic delay?

The Golgi tendon reflex

Which of the following descriptions best represents the appearance of the sarcomere during peak contraction?

The H zone is eliminated, and the I bands are very thin.

Which of the following events occurs during the lag phase of a muscle twitch?

The action potential is propagated from presynaptic to postsynaptic membrane.

If water accumulates between two sheets of glass, it is very difficult to separate them. Which of the following explanations best explains this situation?

The adhesive property of water holds the sheets of glass together.

Which of the following structures prevents knee hyperextension?

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Myastensia gravis results from the destruction of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, but treatment involves medications that reduce acetylcholinesterase activity. Which statement best explains the effectiveness of these medications?

The antibodies destroy some but not all of the acetylcholine receptors, so reducing acetylcholinesterase activity increases the likelihood that acetylcholine will bind to the remaining receptors.

A 100 dB sound (loud) of 150 Hz (low pitch) would cause which of the following to occur?

The basilar membrane to vibrate vigorously near the apex.

Which of the following statements concerning the inner ear is true?

The bony core of the cochlea is called the modiolus.

When someone eats a cookie, what happens to the carbon atoms in the sugar molecules after the cookie is ingested?

The carbon atoms are released as part of carbon dioxide, which later is excreted as part of exhaled air.

What is found in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord?

The cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

What is found in the dorsal root ganglion?

The cell bodies of pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons

Most metabolic and regulatory functions in a neuron happen where?

The cell body or soma

Which of the following is NOT associated with interphase?

The cell does nothing but rest.

If all of the peroxisomes in a cell were suddenly removed, how would this affect the cell's function?

The cell would no longer be able to break down fatty acids, hydrogen peroxide, and amino acids.

A person with a lesion in the brain exhibited the following manifestations: normal tension in skeletal muscle, disturbed fine motor control, exhibited tremors when reaching for objects. What part of the brain is most likely damaged?

The cerebellum

What is the near point of vision?

The closest point at which an object can be held and seen without appearing blurred

A cancer patient is told by their physician that their colon is lacking smooth muscle tone. What does this mean?

The colon is unable to maintain constant tension for sustained periods of time.

What is a cross-bridge?

The combination of myosin heads with active sites on actin molecules

Which of the following statements is true about the dermis and the subcutaneous tissue?

The dermis is divided into two layers; the subcutaneous layer is not.

Which structure makes the dorsal root different from the ventral root?

The dorsal root has a ganglion.

What connects the stereocilia in a hair bundle?

Tip links

A molecular biologist discovers that if a specific drug effectively treats obesity in mice, what can researchers conclude?

The drug is effective in the mouse model; it must still be tested in humans.

Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true?

The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis.

Sixteen-year-old Jake is diagnosed with hydrocephaly. What will this do if left untreated?

The excess fluid will exert pressure on his brain.

Which of the following statements regarding the temporomandibular (TMJ) joint is correct?

The joint is a combination plane and ellipsoidal joint.

The blue color of superficial blood vessels results from which of the following?

The light-scattering properties of collagen

Which region of the nail contains the stratum basale layer?

The matrix

If the thoracic cavity was cut along the midsaggital plane, which of the following descriptions of the two halves would be accurate?

The midsagittal plane would produce a right half that contained one lung and a left half that contained a lung and most of the heart.

What is the power stroke?

The movement of myosin head while attached to actin myofilament

Which of the following is true concerning isotonic eccentric contraction?

The muscle lengthens, but tension remains constant.

Which of the following is true concerning isotonic concentric contraction?

The muscle shortens, but tension remains constant.

Consider a chemical that blocks the action of acetylcholinesterase. What effect does this have on muscles?

The muscle would have no way to relax, and spastic contractions would result.

When comparing smooth and skeletal muscle cells, which of the following statements is true?

The myofilaments in smooth muscle do not form sarcomeres.

Suppose both excitatory and inhibitory neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron. What determines if an action potential is initiated in the postsynaptic neuron?

The number of EPSPs in relation to the number of IPSPs

Which of the following statements is not true of reverberating circuits?

The number of action potentials decreases the farther along the circuit due to inhibitor effects of collateral axons.

What is the permeability barrier that joins the plasma membranes of adjacent cells to form a tight seal?

Tight junction

Which of the following statementsdoes not accurately describe factors that determine the amount of force generated during a muscle contraction?

The number of cross-bridges that can form is higher in a short muscle fiber compared to longer fibers.

A patient has presented with an abnormal reflex response. In response to a flash of light, the patient will move his eyes towards the light but not turn his head. Which of the following may explain the condition?

The patient has damage to the accessory nerve (XI), affecting his ability to reflexively turn his head.

A patient has a broken arm and must wear a cast for a prolonged period of time. Which of the following is mostly likely to be true when the cast is removed?

The patient's arm muscles will have undergone atrophy.

Which of the following statements concerning structures of the spinal cord is false?

The posterior horn of the cord contains the cell bodies of motor neurons.

The same neurotransmitter binds to a postsynaptic cell but produces a variety of different effects. What does this mean?

The postsynaptic cell is expressing different types of receptors for the same neurotransmitter.

Walking a tightrope would activate which portion(s) of the medulla?

The pyramids and the olives

Why does muscle activity affect the temperature of the body?

The rate of chemical reactions increases in muscle fibers during contraction, so the rate of heat production also increases.

What determines hair length?

The rate of hair growth.

Which of the following statements applies to the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

The receptor molecules of the ANS may be muscarinic, nicotinic, or adrenergic.

Which of the following statements concerning resting membrane potential is true?

The resting membrane potential is proportional to the tendency for K+ to diffuse out of the cell.

The amount of body area involved with a burn is determined by which of the following?

The rule of nines

Megan thinks she has a great new way to help her remember her anatomy notes. She wears a certain perfume only when she studies for the exam and the day of the exam. What is Megan attempting to stimulate in this exercise?

The secondary olfactory areas of the brain

A weak acid was introduced to a solution. Which of the following accurately describes the condition of the solution after adding the weak acid?

The solution would have an increase in H+ with some of the weak acid molecules still intact.

Which of the following statements concerning the subcutaneous layer is false?

The subcutaneous layer is composed of dense connective tissue with collagen and elastin fibers.

Which of the following isnot an example of an important inorganic substance necessary for normal human physiology?

The sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA form from covalent bonds between nucleotides.

Which of the following statements is true?

The sympathetic division diverges more than the parasympathetic division.

Which of the following statements concerning structures of the diencephalon is false?

The thalamus controls many endocrine functions.

Which of the following statements concerning sutures is false?

The tissue between the bones is hyaline cartilage.

A tissue sample has the following characteristics: large cells with many processes, one which is very long; smaller cells scattered amongst the larger cells. Which of the following statements accurately identifies the tissue?

The tissue is nervous tissue. The large cells are neurons with dendrites and a long axon, and the smaller cells are glia.

Which of the following statements concerning the structure of spinal nerves is true?

The ventral root contains motor or efferent fibers.

Which of the following statements about nails is true?

Their appearance can be valuable in medical diagnosis.

A patient has been diagnosed with a condition resulting from inflammation of tissue associated with the lungs. Which statement best clarifies the condition?

There is inflammation of the pleura, the serous membranes associated with the lungs.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of homeostatic variables?

They always remain at a fixed value.

Which of the following statements concerning bursae is true?

They are formed by an extension of the synovial membrane.

An antibody test on smooth muscle reveals fewer dense bodies and intermediate filaments in a patient with a colon disorder. What is the purpose of these structures?

They are part of the intracellular cytoskeleton.

Which of the following is NOT a property of the myosin head?

They bind to troponin.

Which of the following is NOT true about astrocytes?

They can aid in the regeneration of injured neurons.

A volleyball player depends on the gastrocnemius muscles for plantar flexion, whereas a marathon runner depends more on the soleus muscles for the same action. What characteristic of the soleus muscles makes this so?

They make more use of aerobic respiration.

Drugs called calcium channel blockers may be used to lower blood pressure by causing arteries to vasodilate. How do you suppose these drugs work?

They prevent calcium from entering smooth muscle, thus allowing the muscle to relax.

What is the role of pacemaker cells?

They rapidly develop action potentials.

Which of the following statements concerning fast-twitch muscle fibers is true?

They split ATP rapidly.

Which of the following is composed of myosin molecules?

Thick myofilaments

Fingernails are comprised of which of the following?

Thin, dead scaly cells

With aging, individuals tend to feel colder and usually need the thermostat in their home set higher in the winter to feel warm enough. What might explain this?

Thinning of the subcutaneous layer

Which ventricle is located between the two halves of the thalamus?

Third ventricle

Which type of burn appears white or black with no immediate pain?

Third-degree

Which nerve is involved when a dancer points his/her toes?

Tibial

Which fibers are primarily responsible for producing lactate?

Type IIB fast fibers

What is the role of the red nuclei?

Unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities

Which of the following statements concerning hair structure is true?

Undamaged hair follicles can help regenerate damaged epithelium.

Which of the following statements concerning myelination is true?

Unmyelinated axons rest in invaginations of Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes.

Which system removes nitrogenous waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance?

Urinary

A construction worker was injured when a metal rod penetrated the abdominal wall inferior to the umbilicus and in the hypogastric region. The rod passed through to the lumbar region. Which of the following structures was most likely damaged?

Urinary bladder

Which of the following structures is located in the right-lower quadrant but NOT in the right iliac region?

Urinary bladder

Which of the following movements is an example of extension?

Using your finger to point out an area on a map

Damage to which of the following cranial nerves might result in death?

Vagus nerve

Which of the following does not contribute to the sense of equilibrium?

Vallate papillae

What do the cavities of the neural tube become in the adult brain?

Ventricles

Which of the following correctly describes the vestibular projection pathway to the brain?

Vestibular nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nuclei - thalamus - cerebral cortex

Which of the following is a part of the bony labyrinth?

Vestibule

Which of the following cranial nerves is exclusively sensory?

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Select components of the neuronal pathway for balance. (Check all that apply.)

Vestibulocochlear nerve Vestibular nucleus Facial nerve ganglion Thalamus

Which of the following terms does NOT relate to the mitochondrion?

Vitamin A storage

Considering the following analogy, determine which component represents ATP's role in the cells of the body. As the river flows past the old mill, it turns the water wheel, which in turns powers the movement of the millstone that grinds the wheat.

Water wheel

Which of the following hair colors is the result of a decrease in melanin?

White

Touch receptors are NOT located in which of the following skin areas?

Within the hair shaft

Some acne drugs include peroxides that increase 'peeling' or shedding of skin. The main side effects include drying of the skin, redness, rashes, bleaching and possible hair loss at contact areas. Do these drugs have an effect on sebum-production?

Yes, the effect is on the dermis and the sebaceous glands are located there.

Lyme disease is

a bacterial infection transmitted by ticks.

Denaturation is

a change in the three-dimensional structure of a protein.

A gland produces a watery secretion that contains solutes. The secretion also contains a substantial amount of phospholipid. The type of secretory process for this gland is probably_________.

a combination of merocrine and apocrine.

Rheumatoid arthritis is

a condition that may involve an autoimmune disease.

The leading strand of DNA is formed as

a continuous strand, adding to the 3´ end.

A concentric contraction is described as

a muscle produces increasing tension as it shortens.

An anion is

a negatively charged ion.

A cation is

a positively charged ion.

If the extracellular fluid around a neuron is replaced with an isotonic saline solution that contains K+ and other solutes at concentrations very close to the extracellular fluid concentrations of a normal cell, the result is

a resting membrane potential close to its normal value.

Increased fluid accumulation in the cornea would result in

a scattering of light rays.

Lesion of the basal nuclei could cause

a slight shaking of the hands or head.

Lesions of the basal nuclei could cause

a slight shaking of the hands or head.

An organelle is

a small structure within a cell.

An organ is

a structure composed of several tissue types.

An electrolyte is

a substance that conducts electricity when placed in solution.

In order to study in detail the anatomy of internal cell parts, it would be best to use

a transmission electron microscope (TEM).

Lesions of the limbic system might result in

a voracious appetite.

Raising an arm to one side of the body to stop a taxi, is an example of_________ of the shoulder.

abduction

Synaptic vesicles in the neuromuscular junction contain

acetylcholine.

The active sites to which cross-bridges attach are found on the

actin myofilaments.

During the contraction phase of a muscle twitch,

actin-myosin cross-bridges form.

Tetanus of muscles is described as

action potential frequency is high enough that no relaxation of muscle fibers occurs.

The minimum amount of energy that reactants must have to start a chemical reaction is called_________energy.

activation

The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient is called_________.

active transport

A decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus defines the term_________.

adaptation

Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called_________.

adaptation

Suppose you cup your hands to hold some water. To limit the amount of leaking through your hands, this action would most likely require_________.

adduction of the fingers

The oculomotor nerve

adjusts pupil size to the level of lighting.

Sympathomimetic agents activate

adrenergic receptors.

Injury to the thalamus would

affect sensory projection to the cerebral cortex.

Stretch reflexes

aid in maintaining proper posture.

A genetic disease characterized by the inability to produce melanin is_________.

albinism

The semicircular canals

allow a person to detect movement in all directions.

The type of brain waves observed in an individual who is awake but in a quiet resting state with eyes closed are_________ waves.

alpha

A person suffering a stroke in the right parietal lobe may lose the ability to recognize faces. This is called_________.

amorphosynthesis

Continuous conduction of action potentials means that

an action potential in one site generates local currents causing depolarization to threshold at the adjacent site.

Saltatory conduction of an action potential means that

an action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next node.

A stimulus either causes an action potential or it doesn't. This is called_________.

an all-or-none response

A stimulus either causes an action potential or it doesn't. This is called

an all-or-none response.

An organic molecule consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; the molecule is probably

an amino acid.

When a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor and increases the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to Na+,

an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) will result.

Normal pH range for blood is 7.35 to 7.45. If blood pH falls below 7.35,

an imbalance called acidosis results.

Arthritis is

an inflammation of any joint.

All of the synthesis reactions in the body are called_________.

anabolism

The fact that most of us have five lumbar vertebrae, but some people have six and some have four, is an example of _________ variation among organisms.

anatomical

The type of movements where one linear part of the body bends relative to another part would be_________ movements.

angular

The anterior cruciate ligament prevents_________ displacement of the tibia.

In_________, ions or molecules move in opposite directions.

antiport

Damage to Wernicke area would result in

aphasia.

Body odor results from secretions from the_________ sweat glands.

apocrine

The pineal body

appears to play a role in controlling the onset of puberty.

The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching network known as the_________.

arbor vitae

Reflex arcs

are capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response.

Intermolecular forces

are electrostatic attractions between different molecules.

Synovial joints are different from both fibrous and cartilaginous joints because synovial joints

are enclosed by a joint capsule.

Phospholipids

are found in plasma membranes.

Reflexes

are homeostatic.

Muscle spindles

are innervated by gamma motor neurons.

Secondary olfactory areas

are involved in emotional reactions to odors.

The mammillary bodies

are involved in emotional responses to odors.

The abducens nerves

are involved in eye movement.

Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both

are under involuntary control.

An example of a highly vascular tissue is_________ tissue. An example of a tissue that is not highly vascular is_________.

areolar; cartilage

A biaxial joint has movement

around two axes at right angles to one another.

A physician is evaluating the cranial nerve function of a patient. To evaluate oculomotor nerve function, the physician should

ask the patient to follow the movement of an object with her gaze.

Fibers connecting areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere are_________ fibers.

association

In a reversible reaction, when the rate of product formation is equal to the rate of reactant formation, the reaction is

at equilibrium.

The smallest particle of an element that still exhibits the chemical characteristics of that element is a/an_________.

atom

Deep means

away from the surface.

When someone taps you on your shoulder, they stimulate the_________ nerve.

axillary

Damage to the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve would result in loss of_________.

balance

A_________ is a type of joint that is multiaxial allowing a wide range of movement.

ball and socket

A change in the resting membrane potential has the following characteristics: non-propagated, graded, can summate. This type of change can

be a local potential and a consequence of an increase in the permeability to Na+.

In order for a molecule to be detected by the olfactory neurons, it must

be dissolved in fluid covering the olfactory epithelium.

A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will

become pale.

Cochlear neurons are stimulated by

bending microvilli or stereocilia on the hair cells.

Brain waves associated with information processing or problem solving are_________ waves.

beta

Neurons that have a single axon and a single dendrite are_________.

bipolar

A local anesthetic such as Novocaine decreases membrane permeability to Na+. The use of this anesthetic will

block sensory input into the CNS.

A tissue that has a fluid matrix is_________.

blood

The function of acetylcholinesterase is to

break down acetylcholine in the synapse.

The sternal region is commonly known as the _________.

breastbone

The transparent mucous membrane that covers the anterior white surface of the eye is the_________.

bulbar conjunctiva

The gluteal region is commonly known as the _________.

buttock

Taste buds

can only perceive taste if the molecules are in solution.

Cartilaginous joints unite two bones by means of_________.

cartilage

The type of connective tissue that contains chondrocytes, a rigid matrix of collagen fibers and proteoglycan-hyaluronic acid aggregates and few, if any, blood vessels is_________.

cartilage

Joints joined together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage would be classified as_________ joints.

cartilaginous

Neurotransmitters

cause the production of action potentials in the postsynaptic membrane.

When the CNS responds to tissue damage by decreasing the pain threshold and increasing its sensitivity to pain, this is called_________.

central sensitization

The cerebellum communicates with other parts of the CNS by means of nerve tracts called the_________.

cerebellar peduncles

A nurse is caring for a patient who exhibits the following symptoms:

cerebellum

A nurse is caring for a patient who exhibits the following symptoms: (1) Inability to maintain balance while walking (2) Normal intelligence (3) Can initiate voluntary movements, although they are somewhat uncoordinated (4) Decreased tone in the skeletal muscles

cerebellum

Procedural memory is stored primarily in the

cerebellum and premotor area of cerebral cortex.

Potential energy stored in bonds of molecules is_________ energy.

chemical

The energy stored in ATP is a form of_________ energy.

chemical

Changes in the blood concentration of glucose, oxygen, and hydrogen are detected by_________.

chemoreceptors

The senses of taste and smell both utilize receptor cells that are categorized as_________.

chemoreceptors

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the_________ and is reabsorbed by the_________.

choroid plexus; arachnoid granulation

In the nucleus, DNA is wrapped with proteins. This complex is called_________.

chromatin

Three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA are called a_________.

codon

When jumping into water, you notice resistance. This resistance is caused by water's_________.

cohesiveness

Intervertebral discs exhibit a great deal of strength because of the presence of thick bundles of_________.

collagen

The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are

collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers.

In the spinal cord, white matter is organized into

columns and the gray matter into horns.

Tracts of white matter that connect the right and left hemispheres are composed of_________ fibers.

commissural

A connective tissue fiber refers to a(n)_________ and a muscle fiber refers to a/an_________.

complex of macromolecules; entire cell

T tubules

conduct action potentials deep into the muscle fiber.

Electrolytes are substances that

conduct electricity when dissolved in water.

Mechanical deficiency in transmission of sound waves to the spiral organ is_________.

conduction hearing loss

Pinkeye is an acute inflammation of the_________.

conjunctiva

Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder associated with_________ tissue.

connective

Support, attachment of tissues, cushioning and protection are examples of functions for _________ tissue.

connective

The ciliary body

consists of a ciliary ring and ciliary processes.

A general characteristic of connective tissue is that it

consists of cells with much extracellular material (matrix) between them.

A primary function of the cerebellum is to_________.

coordinate movement

The cerebral medulla

consists of many nerve tracts of white matter beneath the cerebral cortex.

A proper definition of muscle tone is

constant tension produced by muscles for long periods of time.

The lacrimal glands

constantly produce a fluid called tears.

Muscle myofibrils

contain myosin and actin myofilaments.

Actin myofilaments

contain strands of fibrous actin.

The primary motor area

contains a larger area for control of the hand and fingers than for control of the arm and elbow.

The stratum basale

contains cells that undergo mitosis to form new epidermal cells.

The epidermis

contains no blood vessels.

The capacity of a muscle cell to shorten forcefully is known as

contractility.

If cannot enter a muscle fiber in response to a stimulus,

contraction cannot occur.

If image cannot enter a muscle fiber in response to a stimulus,

contraction cannot occur.

A drug that interferes with the active transport of from the sarcoplasm back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum would result in

contraction with no relaxation.

Upper motor neurons

control skeletal muscles.

When two or more presynaptic neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron in the CNS, a/an_________ pathway is formed.

convergent

The respiratory center of the brain (taking into account input from chemoreceptors, pulmonary stretch receptors, and higher centers of the brain to determine respiratory output) is an example of a_________ circuit.

converging

The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system

conveys action potentials to the CNS.

Sarcoplasm is the

cytoplasm of a muscle fiber.

A patient with a lesion in the hippocampus may have decreased_________.

declarative memory

In bright sunlight, the diameter of the pupil_________ due to contraction of the_________.

decreases; sphincter pupillae

Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions by

decreasing the activation energy of the reaction.

The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the

decussation of the pyramids in the medulla.

Pacinian corpuscles respond to

deep cutaneous pressure and vibration.

When the hydrogen bonds that maintain a protein's three-dimensional shape are broken, the protein becomes nonfunctional, and is said to be_________.

denatured

CREB activates gene transcription in neurons that results in the formation of_________.

dendritic spines

Connective tissue in tendons is

dense regular collagenous tissue.

Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both_________ and_________.

dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues

Acetylcholine binds to a membrane bound receptor and causes ligand-gated sodium channels to open and results in

depolarization.

Smooth muscle

depolarizes when both and diffuse into the cell.

Friction ridges of the hands and feet are produced by projections into the epidermis called_________.

dermal papillae

The cutaneous sensory distribution of a spinal nerve can be mapped as a_________.

dermatome

Stretch marks develop on the abdomen of pregnant women because of stretching and rupture of the_________.

dermis

The pyramids of the medulla contain_________.

descending motor tracts

Epithelial tissue that can stretch or is subjected to stress would have_________.

desmosomes

A cell with abundant peroxisomes would most likely be involved in

detoxification activities.

The direction from which a sound is coming can be determined by the

differences in the time that sound waves take to reach each ear.

Humans are able to distinguish several million shades of color because

different proportions of cone cells respond to each wavelength of light.

The aroma of cookies baking in the kitchen reaches you in the living room. The distribution of this odor throughout the house is an example of_________.

diffusion

The gallbladder, liver, and stomach are all part of the _________ system.

digestive

The enteric nervous system consists of plexuses within the walls of the_________.

digestive tract

A coiled fibrous protein in connective tissue that is stretchy is called_________.

elastin

Cations and anions that dissociate in water are sometimes called

electrolytes, because they can conduct an electrical current.

In an oxidation-reduction reaction,_________ are transferred between molecules.

electrons

Subatomic particles located around the nucleus of an atom are_________.

electrons

Covalent bonds form when

electrons are shared between two atoms.

In ionic bonding,

electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

In smooth muscle, most of the needed for muscle contraction

enters from extracellular fluid.

Sympathetic stimulation of the postganglionic cells of the adrenal medulla causes the release of_________.

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Because it forms covering and lining layers for body structures,_________ tissue has very little extracellular matrix.

epithelial

The four primary tissue types are

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

The auditory tube

equalizes air pressure between the middle ear and outside air.

If the ratio of products and reactants are stable, the system is in_________.

equilibrium

When the skin develops a reddish color due to a temporary increase in blood flow, the condition is called_________.

erythema

An example of a structure contained by the mediastinum is the _________.

esophagus

Functionally, smooth muscle

exhibits autorhythmic contractions.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

exhibits specificity.

Acetylcholine is released from the presynaptic terminal by the process of

exocytosis

Acetylcholine is released from the presynaptic terminal by the process of

exocytosis.

Palpebrae is another name for the_________.

eyelids

Some thyroid disorders are characterized by an increase in the width of the palpebral fissure. This would be an increase in the distance between the_________.

eyelids

The superior colliculi receive input from the

eyes, skin, cerebrum, and inferior colliculi.

Facial expression is regulated by the_________ nerve.

facial

Following a stroke, Harriet has impaired sense of taste on one side of the tip of her tongue, indicating the part of her brain that was affected must communicate with the_________ nerve.

facial

Paralysis on the right side of the face could result from damage to the right_________ nerve.

facial

Bowing the head is an example of_________.

flexion

Raising your hand and placing it on the shoulder of a person standing in front of you, requires_________ of the shoulder.

flexion

The portion of the cerebellum that is involved in balance and eye movements is the_________.

flocculonodular lobe

The point where light rays cross after passing through a concave lens is referred to as the_________.

focal point

The lens

focuses light on the retina.

Ridges of the cerebellar cortex are called_________.

folia

The most sensitive taste buds are found in_________ papillae.

foliate

The spinal cord begins at the_________.

foramen magnum

One ATP molecule is required for

formation of the cross-bridge, for movement of the cross-bridge, and for release of the cross-bridge.

The area of greatest visual acuity is the_________.

fovea centralis

The central sulcus separates the_________.

frontal and parietal lobes

The central olfactory cortex areas are located in the_________.

frontal and temporal lobes

Ringworm is an infection of the skin, hair, and nails caused by a/an_________.

fungus

An intercalated disc is an example location of_________.

gap junctions

Structures that function in intercellular communication include_________.

gap junctions

A patient exhibits an abnormal gag reflex in that the uvua is pulled to the left. This is a possible indication that one of the_________ nerves is damaged.

glossopharyngeal

Unlike other joints, a_________ does not join two bones to one another.

gomphosis

A delicate connective tissue composed of fibroblasts, collagen, and capillaries is called_________.

granulation tissue

The inguinal region is commonly known as the _________.

groin

An increase in the number of cells is _________.

growth

The change in size of the bone marrow (where blood cells are produced) as an infant matures is an example of _________, whereas the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells is an example of _________.

growth; differentiation

A baseball pitcher was hit on the side of the head by a line drive. When he was revived, he could not remember how many balls and strikes the batter had. This was because

he lost both working and short-term memory.

Rapid changes in altitude can rupture the tympanic membrane. Symptoms that may occur include

hearing impairment.

Due to dual innervation of the heart,

heart rate can increase under sympathetic regulation or decrease under parasympathetic regulation, meeting the demands of the body.

Hydrogen bonds are important for all of the following except

helping atoms give up or receive electrons.

If the Broca area is damaged, the result is

hesitant and distorted speech.

Tetanus of a muscle is thought to be caused by

high concentrations in the sarcoplasm.

A glandular secretion has been analyzed and indicates the presence of cytoplasmic components that include DNA and nuclear proteins. This indicates_________ mode of secretion.

holocrine

By reducing body temperature during hot weather, skin helps to maintain_________.

homeostasis

A long, unbranched polysaccharide found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue is_________.

hyaluronic acid

Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect of elastin fibers. People with this syndrome have_________.

hyperextensible joints

Abnormal forced extension beyond normal range of motion is called_________.

hyperextension

While standing, looking up at the stars requires_________.

hyperextension of the neck

Showing your palm to someone who is in front of you, as if to tell them "Stop," requires

hyperextension of the wrist.

Mr. Miller has been hospitalized for the flu. The flu virus increases membrane permeability to K+. You would expect his cells to_________.

hyperpolarize

An IPSP is inhibitory because it

hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane.

Rods, a type of photoreceptor cell, respond to light (stimulus) by

hyperpolarizing.

Anna has an eating disorder along with intense thirst and wildly varying body temperatures, which means she may have a dysfunction of the_________.

hypothalamus

The photoreceptor cells are located

in the photoreceptive layer of the retina.

Curare blocks acetylcholine receptors at the motor end plate. This would result in

inability of the muscle fiber to respond to nervous stimulation.

The absolute refractory period ends when

inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels reopen.

If one nerve stimulus arrives at a muscle fiber so soon that the fiber has only partially relaxed from the previous twitch, the most likely result will be_________.

incomplete tetanus

The training regimen of a competitive weight lifter is designed partly to

increase the average number of myofibrils per muscle fiber.

Anabolic steroids can do all of the following except

increase the number of muscle fibers.

As muscle activity increases, the body temperature_________.

increases

Intense exercise that results in a great deal of anaerobic activity

increases muscular strength and mass.

A local potential

increases or decreases in direct proportion to the stimulus strength.

The portion of the midbrain involved in dealing with auditory pathways is the_________.

inferior colliculus

A neuron within the central nervous system that carries action potentials from one neuron to another is called a/an_________.

interneuron

The time between cell divisions is called_________.

interphase

An example of a symphysis is the_________.

intervertebral joint

When acetylcholine binds to autonomic muscarinic receptors,_________.

intestinal motility increases

The secretions of endocrine glands are released directly

into the bloodstream.

Hyaluronic acid gives a very slippery quality to fluids that contain it. Hyaluronic acid

is a good lubricant for joint cavities.

The fibrous capsule

is a layer of tissue that is continuous with the periosteum.

A neuromodulator

is a substance released from neurons that influences the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters.

The conus medullaris

is a tapered, cone like region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement.

Synovial fluid

is a thin lubricating film covering the surface of a joint.

Melanin

is absent in individuals with albinism.

The opening of more and more channels during depolarization

is an example of a positive feedback cycle.

The limbic system

is associated with basic survival instincts of nutrition, memory, and reproduction.

Jessica is sitting in a cafe and excess lacrimal fluid is spilling over her lower palpebrae. This means that Jessica

is crying.

Thick skin

is found in areas subject to pressure or friction, such as the palms.

The refractory period

is the time during which the tissue cannot respond again.

Each_________ includes a Z disc and extends from each side of the Z disc to the ends of the myosin myofilaments.

isotropic band or I band

Cartilage heals slowly after an injury because

it has few, if any, blood vessels.

The cornea is relatively easy to transplant because

it is easy to access and is avascular.

The skin discoloration most likely to result from liver disease is_________.

jaundice

As skin cells move toward the surface of the body, they produce a protein that reduces water loss. This process is called_________.

keratinization

The medial meniscus is in the_________.

knee

Inorganic chemists study substances_________ carbon, while organic chemists study substances_________ carbon.

lacking; containing

A by-product of anaerobic respiration in muscle fibers is

lactate

A by-product of anaerobic respiration in muscle fibers is

lactate.

Delicate unpigmented hairs that cover the fetus in early development are called_________ hairs.

lanugo

The time between application of the stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of contraction is called the_________ phase.

latent or lag

The thumb is _________ to the fifth digit (little finger).

lateral

Moving the mandible to the side as when grinding the teeth is_________.

lateral excursion

Light refracts as it passes through the

lens, cornea, and humors of the eye.

The corpus striatum is composed of the

lentiform and caudate nuclei.

The ligament at the head of the femur is the_________.

ligamentum teres

Molecules that serve as chemical signals to open or close gated ion channels are_________.

ligands

Adjustment to close-range vision involves all of the following except

light adaptation.

In an x-ray film of the skeletal system, the dense tissue areas appear_________ because they_________ the x-rays; the less dense tissues appear_________ because they_________ the x-rays.

light; absorb; dark; do not absorb

The synovial membrane

lines the joint everywhere except over the articular cartilage.

The spinal cord

links the peripheral nervous system to the brain.

For the resting membrane potential, increasing the Na+ concentration in the ECF results in

little change in membrane potential.

A change in resting membrane potential confined to a small area is called a/an_________ potential.

local

In an EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential), there is a

local depolarization.

The model that helps explain how an enzyme works is the_________ model.

lock-and-key

Athletes who train at high altitudes increase their red blood cell count, which increases their oxygen supply during exercise. Increased oxygen supply results in

longer aerobic respiration.

The length of the resting sarcomere is

longer than the length of a contracted sarcomere.

A cut through the long axis of an organ is a/an _________ section.

longitudinal

Reticular tissue is found in

lymphatic organs.

The intracellular digestive organelle of a cell is the_________.

lysosome

The vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes are called_________.

lysosomes

The extrapyramidal system

maintains control of unconscious movements.

Glucose is the

major nutrient for most body cells.

The amount of matter in an object is its_________.

mass

Rapid removal or destruction of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft

may affect the ability of the postsynaptic membrane to generate action potentials.

An injury to the wrist that results in edema in the carpal tunnel would compress the_________ nerve.

median

If you pinch your index finger in a door, pain sensations are carried via the_________ nerve.

median

The central axis of the hair is the_________.

medulla

A small lesion in the brainstem which resulted in a rapid heart rate, intense vasoconstriction, and elevated blood pressure would probably be located in the_________.

medulla oblongata

Melanin is produced only by_________.

melanocytes

The vesicles that contain melanin are called_________.

melanosomes

The vesicles that contain melanin are_________.

melanosomes

A thin layer of tissue that covers an organ or lines a cavity is a_________.

membrane

In general, water-soluble molecules diffuse through the_________; and lipid-soluble molecules diffuse through the_________.

membrane channels; lipid bilayer

A series of neurons involved in long-term retention of a thought is called a/an_________.

memory engram

The thick fibrocartilage disks found in the knee joint are called_________.

menisci

During an autopsy the brainstem was separated from the rest of the brain by a cut between the_________ and_________.

midbrain; diencephalon

The mass of a chemical equal to its molecular weight in grams, containing 6.023 x 1023 molecules is a/an_________.

mole

Large carbohydrates are formed from smaller units called_________.

monosaccharides

In normal near vision, light is refracted_________ than in distant vision; thus the lens is_________.

more; rounded

A lesion in the cerebral peduncles might affect_________.

movement

The position of the head with respect to gravity is determined by the

movements of otoliths in response to gravity.

A thick, sticky secretion produced by goblet cells is called_________.

mucus

The embryonic structure that gives rise to the structures of the central nervous system is called the_________.

neural plate

Compounds classified as_________ alter synaptic transmission by changing neurotransmitter receptor numbers or affecting the breakdown and/or removal of neurotransmitter.

neuromodulators

The sites where a chemical substance is transmitted from the presynaptic terminal of an axon to the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber are called

neuromuscular junctions.

Viagra is used to treat erectile dysfunction by prolonging the effects of_________ on blood vessels.

nitric oxide (NO)

Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called_________.

nodes of Ranvier

Cellulose is the

nondigestible plant polysaccharide.

Oxygen has an atomic number of eight. When two oxygen atoms come together, they form a/an_________ bond.

nonpolar covalent

Clusters of gray matter deep within the brain are called_________.

nuclei

In the CNS, clusters of gray matter containing cell bodies are called_________.

nuclei

The "control center" of the cell is the_________.

nucleus

The_________ contains the genetic information of the cell.

nucleus

The size of various regions of the primary somatic sensory cortex is proportional to the_________ sensory receptors in that area of the body.

number of

Sam adjusts solution A to increase its acidity. This means that the

number of hydrogen ions in the solution has increased.

Oscillation of the eyes during the tracking of something in motion is called_________.

nystagmus

Visceral smooth muscle

occurs in sheets and exhibits numerous gap junctions.

An action potential

occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level.

Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid) of the left eye would be caused by damage to the_________ nerve.

oculomotor

In the process of diffusion, net movement of substances is always from a region

of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

The connective tissue of_________ adults is less elastic and less flexible.

older

A fracture of the cribriform plate might injure the_________ cranial nerve.

olfactory

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. This means

only certain substances can pass through it.

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains_________.

only motor fibers

Cells that break down bone are called_________.

osteoclasts

Cytoplasm is found

outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane.

The cross-sectional view of the spinal cord reveals white matter on the

outside, gray matter on the inside, and a ventral motor root.

In order to get energy (ATP) from food molecules in the final stage of respiration, humans require_________.

oxygen

The_________ division of the ANS functions mainly under ordinary, restful conditions.

parasympathetic

Atropine causes the pupil of the eye to dilate by blocking the effect of muscarinic receptors. This means atropine is a/an

parasympathetic blocking agent.

A patient has suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that has damaged the primary motor area of his right cerebral cortex. As a result the

patient cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg.

Parasympathetic preganglionic axons from the sacral region of the spinal cord course through_________ nerves that innervate the_________.

pelvic; lower colon and reproductive glands

Macrophages are cells specialized for_________.

phagocytosis

White blood cells engulf foreign particles by means of_________.

phagocytosis

Amputees frequently perceive pain in the amputated structure. This type of pain is called_________ pain.

phantom

Rapidly adapting proprioceptors that provide information on the location of a moving hand are known as_________ receptors.

phasic

Vision is dependent upon_________.

photoreceptors

The correct pathway for impulses leaving the retina is

photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and optic nerve.

An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how changes in pH affect the function of enzymes on digestion is most likely to be a/an _________.

physiologist

The joint between the head of the radius and the proximal end of the ulna is a_________ joint.

pivot

A joint that consists of two opposing flat surfaces of approximately equal size is a/an __________ joint.

plane

The joint between the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae is a_________ joint.

plane

If you stand on tiptoes to reach something high, you are performing_________ at the ankle.

plantar flexion

The sarcolemma is the

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.

The central nervous system develops from a flat mass of tissue called the neural_________.

plate

Eicosanoids

play a role in the response of tissues to injuries.

Imagine the following scernerio: Blood pressure decreases below normal levels.→ Blood flow to the heart decreases → Heart is unable to pump as much blood.→ Blood pressure decreases even more. This is an example of _________ feedback

positive

This figure illustrates changes in blood pressure when _________ feedback mechanisms are in control.

positive

Skeletal muscle fibers

possess striations.

The primary somatic sensory or general sensory area is located in the_________.

postcentral gyrus

When the myosin head flexes into a bend, pulling the actin filament along with it, this is called the

power stroke.

A mRNA containing introns is a_________.

pre-mRNA

If you decide to "snap your fingers," the first neurons to be stimulated are the_________ neurons.

premotor

The age-associated changes that result in loss of accommodation of the eyes is called_________.

presbyopia

Neurotransmitters are released from the_________.

presynaptic terminal

Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters and are present in the_________.

presynaptic terminals

The adaptive significance of the crossed extensor reflex when a person steps on a tack is to

prevent the person from falling down.

The attenuation reflex

prevents damage to delicate ear structures.

Receptors that in general produce an action potential in response to a receptor potential are_________ receptors.

primary

The blood-brain barrier

protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood.

A myofilament is the

protein strand composed of actin or myosin.

The shoulder is _________ to the elbow.

proximal

A malfunction of the process of keratinization results in the condition known as_________.

psoriasis

As you are lifting a box, someone places extra weight on top of it. For your muscle to continue contracting and lifting the box, the muscle must

recruit more muscle fibers.

Blood cells are produced in hemopoietic tissue found in

red bone marrow.

A decrease in the number of voltage-gated Ca2+ ion channels in the presynaptic terminal would

reduce or inhibit transmission across the synapse.

A decrease in the number of voltage-gated Ca2+ ion channels in the presynaptic terminal would

reduce or inhibit transmission across the synapse.A neuromodulator

Suturing a large wound

reduces risk of infection and helps to heal faster.

As the nervous system ages

reflexes become slower.

Gamma motor neurons

regulate the sensitivity of the muscle spindle.

The integumentary system

regulates body temperature.

The plasma membrane

regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell.

Reciprocal innervation

reinforces the withdrawal reflex.

After contraction has occurred, the are

released from troponin.

Myosin phosphatase

removes phosphate from myosin.

The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi in smokers may transform into stratified squamous epithelium. This is an example of_________.

replacement

Muscular dystrophy is characterized by

replacement of muscle tissue by connective tissue.

When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from +35 mV towards 0 mV, the neuron is_________.

repolarizing

Muscles exhibit the property of excitability. This means that the muscle

responds to stimulation by the nervous system.

Nerve cells generate electrical signals in response to changes in the environment. This is an example of _________.

responsiveness

A pivot joint

restricts movement to rotation.

Multiple wave summation

results in complete and incomplete tetanus.

The sleep/wake cycle is influenced by the_________.

reticular formation

The main fibrous layer of the dermis is the_________.

reticular layer

Neurons arranged in a circular pathway form_________.

reverberating circuits

In a negative feedback mechanism, the response of the effector

reverses the original stimulus.

The muscles that hold the humeral head within the glenoid cavity are collectively called the_________.

rotator cuff

A cell that produces many proteins for secretion would have large numbers of

rough ER and Golgi apparatus.

Spinal nerves exiting the spinal cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the_________ plexus.

sacral

A vertical plane that separates the body into right and left portions is called a _________ plane.

sagittal

When a person sits on a hard surface for a period of time, his foot or leg may "go to sleep." This sensation is the result of compressing the_________ nerve.

sciatic

Glaucoma is a state of elevated pressure within the eye that occurs when the_________ is obstructed so the aqueous humor is not reabsorbed as fast as it is secreted.

scleral venous sinus

Receptors that in general do not produce an action potential, but can release neurotransmitters in response to a receptor potential are_________ receptors.

secondary

If an animal has had its cerebrum removed, it cannot_________.

see

Sensory receptors for balance are found in the_________.

semicircular canals

When you spin while sitting in a swivel chair with your eyes closed, you can sense this movement by means of your_________.

semicircular ducts

The superior olivary nucleus

sends efferent impulses that inhibit all hair cells not vibrating maximally.

A neuron that conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system would be classified as a/an_________.

sensory or afferent neuron

The type of membrane that protects internal organs from friction is a_________ membrane.

serous

The portion of the hair that extends above the surface of the skin is the_________.

shaft

Maureen is hiking in the cold, and to maintain homeostasis her body begins to

shiver

Maureen is hiking in the cold, and to maintain homeostasis her body begins to

shiver.

The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by

short postganglionic axons near the organs they innervate.

A tennis player with a torn rotator cuff has an injured_________.

shoulder

The subscapular and subacromial bursa are associated with the_________ joint.

shoulder

The anatomical arm refers to the part of the upper limb from the

shoulder to the elbow.

Astronauts in zero gravity are able to move food through their digestive tracts because

smooth muscle produces waves of contractions that propel material through the digestive tract.

Depolarization of the plasma membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) ofrev: 04_14_2020_QC_CS-208265

sodium ions.

The three forms of matter are

solids, liquids, and gases.

Substances dissolved in the liquid portion of a solution are called_________.

solutes

Blood contains NaCl, protein, and cells. The NaCl is in a/an_________, the protein is in a/an_________, and the cells are in a_________.

solution; colloid; suspension

If you feel someone touch you on the shoulder, the person has stimulated a/an_________ sense.

somatic

More sound volume is perceived when

sound wave amplitude increases.

When two action potentials arrive simultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals that synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron,

spatial summation occurs.

In an ascending pathway, axons of the secondary neuron travel from the

spinal cord through the brainstem to the thalamus.

The sensory cells for hearing are located in the_________.

spiral organ (organ of Corti)

A tissue functions to provide protection for an exposed surface. This tissue is most likely_________.

stratified squamous epithelial tissue

Subcutaneous tissue contains of all of the following EXCEPT_________.

stratified squamous epithelial tissue

The epidermis of the skin is composed of

stratified squamous epithelium.

The layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and forms new epidermal cells is the_________.

stratum basale

The layer of the epidermis in which there is the greatest amount of mitotic activity is the_________.

stratum basale

The epidermal layer found only in thick skin is_________.

stratum lucidum

Structurally, the simplest reflex is the_________.

stretch reflex

A muscle that is not consciously controlled and has a banded appearance would be described as

striated involuntary.

A sarcomere is the

structural and functional unit of the skeletal muscle fiber.

An inflammation of one of the ciliary glands of the eyelashes is called a_________.

sty

Cerebrospinal fluid fills the_________.

subarachnoid space

A subcutaneous injection delivers medication into the_________.

subcutaneous layer

The_________ is a major site of lipid storage in the body.

subcutaneous layer

Preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord are part of the_________ division of the ANS.

sympathetic

The_________ division of the ANS functions mainly to prepare the body for energy-expending, stressful situations.

sympathetic

Chain ganglia are part of the_________.

sympathetic branch of the ANS

Damage to a_________ would result in lack of sympathetic control of the heart.

sympathetic nerve

The epiphyseal plate of a growing bone is actually a temporary joint called a_________.

synchondrosis

The least movable joints are_________ joints.

synostosis

When two bones grow together across a joint to form a single bone, this is called a_________.

synostosis

Most of the joints in the appendicular skeleton are_________ joints.

synovial

The most movable joints are_________ joints.

synovial

The type of membrane that lines freely movable joints is a_________ membrane.

synovial

The inability to produce the fluid that keeps most joints moist indicates a disorder of the

synovial membrane.

Transcription

synthesizes RNA from DNA.

Sensory structures that detect taste are_________.

taste buds

The cerebrum develops from the embryonic region called the_________.

telencephalon

The fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus would help us

tell if an object is rough or smooth.

Free nerve endings respond to

temperature change and pain.

The auditory cortex is located in the_________.

temporal lobe

The lateral fissure separates the_________ from the rest of the cerebrum

temporal lobe

The sensation of hearing occurs when sensory impulses from the ears are transmitted to the auditory cortex in the_________ lobe from the_________ nerve.

temporal; vestibulocochlear

In hyperpolarization

tend to diffuse out of the cell.

Collagenous fibers are very abundant in_________.

tendons, ligaments, and the deeper portion of the skin

At birth the hairs of the scalp, eyelids, and eyebrows are replaced by coarser pigmented hairs called_________ hairs.

terminal

Parasympathetic ganglia are called_________ ganglia.

terminal

A sustained muscle contraction is known as_________.

tetanus

Most sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem projects to the_________.

thalamus

The interthalamic adhesion connects the two portions of the_________.

thalamus

In order for muscle relaxation to occur,

the active sites on actin must be blocked.

Oxygen deficit represents

the amount of that cells need to replenish ATP supplies after exercise.

A cell is

the basic structural unit of living organisms.

In a syndesmosis

the bones are held together by ligaments called interosseous membranes.

The limbic system involves various neural connections between_________.

the cerebrum and diencephalon

Projection fibers will connect

the cerebrum to other parts of the brain and the spinal cord.

To focus on objects closer than 20 feet,

the ciliary muscles must contract.

Gray matter on the surface of the brain is called_________.

the cortex

Damage to the pulmonary plexus that result in breathing rates that are normal or increased, but never decreased below normal indicates

the damage is most likely of the parasympathetic fibers.

The two divisions of the ANS have antagonistic effects on each of the following EXCEPT

the diameter of the blood vessels in skeletal muscles

As an object moves closer to the eye,

the eyes rotate medially.

Kinetic energy is

the form of energy that actually does work.

Increased strength of a trained muscle is due to

the nervous system's ability to recruit a large number of motor units simultaneously.

A cell can meet increased energy demands by an increase in

the number of mitochondria.

In the sympathetic division of the ANS,

the preganglionic cell body is located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord.

Excitation-contraction coupling begins with

the production of an action potential in the sarcolemma.

Chemical synapses are characterized by

the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal.

Isotopes of the same element have

the same atomic number but differ in their mass numbers.

A neutral atom contains

the same number of electrons and protons.

The Roman numeral assigned to each cranial nerve reflect

the sequence from anterior to posterior in which they emerge from the brain.

The primary structure of a protein is

the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

The visceral pleura is

the serous membrane that covers the lungs.

The parietal peritoneum is

the serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

The various types of epithelium are classified by

the shape of cells and number of cell layers.

The main factor affecting depth of focus is_________.

the size of the pupil

Smooth muscle is regulated by all of the following except

the somatic nervous system.

The cerebral gyri increase

the surface area of the cortex.

The cerebral aqueduct connects

the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle.

A person who has damage to the basilar membrane nearest the oval window would likely not be able to hear

the tweeting of small birds.

Superficial pain is highly localized, but visceral pain is diffuse because

the viscera has fewer mechanoreceptors which give location information.

Due to the pattern of innervation of skeletal muscle, one would expect that

there are fewer motor neurons than skeletal muscle fibers.

The plasma membrane of an excitable cell is more permeable to K+ because

there are more leak ion channels for K+ than Na+.

In short-term memory,

there is increased synaptic activity by long-term potentiation.

Because the stretch reflexes can be traced back along certain spinal nerve routes,

they are helpful when determining at what level of the spinal cord damage may have occurred.

All of the following are typical characteristics of neurotransmitters except

they are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell.

The vagus nerve carries parasympathetic impulses to the_________.

thoracic and abdominal viscera

A muscle fiber will respond to a stimulus when that stimulus reaches the_________ level.

threshold

In order for local potentials to trigger an action potential, the membrane must reach a level called the_________.

threshold

The gastrocnemius muscle is most likely to be innervated by the_________ nerve.

tibial

The sciatic nerve is composed of the

tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve.

Maggie has her wisdom teeth removed, and later has difficulty with chewing and cannot feel sensations to the side of her face. This is likely caused by the numbing of the _________ nerve.

trigeminal

When you walk up behind someone and tap their right shoulder, they will reflexively

turn their head toward the right.

There are_________ enlargements of the spinal cord where nerves supplying the extremities enter and leave.

two

The external ear terminates at the_________.

tympanic membrane

When a person hits their "funny bone," they cause temporary damage to the_________ nerve.

ulnar

The newest taste to be described is_________.

umami

Wernicke area is necessary for

understanding and formulating coherent speech.

True or False? Positive feedback mechanisms are more commonly seen in _________ individuals.

unhealthy

Cartilaginous joints

unite two bones by means of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage.

Reflexes involved in maintaining homeostasis may involve the_________ nerve.

vagus

Two tracts found within the extrapyramidal system are the_________.

vestibulospinal and rubrospinal

The pain a person experiences with acute appendicitis results from stimulating nerve endings called_________.

visceroreceptors

Albinism in which there is an absence of melanin pigment would affect the individual's

visual acuity and prevent scattering of light inside the eye.

The condition involving the development of white patches on the skin caused by the loss of melanocytes is_________.

vitiligo

When a sperm cell comes into contact with an egg cell, there is a change in the electrical charge across the plasma membrane and various channel proteins close. These channels would be called_________ channels.

voltage-gated

Channels that open or close in response to changes in the electrical charge or voltage across the plasma membrane are called

voltage-gated ion channels.

Multiunit smooth muscle is located in the

wall of blood vessels.

In the inflammatory response, clotting proteins form a clot. This action

walls off foreign particles and microbes.

Tears

wash foreign objects away from the eye.

A research group is monitoring a series of reactions and have determined it is most likely a hydrolysis reaction because the number of_________.

Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1, Anatomy and Physiology Exam 2, Anatomy & Physiology Exam 3, Anatomy & Physiology Exam 4, Anatomy and Physiology Exam 5

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