Anatomy & Physiology Exam #1
Which of the following proteins can be found in the plasma membrane? enzyme marker attachment receptor transport All of the provided proteins
All of the provided proteins
Proper connective tissue types
Loose: -areolar -adipose -reticular Dense: -regular -irregular -elastic
Why do we use anatomical terms?
To properly refer to a location/body feature on the organism
Lipids monomer
Triglycerides (glycerol and 3x fatty acids)
Which of the following are consistent with facilitated diffusion? (1) movement is against a concentration gradient(2) movement is with a concentration gradient(3) involves a carrier molecule(4) involves cotransport(5) involves counter transport(6) exhibits competition and saturation 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 2, 3, 6 2, 3, 5, 6 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 2, 3, 4, 6
2,3,6
Which of the following is most consistent with homeostasis? As blood pressure falls, blood flow to cardiac (heart) muscle decreases. As the mean blood pressure gradually increases in aging people, the blood vessel walls become thinner. Men working in a hot environment drink large quantities of water, and their urine volume increases. As body temperature decreases, blood vessels in the periphery dilate. Elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion (insulin causes cells to take up glucose) to increase.
Elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion (insulin causes cells to take up glucose) to increase.
Define neuron
a nerve cell: produce electrical signals = action potentials
Where is the thoracic cavity?
above the diaphragm
Your nose is ____ to your eyes.
anterior inferior medial
The left kneecap is ____ to your left heel.
anterior superior proximal
Where is the pleural cavity?
around the lungs
Why is blood categorized as a type of CT?
blood, same to other types of connective tissue. has cells -enythrocytes (=RBCs) -leukocytes (=UBCs) -platelets and extracellular matrix -protein fibers c= fibrinosen -ground substance c= plasma -liquid/fluid
What does the anatomical position look like?
body erect face forward arms at the sides palms forward feet together
Anterior vs. Posterior: spine and breastbone
breastbone is anterior spine is posterior
Mineral ions (2) that are important for bone formation
calcium and phosphorus
What is lacunae?
small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
Name an example of positive feedback regulation
suckling -> milk release triggered -> increase milk release
Which of the following is a carbohydrate? triglyceride hemoglobin cholesterol adenosine triphosphate sucrose
sucrose
ventral body cavity
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Which of the planes divides body into anterior and posterior sections? Sagittal Frontal Transverse Oblique
Frontal
The fibers in dense connective tissue are produced by
fibroblasts
What is the serous membrane that surrounds the heart?
pericardium
What are the nervous tissue cells?
neurons and glial cells
Medial vs. Lateral: nose and eyes
nose is medial eyes are lateral
nucleic acid monomer
nucleotide
Nucleic acids are organic molecules resent in living cells and consist of many ______________ linked in a long chain. amino acids nucleotides monosaccharides triglycerides
nucleotides
Which cavity contains the heart?
pericardial cavity
specialized connective tissue
- Supporting: Cartilage and bone - Fluid: Blood
Which of the following statements is false? -osteocytes can be found in lacunae in both spongy and compact bone tissues -spongy bone is sometime called trabeclae bone because of the trabeculae in the extracellular matrix -bone marrow is primary produced in compact bones -spongy bone is normally found at the ends of long bones, while compact bone is normally found on the external layer of bones
-bone marrow is primary produced in compact (SPONGY) bones
What are the major functions of these body cavities?
1. holds and protects internal organs and structures 2. allows organs to change size and shape
Solution A: 5 grams of sugar per liter water Solution B: 2 grams of sugar per liter water Solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane
A will gain weight B will lose weight (because water will go where its most concentrated)
Which pair of membrane proteins might be able to carry out a secondary active transport?
ATP-powered pumps, symporter protein
anabolism or catabolism? Synthesizing glycogen (polysaccharide) from glucose (monosaccharide)
Anabolism
anabolism or catabolism? synthesizing lipase in the cells of the pancreas
Anabolism
anabolism or catabolism? Hemoglobin is formed from individual amino acids
Anabolsim
Which of the following membrane proteins can pair with ATP-powered pumps to carry out a secondary active transport? Channel protein Uniporter protein Antiporter protein Receptor protein Marker protein
Antiporter protein
Which of the following is most consistent with homeostasis? As body temperature rises, sweating occurs to cool the body. When a person drinks large quantities of water, urine output decreases to raise blood volume. Elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion to decline. Decreases in blood pressure cause a corresponding decrease in heart rate. As blood pressure falls, blood flow to the heart decreases.
As body temperature rises, sweating occurs to cool the body.
Digesting fats into monoglycerides and fatty acids (and release energy)
Catabolism
Name the six structural levels from the simplest level to the most complicated level.
Chemical Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
in the plasma membrane, what determine the fluid nature of the membrane?
Cholesterol
Which of the following statements is true? Collagen fibers provide strength to dense connective tissue. Dense connective tissue has a fluid matrix. Elastic tissue is flexible, but not stretchy. Areolar tissue is tightly packed with many cells.
Collagen fibers provide strength to dense connective tissue.
Which of the following is not a ventral body cavity? Mediastinum Abdominal Pleural Cranial cavity
Cranial cavity
True or False. The navel is proximal to the kneecap. explain.
False. Proximal can not be used as a directional term in this example.
Hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution
Which of the following ions does not directly regulate muscle and nerve function? Sodium Calcium Potassium Iron
Iron
The type of CT that contains fibroblasts and a matrix of collagen fibers running in different directions?
Irregular collagenous
which of the following dense CT proper is found in arteries and is capable of stretching and recoil in multiple directions?
Irregular elastic
What is a serous membrane?
It is a two layered membrane filled with fluid. they line body cavities and protect the organs inside body cavities.
Which of the following statements is not true about active transport with sodium-potassium pump? ATP is required It moves sodium against it concentration gradient It moves potassium along it concentration gradient One ATP is required to transport three sodium molecules out and two potassium molecules in
It moves potassium along it concentration gradient
Cells that are found in the nervous tissue and can produce electrical signals are called _________. Glial cells Osteoblasts Neurons Adipocytes
Neurons
Consider the following structural levels: chemical, organ, tissue, cell, and organ system. Which level encompasses the other four? tissue organ system organ chemical cell
Organ System
A type of connective tissue that does not have any lacunae can be ____ Bone Proper Cartilage
Proper
general connective tissue consists of ?
Proper (amount of the fibers)
In _____ epithelial tissue, we are expected to see a single layer of differently sized cells with their nuclei at various levels. Transitional Simple Stratified Pseudostratified
Pseudostratified
secondary structure
Results from hydrogen bonding between amino acids. ex. pleated (folded) sheets
quaternary structure
Results from two or more polypeptide subunits.
Cells in ___ muscle have multiple peripheral nuclei and are under voluntary control. Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
Skeletal
The epithelial tissue with multiple layers of flat cells is likely named as Stratified cuboidal epithelium Simple squamous epithelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Lipase is a digestive enzyme that helps our body break down fats. The structure of lipase showing below is resulted from interactions within polypeptide and its immediate environment. Which level of protein structure is it showing?
Teritary
Which of the following is an example of anabolism? Two amino acids are bonded together to form a dipeptide. Sucrose is chemically separated to form one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose. Sodium chloride is dissolved in water. Several dipeptide chains are formed from digestion of a long polypeptide chain. ATP is converted to ADP.
Two amino acids are bonded together to form a dipeptide.
Which of the following statements about water is false? Water allows the body to resist sudden temperature changes. Water transports nutrients in the body. Water serves as an effective lubricant in our bodies. Water evaporation cools the body. Water evaporation heats the body.
Water evaporation heats the body.
Your classmate, Zach, told you "his left knee is proximal to his left ankle and his right wrist is distal to his right elbow." Based on what you know about directional terms "proximal" and "distal", is Zach's statement correct? And are there any edits that you would make to Zach's description to make it concise (and correct)?
Zach is correct, he should take out the directional term "left"
During pregnancy which of the mother's body cavities increase in size the most?
abdominal cavity
Cyanide stops the production of ATP. Which of the following processes would be affected? simple diffusion osmosis active transport facilitated diffusion
active transport
which of the following connective tissue has the least amount of protein fibers? Reticular Areolar Regular collagenous Adipose
adipose
which of the following can be found in the plasma membrane? channel proteins marker proteins receptor proteins enzymes attachment proteins
all of the above
Protiens monomer
amino acids
An organic molecule consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; the molecule is probably an amino acid a triglyceride a monosaccharide a phospholipid
an amino acid
A researcher discovered a sensory receptor that detects decreasing oxygen concentrations in the blood. According to the principles of negative feedback, it is likely that stimulation of this sensory receptor will produce which of the following types of responses? a decrease in heart rate an increase in the respiratory rate an increase in physical activity unconsciousness both a decrease in heart rate and an increase in the respiratory rate
an increase in the respiratory rate
A researcher discovered a sensory receptor that detects oxygen concentrations in the blood. according to the principles of negative feedback, it is likely that simulation of this sensory receptor will produce which of the following types of responses?
an increase in the respiratory rate
Is identifying different layers of the skin using a study model an anatomical or physiological study?
anatomical
Is labeling the interior structures of the heart using the anatomage table an anatomical or physiological study?
anatomical
Is putting together bones of the skull an anatomical or physiological study?
anatomical
What are the subcategories of anatomical terms?
anatomical position directional terms planes of the body/of an organ body cavities and related serious membranes
Proteins capable of changing shape and transporting two molecules to opposite directions simultaneously are called: Uniporters Symporters Antiporters Channel proteins
antiporters
Where is the pelvic cavity located?
below the abdominal cavity
Where is the abdominopelvic cavity?
below the diaphragm
Where is the abdominal cavity located?
between diaphragm and pelvis
Where is the mediastinum located?
between the lungs (know the bottom cavity is also referred to as the pericardial cavity)
what us the main function of the cells found in connective tissue?
blasts: build cytes: maintain clasts: crash
A researcher discovered a new hormone that raises blood calcium levels. according to the principles of negative feedback, this hormone would be secreted when
blood calcium levels decrease
A researcher discovered a new hormone that raises blood calcium levels. According to the principles of negative feedback, this hormone would be secreted when blood calcium levels increase. blood calcium levels decrease. blood calcium levels are stable. blood calcium levels are elevated. None of these choices are correct.
blood calcium levels decrease.
Mineral ions (3) that are important for muscle and nerve function
calcium, potassium, and sodium
What three types of biomolecules can be found in the plasma membrane?
carbohydrates lipids proteins
List the four biomolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
They type of CT that contains chondrocytes, a rigid matrix of collagen fibers, proteoglycan-hyaluronic acid aggregates, and few, if any, blood vessels is
cartilage
The type of connective tissue that contains chondrocytes, a rigid matrix of collagen fibers and proteoglycan-hyaluronic acid aggregates and few, if any, blood vessels is bone tissue. muscle tissue. cartilage. adipose tissue. dense regular connective tissue.
cartilage.
anabolism or catabolism? Fats are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids by lipase.
catabolism
Define glial cells
cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
channel proteins
channels through the cell membrane that can be open all the time or switch between from open/closed y certain stimuli
Superior vs. inferior : chin and navel
chin is superior navel is inferior
Which of the following would be classified as a lipid? cholesterol - a steroid alanine - an amino acid starch - a polysaccharide catalase - an enzyme sucrose - a disaccharide
cholesterol - a steroid
Which of the following is mismatched? RNA - nucleic acid enzyme - protein cholesterol - nucleic acid triglyceride - lipid eicosanoid - lipid
cholesterol - nucleic acid
The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers. proteoglycan, elastin, and hyaluronic acid. hyaluronic acid, collagen, and reticular fibers. proteoglycan, elastin, and reticular fibers. chondronectic, osteonectin, fibronectin
collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers.
what are the three typed of protein fibers that are found in the extracellular matrix?
collagen,reticular, elastic
name two characteristics shared by all connective tissues
composed of cells and mostly extracellular matrix developed from mesenchyme
dorsal body cavity
cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
Which of the following structures is likely to consist of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue that can resist to tension from many directions? tendons & ligaments cartilage bone dermis of the skin
dermis of the skin
Which of the following activities would represent a physiological study? observing the structure of the interior of the heart studying a model of the kidney examining the surface of a bone viewing muscle tissue through a microscope determining normal blood sugar levels for 20-year-old students
determining normal blood sugar levels for 20-year-old students
The aroma of cookies baking in the kitchen reaches you in the living room. The distribution of this odor throughout the house is an example of active transport osmosis exocytosis diffusion
diffusion
Which of the following describes the position of the digits? medial to the elbow superior to the wrist posterior to the head distal to the shoulder proximal to the forearm
distal to the shoulder
Label Nucleus of a glia
dots
Proximal vs. Distal: wrist and elbow
elbow is proximal wrist is distal
What happens during catabolism?
energy is usually released as a large/complex molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
Anterior vs. Posterior: eyes and ears
eyes are anterior ears are posterior
Which transport process requires a carrier molecule but does NOT use cellular energy? active transport simple diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis endocytosis
facilitated diffusion
which transport process requires a carrier molecule but does NOT use cellular energy.
facilitated diffusion
sagital plane (brain)
first
Epithelial tissue can be characterized by absence of any basement membrane. a rich blood supply. extensive extracellular matrix. free surface
free surface
Which of the following characteristics is NOT consistent with simple squamous epithelial tissue? rest on a basement membrane has good blood supply within it little extracellular material the cells are thin and flat (not thick) can act as a permeability barrier
has good blood supply within it
Which of the following is not a general characteristic of connective tissue? has no blood supply to the tissue. developed from mesenchyme. consists of cells with much intercellular material (matrix) between them.
has no blood supply to the tissue.
Medial vs. Lateral: arms and heart
heart is medial arms are lateral
give an example of portends that transport other molecules in the human body
hemoglobin transports O2 in the blood transport proteins in the cell membrane
cartilage tissue
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
carrier proteins
include proteins that are capable of changing shape and transporting two molecules to opposite directions simultaneously
The hips are ___ to the shoulders. anterior posterior inferior superior lateral
inferior
Is the visceral inner or outer?
inner
Name the 11 organ systems
integumentary skeletal muscular nervous endocrine cardiovascular lymphatic respiratory digestive urinary reproductive
Which system encompasses based on the six structural levels?
integumentary system
What does cardiac muscle look like?
intercalculated disks, striations
If 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a 0.5% saline solution is hypertonic to the cell. will cause crenation of the cell. will not affect the cell. will shrink the cell. is hypotonic to the cell.
is hypotonic to the cell.
Superior vs. inferior : Jaw and lungs
jaw is superior lungs are inferior
Proximal vs. Distal: knee and ankle
knee is proximal ankle is distal
tertiary structure
large-scale folding due to interactions within protein and surrounding environments. determines shape and a domain
Describe skeletal muscle tissue
many nuclei, striated, voluntary, attached to bones
The parietal pericardium is...
membrane that lines the pericardial sac
Carbohydrates monomer
monosaccharides
Solution A contains 5 grams of sugar per liter while solution B contains 2 grams of sugar per liter. The solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If the solvent in both solutions is water, predict in which direction most of the water molecules will move. move by simple diffusion from solution A to solution B move by osmosis from solution B to solution A move by active transport from solution B to solution A The water cannot move through the selectively permeable membrane.
move by osmosis from solution B to solution A
The active transport with sodium-potassium pump...
moves potassium against its concentration gradient (would be incorrect if it said 'along' instead of 'against')
Describe smooth muscle tissue
one nuclei, nonstriated, involuntary, skin and tubular structures
Describe cardiac muscle tissue
one nuclei, striates, involuntary, in the heart
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. This means...
only certain substances can pass through it
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. This means only gases and water can pass through it. substances need permission to pass through it. only certain substances can pass through it. substances need carrier molecules to pass through it. ATP is always needed to move molecules across the plasma membrane.
only certain substances can pass through it.
Is the parietal inner or outer?
outer
Where is the parietal pericardium?
outside layer
A woman falls while skiing and is accidentally impaled by her ski pole. the pole passes through the abdominal body wall and into and through the stomach, pierces the diaphragm, and finally stops in the left lung. List in order the serous membranes the pole pierces.
parietal peritoneum -> visceral peritoneum -> visceral peritoneum -> parietal peritoneum -> parietal pleura -> viceral peritoneum
What is the serous membrane that surround the abdominal organs?
peritoneum
in the plasma membrane, what forms the lipid bilayer?
phospholipids
lipids that provide the structure of the cells
phospholipids cholesterol
Is determining normal blood pressure for adults an anatomical or physiological study?
physiological
Is measuring the average breathing rate for newborns an anatomical or physiological study?
physiological
Is viewing muscle tissue through a microscope an anatomical or physiological study?
physiological
The serous membrane surrounding lungs is called Pericardium Pleura Peritoneum
pleura
What is the serous membrane surrounds the lungs?
pleura
Which cavity contains the lungs?
pleural cavity
in the plasma membrane, what mainly determines the function of the membrane?
portions
Functions of lipids in the body
protection insulation regulation vitamins structure energy
What are three components of the extracellular matrix?
protein fibers, ground substance, fluid
ATP-powered pumps
proteins that require ATP to fulfill the transportation of molecule across the cell membrane
The main components of the plasma membrane are carbohydrates, ions, and lipids. lipids and proteins. proteins and carbohydrates. proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. ions, lipids, and proteins.
proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
Which of the following directional terms cannot be used to describe the position of the nose relative to the eyes? medial inferior anterior proximal
proximal
Name the epithelial tissue: all cells are tall and attached to the basement membrane ( 1 layer) and nuclei of different cells are at various levels
pseudostratified columnar
which of the following connective tissue has the least amount of ground substance? Reticular Areolar Regular collagenous Adipose
regular collagenous (most protein fibers)
when collagen fibers are mainly parallel is means?
regular collagenous tissue = ligaments and tendons
Name one difference between dense regular collagenous and fibrocartilage that can help you visually distinguish these two tissue types apart.
regular collagenous: (tendons and ligaments) NO LACUNAE fibrocartilage: (disks) LACUNAE
The plasma membrane separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. is a rigid protein membrane. is not permeable. has a single layer of phospholipids. regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell.
regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell.
List functions of proteins in the human body
regulation transport protection structure muscle contraction
What id the function of directional terms?
relative position of external structures
Superficial vs. Deep: lungs and ribs
ribs are superficial lungs are deep
What are the directional terms?
right and left superficial and deep superior and inferior anterior and posterior medial and lateral proximal and distal
frontal plane (brain)
second
Which protein structure is resulted from the formation of hydrogen bonds (between amino acids) that fold or coil of a polypeptide chain? primary secondary tertiary quaternary
secondary
Name the epithelial tissue: a single layer of tall and narrow cells
simple columnar
Name the epithelial tissue: a single layer of cube-shaped cells
simple cuboidal
simple squamous epithelium aligns blood capillaries. Based on what you know about simple squamous epithelium, briefly explain if how this tissue type help to gas exchange in blood capillaries.
simple meaning one layer, facilitate exchange squamous is good at exchange
Superficial vs. Deep: skin and muscle
skin is superficial muscle is deep
Bone tissue
spongy and compact
Which of the following epithelial types is mismatched with its function? stratified epithelium - protection squamous epithelium - stretching cuboidal epithelium - absorption columnar epithelium - secretion simple epithelium - diffusion
squamous epithelium - stretching
Superior vs. inferior : pelvis and stomach
stomach is superior pelvis is inferior
Name the epithelial tissue: multiple layers of flat cells
stratified squamous
A muscle that is not consciously controlled and has a banded appearance would be described as nonstriated involuntary. striated involuntary. smooth voluntary. nonstriated voluntary. striated voluntary.
striated involuntary
What does skeletal muscle look like?
striations
Connective tissue is separated into subgroups based on the number of cell layers. cell functions. cell type. structure of the extracellular matrix. shape of the cells.
structure of the extracellular matrix.
The kneecap is ___, ___, and ___ to the heel. medial, inferior, anterior superior, proximal, anterior superior, lateral, posterior ventral, inferior, distal
superior, proximal, anterior
Where is the visceral pericardium?
surface of the heart
A tissue has the following characteristics: abundant extracellular matrix, abundant collagen fibers, collagen fibers mainly parallel to each other. Which of the following injuries results in damage to mainly this kind of tissue? broken nose tear in the cartilage of the knee bullet penetrating the abdominal wall broken femur bone tear in the tissue that attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to bone
tear in the tissue that attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to bone
Which of the following is mismatched? between the vertebrae - fibrocartilage walls of large arteries - dense irregular elastic tissue precursor to bone - hyaline cartilage tendons and ligaments - dense regular elastic tissue external ears - elastic cartilage
tendons and ligaments - dense regular elastic tissue
Which of the following is mismatched? external ears- elastic cartilage between the vertebrae- fibrocartilage precursor to bone- hyaline cartilage tendons and ligaments - dense regular elastic tissue walls of large arteries- dense irregular elastic tissue
tendons and ligaments - dense regular elastic tissue CORRECT: dense regular elastic collegenous tissue
Primary structure
the amino acid sequence of the peptide chain
The parietal pericardium is a double-layered serous membrane that anchors some of the abdominal organs to the body wall. the serous membrane that covers the lungs. the serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities. space located between the visceral and parietal pleura. the membrane that lines the pericardial sac.
the membrane that lines the pericardial sac.
transverse plane (brain)
third
transitional epithelial tissue can be found in urninary Blatter. Based on what you know about transitional epithelial, briefly explain how this type help to fufill the functions of the bladder.
transitional allows for changing shape of the bladder
Amputation of a foot at the ankle would involve a cut in the ___ plane. coronal median transverse frontal lateral
transverse
What are the two main body cavities?
ventral and dorsal
Name an example of negative feedback regulation
warm -> sweating -> reduce temp.
What is the anatomical importance of water?
water helps structure of the body
After removing a tumor, a surgeon uses sterile distilled water rather than sterile isotonic saline to irrigate a surgical wound to kill potentially metastatic cells that may still be present in the wound. What osmotic effect would that cause? What might be a benefit of using water instead of isotonic saline in this case?
water is hypotonic to our cells. therefore, when cells set into contact with sterile water, they will swell and even lyse. If the cells that are killed happen to be metastatic cells, then this water-based irrigation can better remove metastatic cells.
What is anabolism?
when 2 or more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger project
Hypertonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
Isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same