Anatomy & Physiology Exam #1

Which of the following proteins can be found in the plasma membrane? enzyme marker attachment receptor transport All of the provided proteins

All of the provided proteins

Proper connective tissue types

Loose: -areolar -adipose -reticular Dense: -regular -irregular -elastic

Why do we use anatomical terms?

To properly refer to a location/body feature on the organism

Lipids monomer

Triglycerides (glycerol and 3x fatty acids)

Which of the following are consistent with facilitated diffusion? (1) movement is against a concentration gradient(2) movement is with a concentration gradient(3) involves a carrier molecule(4) involves cotransport(5) involves counter transport(6) exhibits competition and saturation 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 2, 3, 6 2, 3, 5, 6 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 2, 3, 4, 6

2,3,6

Which of the following is most consistent with homeostasis? As blood pressure falls, blood flow to cardiac (heart) muscle decreases. As the mean blood pressure gradually increases in aging people, the blood vessel walls become thinner. Men working in a hot environment drink large quantities of water, and their urine volume increases. As body temperature decreases, blood vessels in the periphery dilate. Elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion (insulin causes cells to take up glucose) to increase.

Elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion (insulin causes cells to take up glucose) to increase.

Define neuron

a nerve cell: produce electrical signals = action potentials

Where is the thoracic cavity?

above the diaphragm

Your nose is ____ to your eyes.

anterior inferior medial

The left kneecap is ____ to your left heel.

anterior superior proximal

Where is the pleural cavity?

around the lungs

Why is blood categorized as a type of CT?

blood, same to other types of connective tissue. has cells -enythrocytes (=RBCs) -leukocytes (=UBCs) -platelets and extracellular matrix -protein fibers c= fibrinosen -ground substance c= plasma -liquid/fluid

What does the anatomical position look like?

body erect face forward arms at the sides palms forward feet together

Anterior vs. Posterior: spine and breastbone

breastbone is anterior spine is posterior

Mineral ions (2) that are important for bone formation

calcium and phosphorus

What is lacunae?

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

Name an example of positive feedback regulation

suckling -> milk release triggered -> increase milk release

Which of the following is a carbohydrate? triglyceride hemoglobin cholesterol adenosine triphosphate sucrose

sucrose

ventral body cavity

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Which of the planes divides body into anterior and posterior sections? Sagittal Frontal Transverse Oblique

Frontal

The fibers in dense connective tissue are produced by

fibroblasts

What is the serous membrane that surrounds the heart?

pericardium

What are the nervous tissue cells?

neurons and glial cells

Medial vs. Lateral: nose and eyes

nose is medial eyes are lateral

nucleic acid monomer

nucleotide

Nucleic acids are organic molecules resent in living cells and consist of many ______________ linked in a long chain. amino acids nucleotides monosaccharides triglycerides

nucleotides

Which cavity contains the heart?

pericardial cavity

specialized connective tissue

- Supporting: Cartilage and bone - Fluid: Blood

Which of the following statements is false? -osteocytes can be found in lacunae in both spongy and compact bone tissues -spongy bone is sometime called trabeclae bone because of the trabeculae in the extracellular matrix -bone marrow is primary produced in compact bones -spongy bone is normally found at the ends of long bones, while compact bone is normally found on the external layer of bones

-bone marrow is primary produced in compact (SPONGY) bones

What are the major functions of these body cavities?

1. holds and protects internal organs and structures 2. allows organs to change size and shape

Solution A: 5 grams of sugar per liter water Solution B: 2 grams of sugar per liter water Solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane

A will gain weight B will lose weight (because water will go where its most concentrated)

Which pair of membrane proteins might be able to carry out a secondary active transport?

ATP-powered pumps, symporter protein

anabolism or catabolism? Synthesizing glycogen (polysaccharide) from glucose (monosaccharide)

Anabolism

anabolism or catabolism? synthesizing lipase in the cells of the pancreas

Anabolism

anabolism or catabolism? Hemoglobin is formed from individual amino acids

Anabolsim

Which of the following membrane proteins can pair with ATP-powered pumps to carry out a secondary active transport? Channel protein Uniporter protein Antiporter protein Receptor protein Marker protein

Antiporter protein

Which of the following is most consistent with homeostasis? As body temperature rises, sweating occurs to cool the body. When a person drinks large quantities of water, urine output decreases to raise blood volume. Elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion to decline. Decreases in blood pressure cause a corresponding decrease in heart rate. As blood pressure falls, blood flow to the heart decreases.

As body temperature rises, sweating occurs to cool the body.

Digesting fats into monoglycerides and fatty acids (and release energy)

Catabolism

Name the six structural levels from the simplest level to the most complicated level.

Chemical Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

in the plasma membrane, what determine the fluid nature of the membrane?

Cholesterol

Which of the following statements is true? Collagen fibers provide strength to dense connective tissue. Dense connective tissue has a fluid matrix. Elastic tissue is flexible, but not stretchy. Areolar tissue is tightly packed with many cells.

Collagen fibers provide strength to dense connective tissue.

Which of the following is not a ventral body cavity? Mediastinum Abdominal Pleural Cranial cavity

Cranial cavity

True or False. The navel is proximal to the kneecap. explain.

False. Proximal can not be used as a directional term in this example.

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Which of the following ions does not directly regulate muscle and nerve function? Sodium Calcium Potassium Iron

Iron

The type of CT that contains fibroblasts and a matrix of collagen fibers running in different directions?

Irregular collagenous

which of the following dense CT proper is found in arteries and is capable of stretching and recoil in multiple directions?

Irregular elastic

What is a serous membrane?

It is a two layered membrane filled with fluid. they line body cavities and protect the organs inside body cavities.

Which of the following statements is not true about active transport with sodium-potassium pump? ATP is required It moves sodium against it concentration gradient It moves potassium along it concentration gradient One ATP is required to transport three sodium molecules out and two potassium molecules in

It moves potassium along it concentration gradient

Cells that are found in the nervous tissue and can produce electrical signals are called _________. Glial cells Osteoblasts Neurons Adipocytes

Neurons

Consider the following structural levels: chemical, organ, tissue, cell, and organ system. Which level encompasses the other four? tissue organ system organ chemical cell

Organ System

A type of connective tissue that does not have any lacunae can be ____ Bone Proper Cartilage

Proper

general connective tissue consists of ?

Proper (amount of the fibers)

In _____ epithelial tissue, we are expected to see a single layer of differently sized cells with their nuclei at various levels. Transitional Simple Stratified Pseudostratified

Pseudostratified

secondary structure

Results from hydrogen bonding between amino acids. ex. pleated (folded) sheets

quaternary structure

Results from two or more polypeptide subunits.

Cells in ___ muscle have multiple peripheral nuclei and are under voluntary control. Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Skeletal

The epithelial tissue with multiple layers of flat cells is likely named as Stratified cuboidal epithelium Simple squamous epithelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Lipase is a digestive enzyme that helps our body break down fats. The structure of lipase showing below is resulted from interactions within polypeptide and its immediate environment. Which level of protein structure is it showing?

Teritary

Which of the following is an example of anabolism? Two amino acids are bonded together to form a dipeptide. Sucrose is chemically separated to form one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose. Sodium chloride is dissolved in water. Several dipeptide chains are formed from digestion of a long polypeptide chain. ATP is converted to ADP.

Two amino acids are bonded together to form a dipeptide.

Which of the following statements about water is false? Water allows the body to resist sudden temperature changes. Water transports nutrients in the body. Water serves as an effective lubricant in our bodies. Water evaporation cools the body. Water evaporation heats the body.

Water evaporation heats the body.

Your classmate, Zach, told you "his left knee is proximal to his left ankle and his right wrist is distal to his right elbow." Based on what you know about directional terms "proximal" and "distal", is Zach's statement correct? And are there any edits that you would make to Zach's description to make it concise (and correct)?

Zach is correct, he should take out the directional term "left"

During pregnancy which of the mother's body cavities increase in size the most?

abdominal cavity

Cyanide stops the production of ATP. Which of the following processes would be affected? simple diffusion osmosis active transport facilitated diffusion

active transport

which of the following connective tissue has the least amount of protein fibers? Reticular Areolar Regular collagenous Adipose

adipose

which of the following can be found in the plasma membrane? channel proteins marker proteins receptor proteins enzymes attachment proteins

all of the above

Protiens monomer

amino acids

An organic molecule consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; the molecule is probably an amino acid a triglyceride a monosaccharide a phospholipid

an amino acid

A researcher discovered a sensory receptor that detects decreasing oxygen concentrations in the blood. According to the principles of negative feedback, it is likely that stimulation of this sensory receptor will produce which of the following types of responses? a decrease in heart rate an increase in the respiratory rate an increase in physical activity unconsciousness both a decrease in heart rate and an increase in the respiratory rate

an increase in the respiratory rate

A researcher discovered a sensory receptor that detects oxygen concentrations in the blood. according to the principles of negative feedback, it is likely that simulation of this sensory receptor will produce which of the following types of responses?

an increase in the respiratory rate

Is identifying different layers of the skin using a study model an anatomical or physiological study?

anatomical

Is labeling the interior structures of the heart using the anatomage table an anatomical or physiological study?

anatomical

Is putting together bones of the skull an anatomical or physiological study?

anatomical

What are the subcategories of anatomical terms?

anatomical position directional terms planes of the body/of an organ body cavities and related serious membranes

Proteins capable of changing shape and transporting two molecules to opposite directions simultaneously are called: Uniporters Symporters Antiporters Channel proteins

antiporters

Where is the pelvic cavity located?

below the abdominal cavity

Where is the abdominopelvic cavity?

below the diaphragm

Where is the abdominal cavity located?

between diaphragm and pelvis

Where is the mediastinum located?

between the lungs (know the bottom cavity is also referred to as the pericardial cavity)

what us the main function of the cells found in connective tissue?

blasts: build cytes: maintain clasts: crash

A researcher discovered a new hormone that raises blood calcium levels. according to the principles of negative feedback, this hormone would be secreted when

blood calcium levels decrease

A researcher discovered a new hormone that raises blood calcium levels. According to the principles of negative feedback, this hormone would be secreted when blood calcium levels increase. blood calcium levels decrease. blood calcium levels are stable. blood calcium levels are elevated. None of these choices are correct.

blood calcium levels decrease.

Mineral ions (3) that are important for muscle and nerve function

calcium, potassium, and sodium

What three types of biomolecules can be found in the plasma membrane?

carbohydrates lipids proteins

List the four biomolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

They type of CT that contains chondrocytes, a rigid matrix of collagen fibers, proteoglycan-hyaluronic acid aggregates, and few, if any, blood vessels is

cartilage

The type of connective tissue that contains chondrocytes, a rigid matrix of collagen fibers and proteoglycan-hyaluronic acid aggregates and few, if any, blood vessels is bone tissue. muscle tissue. cartilage. adipose tissue. dense regular connective tissue.

cartilage.

anabolism or catabolism? Fats are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids by lipase.

catabolism

Define glial cells

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

channel proteins

channels through the cell membrane that can be open all the time or switch between from open/closed y certain stimuli

Superior vs. inferior : chin and navel

chin is superior navel is inferior

Which of the following would be classified as a lipid? cholesterol - a steroid alanine - an amino acid starch - a polysaccharide catalase - an enzyme sucrose - a disaccharide

cholesterol - a steroid

Which of the following is mismatched? RNA - nucleic acid enzyme - protein cholesterol - nucleic acid triglyceride - lipid eicosanoid - lipid

cholesterol - nucleic acid

The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers. proteoglycan, elastin, and hyaluronic acid. hyaluronic acid, collagen, and reticular fibers. proteoglycan, elastin, and reticular fibers. chondronectic, osteonectin, fibronectin

collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers.

what are the three typed of protein fibers that are found in the extracellular matrix?

collagen,reticular, elastic

name two characteristics shared by all connective tissues

composed of cells and mostly extracellular matrix developed from mesenchyme

dorsal body cavity

cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

Which of the following structures is likely to consist of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue that can resist to tension from many directions? tendons & ligaments cartilage bone dermis of the skin

dermis of the skin

Which of the following activities would represent a physiological study? observing the structure of the interior of the heart studying a model of the kidney examining the surface of a bone viewing muscle tissue through a microscope determining normal blood sugar levels for 20-year-old students

determining normal blood sugar levels for 20-year-old students

The aroma of cookies baking in the kitchen reaches you in the living room. The distribution of this odor throughout the house is an example of active transport osmosis exocytosis diffusion

diffusion

Which of the following describes the position of the digits? medial to the elbow superior to the wrist posterior to the head distal to the shoulder proximal to the forearm

distal to the shoulder

Label Nucleus of a glia

dots

Proximal vs. Distal: wrist and elbow

elbow is proximal wrist is distal

What happens during catabolism?

energy is usually released as a large/complex molecules are broken down into smaller molecules

Anterior vs. Posterior: eyes and ears

eyes are anterior ears are posterior

Which transport process requires a carrier molecule but does NOT use cellular energy? active transport simple diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis endocytosis

facilitated diffusion

which transport process requires a carrier molecule but does NOT use cellular energy.

facilitated diffusion

sagital plane (brain)

first

Epithelial tissue can be characterized by absence of any basement membrane. a rich blood supply. extensive extracellular matrix. free surface

free surface

Which of the following characteristics is NOT consistent with simple squamous epithelial tissue? rest on a basement membrane has good blood supply within it little extracellular material the cells are thin and flat (not thick) can act as a permeability barrier

has good blood supply within it

Which of the following is not a general characteristic of connective tissue? has no blood supply to the tissue. developed from mesenchyme. consists of cells with much intercellular material (matrix) between them.

has no blood supply to the tissue.

Medial vs. Lateral: arms and heart

heart is medial arms are lateral

give an example of portends that transport other molecules in the human body

hemoglobin transports O2 in the blood transport proteins in the cell membrane

cartilage tissue

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

carrier proteins

include proteins that are capable of changing shape and transporting two molecules to opposite directions simultaneously

The hips are ___ to the shoulders. anterior posterior inferior superior lateral

inferior

Is the visceral inner or outer?

inner

Name the 11 organ systems

integumentary skeletal muscular nervous endocrine cardiovascular lymphatic respiratory digestive urinary reproductive

Which system encompasses based on the six structural levels?

integumentary system

What does cardiac muscle look like?

intercalculated disks, striations

If 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a 0.5% saline solution is hypertonic to the cell. will cause crenation of the cell. will not affect the cell. will shrink the cell. is hypotonic to the cell.

is hypotonic to the cell.

Superior vs. inferior : Jaw and lungs

jaw is superior lungs are inferior

Proximal vs. Distal: knee and ankle

knee is proximal ankle is distal

tertiary structure

large-scale folding due to interactions within protein and surrounding environments. determines shape and a domain

Describe skeletal muscle tissue

many nuclei, striated, voluntary, attached to bones

The parietal pericardium is...

membrane that lines the pericardial sac

Carbohydrates monomer

monosaccharides

Solution A contains 5 grams of sugar per liter while solution B contains 2 grams of sugar per liter. The solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If the solvent in both solutions is water, predict in which direction most of the water molecules will move. move by simple diffusion from solution A to solution B move by osmosis from solution B to solution A move by active transport from solution B to solution A The water cannot move through the selectively permeable membrane.

move by osmosis from solution B to solution A

The active transport with sodium-potassium pump...

moves potassium against its concentration gradient (would be incorrect if it said 'along' instead of 'against')

Describe smooth muscle tissue

one nuclei, nonstriated, involuntary, skin and tubular structures

Describe cardiac muscle tissue

one nuclei, striates, involuntary, in the heart

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. This means...

only certain substances can pass through it

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. This means only gases and water can pass through it. substances need permission to pass through it. only certain substances can pass through it. substances need carrier molecules to pass through it. ATP is always needed to move molecules across the plasma membrane.

only certain substances can pass through it.

Is the parietal inner or outer?

outer

Where is the parietal pericardium?

outside layer

A woman falls while skiing and is accidentally impaled by her ski pole. the pole passes through the abdominal body wall and into and through the stomach, pierces the diaphragm, and finally stops in the left lung. List in order the serous membranes the pole pierces.

parietal peritoneum -> visceral peritoneum -> visceral peritoneum -> parietal peritoneum -> parietal pleura -> viceral peritoneum

What is the serous membrane that surround the abdominal organs?

peritoneum

in the plasma membrane, what forms the lipid bilayer?

phospholipids

lipids that provide the structure of the cells

phospholipids cholesterol

Is determining normal blood pressure for adults an anatomical or physiological study?

physiological

Is measuring the average breathing rate for newborns an anatomical or physiological study?

physiological

Is viewing muscle tissue through a microscope an anatomical or physiological study?

physiological

The serous membrane surrounding lungs is called Pericardium Pleura Peritoneum

pleura

What is the serous membrane surrounds the lungs?

pleura

Which cavity contains the lungs?

pleural cavity

in the plasma membrane, what mainly determines the function of the membrane?

portions

Functions of lipids in the body

protection insulation regulation vitamins structure energy

What are three components of the extracellular matrix?

protein fibers, ground substance, fluid

ATP-powered pumps

proteins that require ATP to fulfill the transportation of molecule across the cell membrane

The main components of the plasma membrane are carbohydrates, ions, and lipids. lipids and proteins. proteins and carbohydrates. proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. ions, lipids, and proteins.

proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.

Which of the following directional terms cannot be used to describe the position of the nose relative to the eyes? medial inferior anterior proximal

proximal

Name the epithelial tissue: all cells are tall and attached to the basement membrane ( 1 layer) and nuclei of different cells are at various levels

pseudostratified columnar

which of the following connective tissue has the least amount of ground substance? Reticular Areolar Regular collagenous Adipose

regular collagenous (most protein fibers)

when collagen fibers are mainly parallel is means?

regular collagenous tissue = ligaments and tendons

Name one difference between dense regular collagenous and fibrocartilage that can help you visually distinguish these two tissue types apart.

regular collagenous: (tendons and ligaments) NO LACUNAE fibrocartilage: (disks) LACUNAE

The plasma membrane separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. is a rigid protein membrane. is not permeable. has a single layer of phospholipids. regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell.

regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell.

List functions of proteins in the human body

regulation transport protection structure muscle contraction

What id the function of directional terms?

relative position of external structures

Superficial vs. Deep: lungs and ribs

ribs are superficial lungs are deep

What are the directional terms?

right and left superficial and deep superior and inferior anterior and posterior medial and lateral proximal and distal

frontal plane (brain)

second

Which protein structure is resulted from the formation of hydrogen bonds (between amino acids) that fold or coil of a polypeptide chain? primary secondary tertiary quaternary

secondary

Name the epithelial tissue: a single layer of tall and narrow cells

simple columnar

Name the epithelial tissue: a single layer of cube-shaped cells

simple cuboidal

simple squamous epithelium aligns blood capillaries. Based on what you know about simple squamous epithelium, briefly explain if how this tissue type help to gas exchange in blood capillaries.

simple meaning one layer, facilitate exchange squamous is good at exchange

Superficial vs. Deep: skin and muscle

skin is superficial muscle is deep

Bone tissue

spongy and compact

Which of the following epithelial types is mismatched with its function? stratified epithelium - protection squamous epithelium - stretching cuboidal epithelium - absorption columnar epithelium - secretion simple epithelium - diffusion

squamous epithelium - stretching

Superior vs. inferior : pelvis and stomach

stomach is superior pelvis is inferior

Name the epithelial tissue: multiple layers of flat cells

stratified squamous

A muscle that is not consciously controlled and has a banded appearance would be described as nonstriated involuntary. striated involuntary. smooth voluntary. nonstriated voluntary. striated voluntary.

striated involuntary

What does skeletal muscle look like?

striations

Connective tissue is separated into subgroups based on the number of cell layers. cell functions. cell type. structure of the extracellular matrix. shape of the cells.

structure of the extracellular matrix.

The kneecap is ___, ___, and ___ to the heel. medial, inferior, anterior superior, proximal, anterior superior, lateral, posterior ventral, inferior, distal

superior, proximal, anterior

Where is the visceral pericardium?

surface of the heart

A tissue has the following characteristics: abundant extracellular matrix, abundant collagen fibers, collagen fibers mainly parallel to each other. Which of the following injuries results in damage to mainly this kind of tissue? broken nose tear in the cartilage of the knee bullet penetrating the abdominal wall broken femur bone tear in the tissue that attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to bone

tear in the tissue that attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to bone

Which of the following is mismatched? between the vertebrae - fibrocartilage walls of large arteries - dense irregular elastic tissue precursor to bone - hyaline cartilage tendons and ligaments - dense regular elastic tissue external ears - elastic cartilage

tendons and ligaments - dense regular elastic tissue

Which of the following is mismatched? external ears- elastic cartilage between the vertebrae- fibrocartilage precursor to bone- hyaline cartilage tendons and ligaments - dense regular elastic tissue walls of large arteries- dense irregular elastic tissue

tendons and ligaments - dense regular elastic tissue CORRECT: dense regular elastic collegenous tissue

Primary structure

the amino acid sequence of the peptide chain

The parietal pericardium is a double-layered serous membrane that anchors some of the abdominal organs to the body wall. the serous membrane that covers the lungs. the serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities. space located between the visceral and parietal pleura. the membrane that lines the pericardial sac.

the membrane that lines the pericardial sac.

transverse plane (brain)

third

transitional epithelial tissue can be found in urninary Blatter. Based on what you know about transitional epithelial, briefly explain how this type help to fufill the functions of the bladder.

transitional allows for changing shape of the bladder

Amputation of a foot at the ankle would involve a cut in the ___ plane. coronal median transverse frontal lateral

transverse

What are the two main body cavities?

ventral and dorsal

Name an example of negative feedback regulation

warm -> sweating -> reduce temp.

What is the anatomical importance of water?

water helps structure of the body

After removing a tumor, a surgeon uses sterile distilled water rather than sterile isotonic saline to irrigate a surgical wound to kill potentially metastatic cells that may still be present in the wound. What osmotic effect would that cause? What might be a benefit of using water instead of isotonic saline in this case?

water is hypotonic to our cells. therefore, when cells set into contact with sterile water, they will swell and even lyse. If the cells that are killed happen to be metastatic cells, then this water-based irrigation can better remove metastatic cells.

What is anabolism?

when 2 or more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger project

Hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same