Anatomy & Physiology I (Chapters 1,2,3) Exam 1

noncompetitive

A ______________ inhibitor binds to a site apart from the active site to prevent an enzyme from catalyzing a reaction.

competitive

A _______________ inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme to stop the enzyme from catalyzing a reaction.

mechanical

A ball rolling across a table exhibits _______________ kinetic energy.

cofactor

A molecule that assists an enzyme in preforming its function is known as a(n) ____________.

metabolic

A progressive change in substrate molecules catalyzed by a series of enzymes is referred to as a(n) _____________ pathway.

first

A students proposed that a chemical reaction would create more energy than the original reactants possessed. This would violate the __________ law of thermodynamics.

adenine

ATP contains the nitrogenous base _____________.

triglycerides

ATP, glycogen, and _____________ are primarily functions for energy storage in the human body.

peptide

Amino acids are linked covalently by ____________ bonds.

development

An increase in body size is growth and an increased specialization as related to form and function is _______________.

structure, form

Anatomy is the study of ____________ and __________.

neutrons

Atoms are composed of protons, ____________, and electrons.

-3

Atoms in group VA of the periodic table form ions with a _______ charge.

ionic

Cations and anions may bond together by electrostatic interactions called ___________ bonds.

double

DNA is ____________-stranded.

negative

Electrons have a ___________ charge.

1

Elements in the furthest left column of the periodic table have _____ electron(s) in their valence shell.

inhibitors

Enzyme _____________ bind to an enzyme to turn it off, thus preventing it from catalyzing a reaction.

nonelectrolyte

Glucose is an example of an electrolyte or a nonelectrolyte?

glycogen

Glucose is stored in the liver and muscles in the form of a polymer called ______________.

glycogen

Glycogenesis produces ______________.

gaseous

Heat of vaporization is the heat required for the release of molecules from a liquid phase into a _____________ phase.

12

How many elements exist in our body at levels higher then trace amounts?

4

How many hydrogen bonds can be made between two water molecules?

solid

Ice is water in its ___________ phase.

coenzyme

If a cofactor is an organic molecule it is also sometimes called a(n) ______________.

saturated

If further increases in substrate concentration do not result in further increases in reaction rate, then an enzyme is likely ______________.

multienzyme complex

If multiple enzymes in a metabolic pathway are physically attached to each other, they form a ______________ ______________.

regional anatomy

If one is studying the axillary (armpit) area of the body and its nerves, blood vessels, lymph nodes, musculature, connective tissue and skin, ______________ _____________ is the type of anatomy that is being studied.

denature

If the optimal temperature for an enzyme is significantly exceeded, the enzyme may ___________.

opposite

In a negative feedback process, the resulting action will always be in the _____________ direction of the stimulus.

NAD

In addition to glucose, glycolysis requires _________ to continue.

glycolysis

In the absence of oxygen, all the ATP produced from glucose comes from _____________.

polar

Is water a polar or nonpolar molecule?

visible

Light that can be detected by the retina is referred to as ____________ light.

glycolipids

Lipid molecules with carbohydrates attached are called ______________.

kinetic

Mechanical energy, sound energy, radiant energy, heat and electrical energy are all ____________ energy forms.

carbohydrate

Monosaccharides are a type of _________________.

one

Most enzymes are capable of catalyzing (one or two) type(s) of reaction(s)?

carbon

Organic molecules are defined of molecules that contain _____________ and hydrogen atoms.

eicosanoids

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are examples of lipids called _________________.

electrons

Protons and _____________ are subatomic particles that are present in the same numbers amongst isotopes of the same element.

nucleus

Protons are found in the atomic ___________.

single

RNA is _____________-stranded.

pathologists

Scientists who examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances, as well as how their function may change with disease are called _______________.

effectors

Smooth muscle of the bronchioles and insulin secreting cells of the pancreas can both serve of _____________.

calories

Specific heat is measured in ______________.

hydrophilic

Substances that dissolve in water are called ______________.

active site

The __________ __________ is the location on an enzyme where the substrate binds.

second

The ___________ law of thermodynamics states that a quantity of energy can't be completely transferred from one form into another.

biological

The _____________ half-life is the time it takes for half of the radioactive material to be eliminated from the body.

adhesion

The attraction between water molecules and substances other than water is ________________.

cohesion

The attraction between water molecules is __________________.

neutrons

The average atomic mass listed on the periodic table indicates the mass of the protons and ___________.

energy

The capacity to do work is known as ______________.

heat

The energy associated with random motion of ions and not available to do work is _____________ kinetic energy.

glucose oxidation

The following are the four basic stages of ____________ ______________ in order from first to last: 1.) Glycolysis 2.) Intermediate stage 3.) Citric acid cycle 4.) Electron transport system

hydrophobic

The following statements apply to hydrophilic or hydrophobic molecules? -They are water-fearing -They do not dissolve in water

NADH

The hydrogen atoms needed to convert pyruvate to lactic acid come from _________.

2

The innermost electron shell may hold up to ________ electrons.

protons

The number of _____________ is the atomic number.

electrons

The octet rule refers to the number of ____________ in an atom.

6-8

The optimal pH range for most human enzymes is _________-__________.

enzyme

The presence of an ____________ lowers the activation energy required to start the reaction.

electrical

The propagation of an impulse in a neuron is an example of _______________ energy.

phosphorylation

The regulation of an enzyme by addition of a phosphate is referred to as ________________.

60

The smallest enzymes are around _______ amino acids long.

thermodynamics

The study of energy transformations is called _________________.

metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body is called ______________.

chemical

The type of potential energy that is stored in a molecule's chemical bonds is called ______________ energy.

sound

The vibrating string on a violin imparts ______________ kinetic energy to the air around it.

solvent

Water is called the universal ____________.

surface tension

Water molecules pull inward on each other creating ______________ _______________.

2

What is the net number of ATP molecules that can be produced from the oxidation of a glucose molecule under anaerobic conditions?

responsiveness

When an organism senses and reacts to changes in their internal or external environments, this is an example of _____________.

cations

When salts dissociate they create anions and __________.

d

Which is NOT a form of radiant energy? a.) visible light b.) radio waves c.) ultraviolet light d.) ocean waves

a

Which of the following are not a part of the control center? a.) muscle b.) thyroid gland c.) spinal cord d.) brain e.) endocrine organs

b

Which of the following is FALSE about an enzyme: a.) It is a catalyst b.) It decreases reaction rates c.) It increases reaction rate d.) It decreases activation energy

a

Which of the following is NOT a major factor affecting enzyme activity? a.) Pigment b.) pH c.) Substrate concentration d.) Temperature

b

Which of the following is NOT true about chemical energy? a.) Chemical energy is used to establish concentration gradients. b.) Only chemical bonds of certain specific molecules have chemical energy. c.) Chemical energy is used for synthesis of molecules. d.) Chemical energy is a form of potential energy.

c

Which of the following is the function of keratin? a.) It maintains osmotic concentration of blood b.) It cleaves polysaccharides c.) It forms hair and nails d.) It stimulates uterine contractions

b

Which of the following makes the most efficient use of the energy in glucose? a.) Fermentation of pyruvate b.) Aerobic respiration

liquid

Which phase of water is most commonly found in the human body?

pathologic anatomy

____________ _____________ is best described as investigating the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury of that organ system.

gross

____________ anatomy is also called macroscopic anatomy.

lipids

____________ are the only category of bio-molecules that are not polymers.

atoms

____________ are the smallest units of matter having the chemical properties of the element.

sound

____________ energy is a form of kinetic energy that is imparted by the tympanic membrane.

kinetic

____________ energy is the energy of motion.

radiographic anatomy

_____________ _______________ investigates the relationship among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures.

comparative anatomy

_____________ _______________ may explore how the lower limb differs between humans and chimps.

receptors

_____________ are the homeostatic components that typically consist of sensory neurons that detect changes in temperature, chemicals or muscle stretch.

potential

_____________ energy is the energy of position or stored energy.

anatomists

_____________ examine the relationships among parts of the body as well as the structure of individual organs.

physiology

______________ focuses on the molecular or cellular level to gain an understanding of how organ systems work.

temperature

______________ is used to measure the heat energy of a substance.

cytology

______________: the study of body cells and their internal structures.

polypeptides

_______________ are composed of between 21 and 199 amino acids.

amphipathic

________________ molecules are molecules that have both polar and nonpolar regions. (AKA- amphoteric)