Anatomy & Physiology I (Chapters 1,2,3) Exam 1
noncompetitive
A ______________ inhibitor binds to a site apart from the active site to prevent an enzyme from catalyzing a reaction.
competitive
A _______________ inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme to stop the enzyme from catalyzing a reaction.
mechanical
A ball rolling across a table exhibits _______________ kinetic energy.
cofactor
A molecule that assists an enzyme in preforming its function is known as a(n) ____________.
metabolic
A progressive change in substrate molecules catalyzed by a series of enzymes is referred to as a(n) _____________ pathway.
first
A students proposed that a chemical reaction would create more energy than the original reactants possessed. This would violate the __________ law of thermodynamics.
adenine
ATP contains the nitrogenous base _____________.
triglycerides
ATP, glycogen, and _____________ are primarily functions for energy storage in the human body.
peptide
Amino acids are linked covalently by ____________ bonds.
development
An increase in body size is growth and an increased specialization as related to form and function is _______________.
structure, form
Anatomy is the study of ____________ and __________.
neutrons
Atoms are composed of protons, ____________, and electrons.
-3
Atoms in group VA of the periodic table form ions with a _______ charge.
ionic
Cations and anions may bond together by electrostatic interactions called ___________ bonds.
double
DNA is ____________-stranded.
negative
Electrons have a ___________ charge.
1
Elements in the furthest left column of the periodic table have _____ electron(s) in their valence shell.
inhibitors
Enzyme _____________ bind to an enzyme to turn it off, thus preventing it from catalyzing a reaction.
nonelectrolyte
Glucose is an example of an electrolyte or a nonelectrolyte?
glycogen
Glucose is stored in the liver and muscles in the form of a polymer called ______________.
glycogen
Glycogenesis produces ______________.
gaseous
Heat of vaporization is the heat required for the release of molecules from a liquid phase into a _____________ phase.
12
How many elements exist in our body at levels higher then trace amounts?
4
How many hydrogen bonds can be made between two water molecules?
solid
Ice is water in its ___________ phase.
coenzyme
If a cofactor is an organic molecule it is also sometimes called a(n) ______________.
saturated
If further increases in substrate concentration do not result in further increases in reaction rate, then an enzyme is likely ______________.
multienzyme complex
If multiple enzymes in a metabolic pathway are physically attached to each other, they form a ______________ ______________.
regional anatomy
If one is studying the axillary (armpit) area of the body and its nerves, blood vessels, lymph nodes, musculature, connective tissue and skin, ______________ _____________ is the type of anatomy that is being studied.
denature
If the optimal temperature for an enzyme is significantly exceeded, the enzyme may ___________.
opposite
In a negative feedback process, the resulting action will always be in the _____________ direction of the stimulus.
NAD
In addition to glucose, glycolysis requires _________ to continue.
glycolysis
In the absence of oxygen, all the ATP produced from glucose comes from _____________.
polar
Is water a polar or nonpolar molecule?
visible
Light that can be detected by the retina is referred to as ____________ light.
glycolipids
Lipid molecules with carbohydrates attached are called ______________.
kinetic
Mechanical energy, sound energy, radiant energy, heat and electrical energy are all ____________ energy forms.
carbohydrate
Monosaccharides are a type of _________________.
one
Most enzymes are capable of catalyzing (one or two) type(s) of reaction(s)?
carbon
Organic molecules are defined of molecules that contain _____________ and hydrogen atoms.
eicosanoids
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are examples of lipids called _________________.
electrons
Protons and _____________ are subatomic particles that are present in the same numbers amongst isotopes of the same element.
nucleus
Protons are found in the atomic ___________.
single
RNA is _____________-stranded.
pathologists
Scientists who examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances, as well as how their function may change with disease are called _______________.
effectors
Smooth muscle of the bronchioles and insulin secreting cells of the pancreas can both serve of _____________.
calories
Specific heat is measured in ______________.
hydrophilic
Substances that dissolve in water are called ______________.
active site
The __________ __________ is the location on an enzyme where the substrate binds.
second
The ___________ law of thermodynamics states that a quantity of energy can't be completely transferred from one form into another.
biological
The _____________ half-life is the time it takes for half of the radioactive material to be eliminated from the body.
adhesion
The attraction between water molecules and substances other than water is ________________.
cohesion
The attraction between water molecules is __________________.
neutrons
The average atomic mass listed on the periodic table indicates the mass of the protons and ___________.
energy
The capacity to do work is known as ______________.
heat
The energy associated with random motion of ions and not available to do work is _____________ kinetic energy.
glucose oxidation
The following are the four basic stages of ____________ ______________ in order from first to last: 1.) Glycolysis 2.) Intermediate stage 3.) Citric acid cycle 4.) Electron transport system
hydrophobic
The following statements apply to hydrophilic or hydrophobic molecules? -They are water-fearing -They do not dissolve in water
NADH
The hydrogen atoms needed to convert pyruvate to lactic acid come from _________.
2
The innermost electron shell may hold up to ________ electrons.
protons
The number of _____________ is the atomic number.
electrons
The octet rule refers to the number of ____________ in an atom.
6-8
The optimal pH range for most human enzymes is _________-__________.
enzyme
The presence of an ____________ lowers the activation energy required to start the reaction.
electrical
The propagation of an impulse in a neuron is an example of _______________ energy.
phosphorylation
The regulation of an enzyme by addition of a phosphate is referred to as ________________.
60
The smallest enzymes are around _______ amino acids long.
thermodynamics
The study of energy transformations is called _________________.
metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body is called ______________.
chemical
The type of potential energy that is stored in a molecule's chemical bonds is called ______________ energy.
sound
The vibrating string on a violin imparts ______________ kinetic energy to the air around it.
solvent
Water is called the universal ____________.
surface tension
Water molecules pull inward on each other creating ______________ _______________.
2
What is the net number of ATP molecules that can be produced from the oxidation of a glucose molecule under anaerobic conditions?
responsiveness
When an organism senses and reacts to changes in their internal or external environments, this is an example of _____________.
cations
When salts dissociate they create anions and __________.
d
Which is NOT a form of radiant energy? a.) visible light b.) radio waves c.) ultraviolet light d.) ocean waves
a
Which of the following are not a part of the control center? a.) muscle b.) thyroid gland c.) spinal cord d.) brain e.) endocrine organs
b
Which of the following is FALSE about an enzyme: a.) It is a catalyst b.) It decreases reaction rates c.) It increases reaction rate d.) It decreases activation energy
a
Which of the following is NOT a major factor affecting enzyme activity? a.) Pigment b.) pH c.) Substrate concentration d.) Temperature
b
Which of the following is NOT true about chemical energy? a.) Chemical energy is used to establish concentration gradients. b.) Only chemical bonds of certain specific molecules have chemical energy. c.) Chemical energy is used for synthesis of molecules. d.) Chemical energy is a form of potential energy.
c
Which of the following is the function of keratin? a.) It maintains osmotic concentration of blood b.) It cleaves polysaccharides c.) It forms hair and nails d.) It stimulates uterine contractions
b
Which of the following makes the most efficient use of the energy in glucose? a.) Fermentation of pyruvate b.) Aerobic respiration
liquid
Which phase of water is most commonly found in the human body?
pathologic anatomy
____________ _____________ is best described as investigating the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury of that organ system.
gross
____________ anatomy is also called macroscopic anatomy.
lipids
____________ are the only category of bio-molecules that are not polymers.
atoms
____________ are the smallest units of matter having the chemical properties of the element.
sound
____________ energy is a form of kinetic energy that is imparted by the tympanic membrane.
kinetic
____________ energy is the energy of motion.
radiographic anatomy
_____________ _______________ investigates the relationship among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures.
comparative anatomy
_____________ _______________ may explore how the lower limb differs between humans and chimps.
receptors
_____________ are the homeostatic components that typically consist of sensory neurons that detect changes in temperature, chemicals or muscle stretch.
potential
_____________ energy is the energy of position or stored energy.
anatomists
_____________ examine the relationships among parts of the body as well as the structure of individual organs.
physiology
______________ focuses on the molecular or cellular level to gain an understanding of how organ systems work.
temperature
______________ is used to measure the heat energy of a substance.
cytology
______________: the study of body cells and their internal structures.
polypeptides
_______________ are composed of between 21 and 199 amino acids.
amphipathic
________________ molecules are molecules that have both polar and nonpolar regions. (AKA- amphoteric)