Anatomy & Physiology I: Review and book questions week 2
Connective tissue is made of which three essential components? A. Cells, Ground Substance, and Carbohydrates B. Cells, Ground Substance, and Protein Fibers C. Collagen, Ground Substance, and Protein Fibers D. Matrix, Ground Substance, and Fluid
Cells, Ground Substance and protein fibers
Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue? A. Columnar B. Stratified C. Squamous D. Transitional
Columnar
The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called (blank) a. differentiation b. maturation c. modification d. specialization
Differentiation
fluid connective tissue
blood and lymph
Osteoblasts
bone forming cells
supportive connective tissue
cartilage and bone
Fibrocartilage
cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord.
thoracic cavity
contains heart and lungs
dense connective tissue
dense regular, dense irregular, elastic
compact bone
dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum
coronal plane
divides body into front and back
Cranial
toward the head
Caudial
toward the tail end
regulation of body temperature
-thermal receptors send message to brain -response by skin blood vessels and sweat glands regulates temperature
Name the 3 cells that make up bones...
1. Osteocytes 2. Osteoclasts 3. Osteoblasts
What are the two types of Osseous Tissue
1. outer dense solid matrix (Compact) 2. spongy inner section with spaces between trabecular (Canelleous)
Cartilage
A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.
skeletal muscle
A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones. Voluntary
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Which connective tissue stores fat cells? A. Tendon B. Adipose Tissue C. Reticular Tissue D. Dense Connective Tissue
Adipose tissue
Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood brain barrier? A. Microglia B. Neuroglia C. Oligodendrocytes D. Astrocytes
Astrocytes
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ___________, away from the cell body. A. Dendrite B. Axon C. Microglia D. Collagen Fiber
Axon
Universal anatomical position
Body stading upright feet at shoulder width and parallel toes foward upper libs at each side palms of the hand are facing forward
abdominal cavity
Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs
pelvic cavity
Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain? A. Areolar Tissue B. Adipose Tissue C. Dense Regular Connective Tissue D. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Dense regular connective tissue
Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation? A.Redness B. Heat C. Fever D. Swelling
Fever
psuedostratified columnar epithelium
Function: Secretes substances, particularly mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action Location: Male's sperm carrying duct; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract.
simple columnar epithelium
Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliated action. Location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.
simple squamous epithelium
Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae. Location: Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity(serosae)
dense irregular connective
Function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides stuctural strength. Location: Fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract.
elastic connective tissue
Function: allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration Location: walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with vertebral column, within the walls of the bronchial tubes
dense regular connective tissue
Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction Location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
stratified cuboidal epithelium
Function: protection Location: Largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.
stratified columnar epithelium
Function: protection and secretion Location: rare in the body; small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands
stratified squamous epithelium
Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion Location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized type forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.
simple cuboidal epithelium
Function: secretion and absorption Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface.
Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of thee lifestyle aspects except for ___________. A. Diet B. Exercise C. Genetic factors D. Stress
Genetic factors
When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release? A. Collagen B. Histamine C. Hyaluronic Acid D. Myelin
Histamine
The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms. A. holocrine; apocrine B. eccrine; endocrine C. apocrine; holocrine D. eccrine; apocrine
Holocrine; aprocrine
Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in the spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably.... A. Loose Connective TissueB. A TendonC. BoneD. Hyaline Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
smooth muscle tissue
Involuntary muscle is found in the intestines where it pushes food along the digestive tract. Also found in arteries and veins.
Atrophy refers to ___________. A. Loss of elasticity B. Loss of mass C. Loss of rigidity D. Loss of permeability
Loss of mass
In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________. a. mesoderm b. mesenchyme c. ectoderm d. endoderm
Mesenchyme
Skeletal Muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell? A. Nuclei B. Striations C. Golgi Bodies D. Mitochondria
Mitochondria
Which of the folllowing lines the body cavities exposed to the external environemnt? a. mesothelium b. lamina propria c. mesenteries d. mucosa
Mucosa
The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are __________. A. Neurons B. Oligodendrocytes C. Astrocytes D. Microglia
Neurons
In bone, the main cells are ________. a. fibroblasts b. chondrocytes c. lymphocytes d. osteocytes
Osteocytes
Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels? A. ColumnarB. Pseudostratified C. Simple squamous D. Transitional
Simple squamous
Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________. A. Skeletal muscle only B. Cardiac Muscle only C. Smooth muscle only D. Skeletal and cardiac muscles
Skeletal Muscle only
Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface and is found in airways and lining of the oviduct? A. Transitional B. Stratified Columnar C. Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar D. Stratified Squamous
Stratified columnar
epithelial tissue
Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.
adipose tissue
Tissue that stores fat.
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
superior mediastinum
Upper compartment of the thoracic cavity
sagital plane (median plane)
Vertically divides the body into right and left sides
Osteoclasts are
cells that break down bone matrix, bone destroying cells
ventral body cavity
contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen
cranial cavity
contains the brain
dorsal body cavity
contains the cranial cavity and spinal column
pericardial cavity
contains the heart
pleural cavity
contains the lungs
Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from (blank) a. endothelium, mesothelium, and epithelium b. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm c. connective tissue, epithelial tissue, and muscle tissue d. epidermis, mesoderm, and endothelium
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Which of the following is not a type of tissue: a. muscle b. nervous c. embryonic d. epithelial
embryonic
elastic cartilage
external ear, epiglottis
transitional epithelium
function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra
transverse plane
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
Three types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Endoderm
innermost germ layer; develops into the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system
areolar tissue
loose connective tissue
connective tissue proper
loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue
prone position
lying on abdomen, facing downward
supine position
lying on back, facing upward
Osteocytes
mature bone cells
visceral serous membrane
membrane covering the organ
peritoneum
membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
Mesoderm
middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems
hyaline
most common type of cartilage
The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________. a. myoblasts b. endoderm c. fibrocytes d. chondrocytes
mytoblasts
parietal serous membrane
outer balloon wall
Differentiation
process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
sereous membrane
protects and covers outside of the organs
Reticular
short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers
types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
serous cavity
space between membranes
body cavities
spaces within the body that contain vital organs
verterbal cavity
spinal cavity; houses the spinal cord
cancellous bone
spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone
cardiac muscle tissue
striated and involuntary
Ectoderm
the outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue