Anatomy & Physiology I: Review and book questions week 2

Connective tissue is made of which three essential components? A. Cells, Ground Substance, and Carbohydrates B. Cells, Ground Substance, and Protein Fibers C. Collagen, Ground Substance, and Protein Fibers D. Matrix, Ground Substance, and Fluid

Cells, Ground Substance and protein fibers

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue? A. Columnar B. Stratified C. Squamous D. Transitional

Columnar

The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called (blank) a. differentiation b. maturation c. modification d. specialization

Differentiation

fluid connective tissue

blood and lymph

Osteoblasts

bone forming cells

supportive connective tissue

cartilage and bone

Fibrocartilage

cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord.

thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs

dense connective tissue

dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

compact bone

dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum

coronal plane

divides body into front and back

Cranial

toward the head

Caudial

toward the tail end

regulation of body temperature

-thermal receptors send message to brain -response by skin blood vessels and sweat glands regulates temperature

Name the 3 cells that make up bones...

1. Osteocytes 2. Osteoclasts 3. Osteoblasts

What are the two types of Osseous Tissue

1. outer dense solid matrix (Compact) 2. spongy inner section with spaces between trabecular (Canelleous)

Cartilage

A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones. Voluntary

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Which connective tissue stores fat cells? A. Tendon B. Adipose Tissue C. Reticular Tissue D. Dense Connective Tissue

Adipose tissue

Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood brain barrier? A. Microglia B. Neuroglia C. Oligodendrocytes D. Astrocytes

Astrocytes

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ___________, away from the cell body. A. Dendrite B. Axon C. Microglia D. Collagen Fiber

Axon

Universal anatomical position

Body stading upright feet at shoulder width and parallel toes foward upper libs at each side palms of the hand are facing forward

abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain? A. Areolar Tissue B. Adipose Tissue C. Dense Regular Connective Tissue D. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Dense regular connective tissue

Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation? A.Redness B. Heat C. Fever D. Swelling

Fever

psuedostratified columnar epithelium

Function: Secretes substances, particularly mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action Location: Male's sperm carrying duct; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract.

simple columnar epithelium

Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliated action. Location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.

simple squamous epithelium

Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae. Location: Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity(serosae)

dense irregular connective

Function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides stuctural strength. Location: Fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract.

elastic connective tissue

Function: allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration Location: walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with vertebral column, within the walls of the bronchial tubes

dense regular connective tissue

Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction Location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Function: protection Location: Largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.

stratified columnar epithelium

Function: protection and secretion Location: rare in the body; small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands

stratified squamous epithelium

Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion Location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized type forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.

simple cuboidal epithelium

Function: secretion and absorption Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface.

Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of thee lifestyle aspects except for ___________. A. Diet B. Exercise C. Genetic factors D. Stress

Genetic factors

When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release? A. Collagen B. Histamine C. Hyaluronic Acid D. Myelin

Histamine

The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms. A. holocrine; apocrine B. eccrine; endocrine C. apocrine; holocrine D. eccrine; apocrine

Holocrine; aprocrine

Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in the spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably.... A. Loose Connective TissueB. A TendonC. BoneD. Hyaline Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage

smooth muscle tissue

Involuntary muscle is found in the intestines where it pushes food along the digestive tract. Also found in arteries and veins.

Atrophy refers to ___________. A. Loss of elasticity B. Loss of mass C. Loss of rigidity D. Loss of permeability

Loss of mass

In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________. a. mesoderm b. mesenchyme c. ectoderm d. endoderm

Mesenchyme

Skeletal Muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell? A. Nuclei B. Striations C. Golgi Bodies D. Mitochondria

Mitochondria

Which of the folllowing lines the body cavities exposed to the external environemnt? a. mesothelium b. lamina propria c. mesenteries d. mucosa

Mucosa

The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are __________. A. Neurons B. Oligodendrocytes C. Astrocytes D. Microglia

Neurons

In bone, the main cells are ________. a. fibroblasts b. chondrocytes c. lymphocytes d. osteocytes

Osteocytes

Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels? A. ColumnarB. Pseudostratified C. Simple squamous D. Transitional

Simple squamous

Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________. A. Skeletal muscle only B. Cardiac Muscle only C. Smooth muscle only D. Skeletal and cardiac muscles

Skeletal Muscle only

Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface and is found in airways and lining of the oviduct? A. Transitional B. Stratified Columnar C. Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar D. Stratified Squamous

Stratified columnar

epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.

adipose tissue

Tissue that stores fat.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

superior mediastinum

Upper compartment of the thoracic cavity

sagital plane (median plane)

Vertically divides the body into right and left sides

Osteoclasts are

cells that break down bone matrix, bone destroying cells

ventral body cavity

contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen

cranial cavity

contains the brain

dorsal body cavity

contains the cranial cavity and spinal column

pericardial cavity

contains the heart

pleural cavity

contains the lungs

Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from (blank) a. endothelium, mesothelium, and epithelium b. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm c. connective tissue, epithelial tissue, and muscle tissue d. epidermis, mesoderm, and endothelium

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Which of the following is not a type of tissue: a. muscle b. nervous c. embryonic d. epithelial

embryonic

elastic cartilage

external ear, epiglottis

transitional epithelium

function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

Three types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Endoderm

innermost germ layer; develops into the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system

areolar tissue

loose connective tissue

connective tissue proper

loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

prone position

lying on abdomen, facing downward

supine position

lying on back, facing upward

Osteocytes

mature bone cells

visceral serous membrane

membrane covering the organ

peritoneum

membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

Mesoderm

middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

hyaline

most common type of cartilage

The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________. a. myoblasts b. endoderm c. fibrocytes d. chondrocytes

mytoblasts

parietal serous membrane

outer balloon wall

Differentiation

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

sereous membrane

protects and covers outside of the organs

Reticular

short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers

types of muscle tissue

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

serous cavity

space between membranes

body cavities

spaces within the body that contain vital organs

verterbal cavity

spinal cavity; houses the spinal cord

cancellous bone

spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone

cardiac muscle tissue

striated and involuntary

Ectoderm

the outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue