Anatomy & Physiology Lab Nervous System Review
In Figure 12.8, identify number 2.
axon of hillock
occurs when multiple neurons synapse onto a few neurons
A convergent circuit _________________.
multipolar neuron
A neuron with many short dendrites and a single long axon is a _______________.
producing an IPSP within the neuron hyperpolarizing the neuron increasing K+ efflux from the neuron increasing Cl- influx into the neuron
An inhibitory neuron could affect the neuron with which it synapses by _______________
1)producing an IPSP within the neuron 2)hyperpolarizing the neuron 3)increasing K+ efflux from the neuron 4)Cl- influx into the neuron
An inhibitory neuron could affect the neuron with which it synapses by ___________________.
palpebra
Another name for the eyelid is the ______________.
vagus nerve (X)
Approximately 75% of all parasympathetic axons are located in the _______________.
In Figure 13.4, identify number 4.
Arachnoid granulation
CN III, IV, VI: Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens
Damage to which cranial nerve(s) might produce the inability to move the eyes in any direction?
CN XII: Hypoglossal Nerve
Damage to which cranial nerve(s) might produce the inability to move the tongue?
CN XI
Damage to which cranial nerve(s) might produce the inability to shrug the shoulders?
In Figure 12.8, identify number 1.
Dendrites
lens to be at its thinnest light rays to be nearly parallel
Focusing for far vision requires the _______________
In Figure 13.1, identify number 1.
Frontal lobe
In Figure 13.2, identify number 5.
Frontal lobe
chloride flux into the cell potassium flux out of the cell
Hyperpolarization results from _________________.
Hypothalamus Amygdala
Identify the brain region(s) in which the olfactory tract fibers project.
Mesencephalon, third ventricle
Identify the incorrect association of a given region of the brain and the ventricle.
In Figure 13.2, identify number 4.
Mammillary bodies
tarsal glands
Modified sebaceous glands are embedded in the tarsal plate's ____________.
transmit impulses to the brain and spinal cord
Sensory neurons ______________.
fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate papillae.
Taste buds are located on the
In Figure 12.8, identify number 4.
Telodendria
In Figure 13.1, identify number 11.
Temporal lobe
In Figure 13.2, identify number 6.
Temporal lobe
canthus
The angular point where the eyelids meet is known as the ____________.
optic disc
The area of the retina that lacks photoreceptors is known as the ________.
Skeletal muscles
The autonomic subdivision of the vertebrate nervous system innervates all but which of the following? Liver,Pancreas,Heart,Intestinal muscles
hippocampus (memory)
The basal nuclei include the _____________.
ciliary glands
The connective tissue sheet that supports the eyelid internally is known as the ___________.
False
The cortical area involved in audition is found in the occipital lobe.
vestibule semicircular canals
The ear structures NOT involved with hearing are known as the _________.
False
The right cerebral hemisphere receives sensory output from the right side of the body.
retinal rhodopsin
Vitamin A deficiency leads to depletion of _______________.
Channel and carrier proteins
What do myelin sheath membranes lack that makes them good insulators?
It speeds up the conduction of neuronal action potentials along an axon.
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
Olfaction (smell)
What is the main function of CN I?
Vision
What is the main function of CN II?
Motor to four-sixths extraocular muscles, dilates the pupil, opens the eye, changes the shape of the lens
What is the main function of CN III?
CN III
Which Roman numeral equivalent is associated with the oculomotor nerve?
CN V
Which Roman numeral equivalent is associated with the trigeminal nerve?
CN X
Which Roman numeral equivalent is associated with the vagus nerve?
CN VIII
Which Roman numeral equivalent is associated with the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Medulla oblongata
Which area of the brain contains the autonomic centers that regulate blood pressure and respiratory rhythm, such as coughing and sneezing centers?
Thalamus
Which area of the brain is known as the relay station for afferent fibers traveling to the sensory cortex for interpretation of the impulse signal?
Cerebellum
Which area of the brain is responsible for the regulation of posture and coordination of skeletal muscle movements?
Major control by the hypothalamus and spinal reflexes
Which best describes ANS control?
Granule cells
Which cells in the olfactory bulbs inhibit the mitral cells?
Houses the pneumotaxic area
Which function of the hypothalamus is FALSE?
Cochlear duct, cupula Ampulla, otoliths
Which of the following is paired incorrectly?
Rhodopsin accumulates Retinal sensitivity increases Visual acuity decreases
Which of the following regulatory reactions pertain to dark adaptations?
Spaces between segments of the myelin sheath
Which of the following statements accurately defines Node of Ranvier?
Process of the neuron that carries a nerve impulse away from the cell body toward the target cell
Which of the following statements accurately defines axon?
The biosynthetic center of the neuron
Which of the following statements accurately defines cell body?
Thin, mucous membrane covering the anterior eyeball and internal surface of the eyelids
Which of the following statements accurately defines conjunctiva?
Junction between neurons and target cells
Which of the following statements accurately defines synapse?
It is a thin layer of reticular fibers covering individual nerve fibers.
Which of the following statements is TRUE of the perineurium?
middle meninx
Which of the following statements most closely defines arachnoid mater?
Outermost and thickest meninx
Which of the following statements most closely defines dura mater?
Most superior part of the brainstem
Which of the following statements most closely defines midbrain?
Middle part of the brainstem that bulges anteriorly
Which of the following statements most closely defines pons?
Secretion of sweat
Which of these functions is NOT affected by parasympathetic stimulation?
Voltage-gated sodium channels Membrane potential
Which of these mechanisms is involved with a positive feedback cycle?
Ciliary muscle
Which part of the eye secures the lens to the ciliary body?
axon
Which part of the neuron is capable of generating an action potential?
Anchor neurons and blood vessels, maintain extracellular environment around neurons, assist in the formation of the blood-brain barrier
Which statement below most accurately describes the function of astrocytes?
Ciliated cells in the CNS that form and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
Which statement below most accurately describes the function of ependymal cells?
Phagocytic cells of the CNS
Which statement below most accurately describes the function of microglial cells?
Form the myelin sheath in the CNS
Which statement below most accurately describes the function of oligodendrocytes?
Surround the cell bodies of neurons in the PNS
Which statement below most accurately describes the function of satellite cells?
fingertip
You would expect the error of localization and the two-point discrimination threshold to be lowest on the
requires contractions of the medial rectus muscles of both eyes is needed for near vision involves transmission of impulses along the abducens nerves
Convergence ______________.
trigeminal
Cranial nerves with their nuclei in the pons include the ______________ nerve.
Which statement below most accurately describes the function of Schwann cells?
Create the myelin sheath in the PNS
In Figure 12.8, identify number 3.
axon
In Figure 12.8, identify number 5.
axon terminals
In Figure 12.8, identify number 6.
cell body
In Figure 13.1, identify number 3.
central-sulcus
In Figure 13.2, identify number 9
cerebellum
limbic system
he pathway for the sense of smell travels through the _______ system.
False
he primary motor area in the temporal lobe is involved in the initiation of voluntary movements.
CN IX, X
Damage to which cranial nerve(s) might produce the inability to swallow?
Sciatic n. and branches
Damage to which spinal nerve(s) might produce the inability to extend the hip and flex the knee with the posterior thigh muscles?
Musculocutaneous n.
Damage to which spinal nerve(s) might produce the inability to flex the forearm (with the biceps brachii muscle)?
Rapid heart rate
Identify the term that does NOT belong in the group. Urinary tract Digestive tract Rapid heart rate Parasympathetic tone
Slowing heart rate
Identify the term that does NOT belong in the group. Norepinephrine Cardiac muscle Beta receptor Slowing heart rate
Pressure receptors found in the toe's musculature
If the following receptors were stimulated simultaneously, which signal would reach the brain first?
voltage-gated sodium channels
Impulse propagation is associated with __________________.
In Figure 12.9, identify number 3.
Internode
In Figure 12.9, identify number 4.
Neurilemma
local potential
Neurotransmitters that bind the postsynaptic membrane generally generate a/an
In Figure 12.9, identify number 2.
Node of Ranvier
In Figure 13.1, identify number 7.
Occipital lobe
In Figure 13.2, identify number 1.
Olfactory bulb
In Figure 12.9, identify number 5.
Oligodendrocyte
contraction of a muscle when it is stretched
One example of a simple reflex involves the _________________.
In Figure 13.2, identify number 2.
Optic chiasma
In Figure 13.4, identify number 7.
Periosteum
In Figure 13.2, identify number 3.
Pituitary gland
In Figure 13.1, identify number 10.
Pons
In Figure 13.2, identify number 7.
Pons
In Figure 13.1, identify number 4.
Postcentral gyrus
In Figure 13.1, identify number 2.
Precentral gyrus
In Figure 13.2, identify number 8.
Pyramids of medulla oblongata
In Figure 12.9, identify number 1.
Schwann
In Figure 13.4, identify number 6.
Skin of scalp
sympathetic nervous system may influence lymph node activity
Some of the nerves that innervate the lymph nodes have been discovered to be adrenergic; this suggests that the __________
mediates many reflexes that regulate the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
The parasympathetic division ________________________.
cranial and sacral nerves
The parasympathetic nervous system includes the ________________.
False
The primary somatosensory area of the cerebral hemisphere(s) is found in the precentral gyrus.
False
To experience vasodilation in the patient with a severe case of Raynaud's disease, a parasympathectomy could be a suggested therapeutic intervention.
Rhodopsin consists of opsin and retinal. The concentration of rhodopsin increases in the rods during dark adaptation. A solution of rhodopsin looks reddish-purple but becomes colorless after illumination.
Which of the following statements apply to rhodopsin?
Bundles of axons that travel together in a common connective tissue sheath
Which of the following statements accurately defines peripheral nerve?
causes the pupils to dilate
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system __________________.
neural crest cells nerve growth factor sympathetic preganglionic axons
Adrenal medulla development involves ____________________.
the opening of chemically gated channels for K+ hyperpolarization decremental conduction
An IPSP is associated with _____________.
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
Are decreased urinary and digestive functions an effect of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) or the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)?
gray, cerebral cortex
Cerebral gyri and cerebral sulci form the convolutions of the ______ matter within the ___________.
Parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)
Is changing the shape of the lens for near vision an effect of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) or the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)?
Parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)
Is storage of fats and glucose an effect of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) or the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)?
In Figure 13.1, identify number 9.
Medulla oblongata
unipolar and bipolar
Most sensory neurons are ____________ neurons.
In Figure 12.9, identify number 6.
Myelin
multipolar neurons
Myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system are formed by _______,
In Figure 13.4, identify number 2.
Subarachnoid space
In Figure 13.4, identify number 1.
Subdural space
1)is caused by combining of several local potentials 2)can occur when two action potentials arrive simultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals 3)can occur when two action potentials arrive in very close succession at single presynaptic terminals
Summation in the brain __________________.
In Figure 13.4, identify number 3.
Superior sagittal sinus
white ramus communicans
Sympathetic preganglionic axons enter the chain ganglia through the ___________.
pupillary dilatation
Sympathetic stimulation of the iris causes _______________.
In Figure 12.8, identify number 7.
Synaptic cleft
In Figure 12.8, identify number 8.
Synaptic vesicles
aqueous fluid
The fluid that fills the anterior segment of the eye and provides nutrients to the lens and cornea is known as the __________.
taste receptors
The gustatory and olfactory senses rely on the ________ for a signal to taste
rate and depth of breathing
Three nuclei within the medulla oblongata function as vital centers for controlling heart rate, blood pressure, and _____________.
olfactory epithelium.
The receptors for smell are located in the
conjunctival sac
The recess at the junction of palpebral and ocular conjunctivae is known as the ______________.
peripheral and dim light vision; high-acuity color vision
The rods are responsible for __________, whereas the cones are responsible for __________.
False
The specialized motor speech area is located at the base of the precentral gyrus in a location known as Wernick's area.
foramen magnum, 1st/2nd lumbar, conus medullaris, cauda equina
The spinal cord extends from the __________ of the occipital bone to the __________ vertebra. It terminates as the __________ and gives off a bundle of nerve roots called the __________.
medulla oblongata to the 2nd lumbar vertebra
The spinal cord extends from the ___________.
hearing; equilibrium
The structures of the cochlea are responsible for __________, whereas the structures of the vestibule and semicircular canals are responsible for __________.
thoracic and lumbar nerves
The sympathetic nervous system includes the _______________
responds to changes in linear acceleration does not usually contribute to conscious awareness of its activity is helpful, but not crucial to maintaining balance
The vestibular apparatus ________________.
True
True or False? Smell and taste are considered chemosenses.
False
True or False? The Weber and Rinne tests assess balance and equilibrium.
False
True or False? The ciliary muscle controls the diameter of the iris.
True
True or False? The six extraocular muscles move the eyeball.
Motor to one-sixth extraocular muscles (superior oblique muscle)
What is the main function of CN IV?
Motor to the muscles of swallowing; taste to the posterior one-third of the tongue
What is the main function of CN IX?
Sensory to the face, motor to the muscles of mastication
What is the main function of CN V?
Motor to one-sixth extraocular muscles (lateral rectus muscle)
What is the main function of CN VI?
Motor to the muscles of facial expression, taste to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
What is the main function of CN VII?
Hearing and equilibrium
What is the main function of CN VIII?
Motor to the muscles of swallowing and speaking, motor to the thoracic and abdominal viscera
What is the main function of CN X?
Motor to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
What is the main function of CN XI?
Motor to the tongue
What is the main function of CN XII?
The influx of calcium ions into the axon terminal
What triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicles?
anterior funiculus (white matter)
When neurons in Wernick's area send impulses to neurons in Broca's area, the white matter tracts utilized are _____________
CN VI
Which Roman numeral equivalent is associated with the abducens nerve?
CN VII
Which Roman numeral equivalent is associated with the facial nerve?
CN IX
Which Roman numeral equivalent is associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve?
CN XII
Which Roman numeral equivalent is associated with the hypoglossal nerve?
Direct impulses from the motor cortex via a separate cerebellar pathway
Which factor is important in cerebellar processing?
Abundant gap junctions
Which is not a characteristic of a chemical synapse?
Anterior thigh muscles, skin on anterior and medial thigh and leg
Which main structure does the femoral nerve supply?
Anterior arm muscles, skin on lateral forearm
Which main structure does the musculocutaneous nerve supply?
Medullary pyramids
Which of the brain areas listed below is involved in normal voluntary muscle activity?
Astrocytes
Which of the following cells is responsible for myelin formation in the peripheral nervous system?
Olfaction
Which of the following is NOT associated with the frontal lobe?
Cerebellum
Which of the following is not part of the brainstem?
Branching process of the neuron that carries information toward the cell body
Which of the following statements accurately defines dendrite?
A fatty sheath found around certain axons that increases the speed of conduction of a nerve impulse
Which of the following statements accurately defines myelin sheath?