Anatomy & Physiology Lab Nervous System Review

In Figure 12.8, identify number 2.

axon of hillock

occurs when multiple neurons synapse onto a few neurons

A convergent circuit _________________.

multipolar neuron

A neuron with many short dendrites and a single long axon is a _______________.

producing an IPSP within the neuron hyperpolarizing the neuron increasing K+ efflux from the neuron increasing Cl- influx into the neuron

An inhibitory neuron could affect the neuron with which it synapses by _______________

1)producing an IPSP within the neuron 2)hyperpolarizing the neuron 3)increasing K+ efflux from the neuron 4)Cl- influx into the neuron

An inhibitory neuron could affect the neuron with which it synapses by ___________________.

palpebra

Another name for the eyelid is the ______________.

vagus nerve (X)

Approximately 75% of all parasympathetic axons are located in the _______________.

In Figure 13.4, identify number 4.

Arachnoid granulation

CN III, IV, VI: Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens

Damage to which cranial nerve(s) might produce the inability to move the eyes in any direction?

CN XII: Hypoglossal Nerve

Damage to which cranial nerve(s) might produce the inability to move the tongue?

CN XI

Damage to which cranial nerve(s) might produce the inability to shrug the shoulders?

In Figure 12.8, identify number 1.

Dendrites

lens to be at its thinnest light rays to be nearly parallel

Focusing for far vision requires the _______________

In Figure 13.1, identify number 1.

Frontal lobe

In Figure 13.2, identify number 5.

Frontal lobe

chloride flux into the cell potassium flux out of the cell

Hyperpolarization results from _________________.

Hypothalamus Amygdala

Identify the brain region(s) in which the olfactory tract fibers project.

Mesencephalon, third ventricle

Identify the incorrect association of a given region of the brain and the ventricle.

In Figure 13.2, identify number 4.

Mammillary bodies

tarsal glands

Modified sebaceous glands are embedded in the tarsal plate's ____________.

transmit impulses to the brain and spinal cord

Sensory neurons ______________.

fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate papillae.

Taste buds are located on the

In Figure 12.8, identify number 4.

Telodendria

In Figure 13.1, identify number 11.

Temporal lobe

In Figure 13.2, identify number 6.

Temporal lobe

canthus

The angular point where the eyelids meet is known as the ____________.

optic disc

The area of the retina that lacks photoreceptors is known as the ________.

Skeletal muscles

The autonomic subdivision of the vertebrate nervous system innervates all but which of the following? Liver,Pancreas,Heart,Intestinal muscles

hippocampus (memory)

The basal nuclei include the _____________.

ciliary glands

The connective tissue sheet that supports the eyelid internally is known as the ___________.

False

The cortical area involved in audition is found in the occipital lobe.

vestibule semicircular canals

The ear structures NOT involved with hearing are known as the _________.

False

The right cerebral hemisphere receives sensory output from the right side of the body.

retinal rhodopsin

Vitamin A deficiency leads to depletion of _______________.

Channel and carrier proteins

What do myelin sheath membranes lack that makes them good insulators?

It speeds up the conduction of neuronal action potentials along an axon.

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

Olfaction (smell)

What is the main function of CN I?

Vision

What is the main function of CN II?

Motor to four-sixths extraocular muscles, dilates the pupil, opens the eye, changes the shape of the lens

What is the main function of CN III?

CN III

Which Roman numeral equivalent is associated with the oculomotor nerve?

CN V

Which Roman numeral equivalent is associated with the trigeminal nerve?

CN X

Which Roman numeral equivalent is associated with the vagus nerve?

CN VIII

Which Roman numeral equivalent is associated with the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Medulla oblongata

Which area of the brain contains the autonomic centers that regulate blood pressure and respiratory rhythm, such as coughing and sneezing centers?

Thalamus

Which area of the brain is known as the relay station for afferent fibers traveling to the sensory cortex for interpretation of the impulse signal?

Cerebellum

Which area of the brain is responsible for the regulation of posture and coordination of skeletal muscle movements?

Major control by the hypothalamus and spinal reflexes

Which best describes ANS control?

Granule cells

Which cells in the olfactory bulbs inhibit the mitral cells?

Houses the pneumotaxic area

Which function of the hypothalamus is FALSE?

Cochlear duct, cupula Ampulla, otoliths

Which of the following is paired incorrectly?

Rhodopsin accumulates Retinal sensitivity increases Visual acuity decreases

Which of the following regulatory reactions pertain to dark adaptations?

Spaces between segments of the myelin sheath

Which of the following statements accurately defines Node of Ranvier?

Process of the neuron that carries a nerve impulse away from the cell body toward the target cell

Which of the following statements accurately defines axon?

The biosynthetic center of the neuron

Which of the following statements accurately defines cell body?

Thin, mucous membrane covering the anterior eyeball and internal surface of the eyelids

Which of the following statements accurately defines conjunctiva?

Junction between neurons and target cells

Which of the following statements accurately defines synapse?

It is a thin layer of reticular fibers covering individual nerve fibers.

Which of the following statements is TRUE of the perineurium?

middle meninx

Which of the following statements most closely defines arachnoid mater?

Outermost and thickest meninx

Which of the following statements most closely defines dura mater?

Most superior part of the brainstem

Which of the following statements most closely defines midbrain?

Middle part of the brainstem that bulges anteriorly

Which of the following statements most closely defines pons?

Secretion of sweat

Which of these functions is NOT affected by parasympathetic stimulation?

Voltage-gated sodium channels Membrane potential

Which of these mechanisms is involved with a positive feedback cycle?

Ciliary muscle

Which part of the eye secures the lens to the ciliary body?

axon

Which part of the neuron is capable of generating an action potential?

Anchor neurons and blood vessels, maintain extracellular environment around neurons, assist in the formation of the blood-brain barrier

Which statement below most accurately describes the function of astrocytes?

Ciliated cells in the CNS that form and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Which statement below most accurately describes the function of ependymal cells?

Phagocytic cells of the CNS

Which statement below most accurately describes the function of microglial cells?

Form the myelin sheath in the CNS

Which statement below most accurately describes the function of oligodendrocytes?

Surround the cell bodies of neurons in the PNS

Which statement below most accurately describes the function of satellite cells?

fingertip

You would expect the error of localization and the two-point discrimination threshold to be lowest on the

requires contractions of the medial rectus muscles of both eyes is needed for near vision involves transmission of impulses along the abducens nerves

Convergence ______________.

trigeminal

Cranial nerves with their nuclei in the pons include the ______________ nerve.

Which statement below most accurately describes the function of Schwann cells?

Create the myelin sheath in the PNS

In Figure 12.8, identify number 3.

axon

In Figure 12.8, identify number 5.

axon terminals

In Figure 12.8, identify number 6.

cell body

In Figure 13.1, identify number 3.

central-sulcus

In Figure 13.2, identify number 9

cerebellum

limbic system

he pathway for the sense of smell travels through the _______ system.

False

he primary motor area in the temporal lobe is involved in the initiation of voluntary movements.

CN IX, X

Damage to which cranial nerve(s) might produce the inability to swallow?

Sciatic n. and branches

Damage to which spinal nerve(s) might produce the inability to extend the hip and flex the knee with the posterior thigh muscles?

Musculocutaneous n.

Damage to which spinal nerve(s) might produce the inability to flex the forearm (with the biceps brachii muscle)?

Rapid heart rate

Identify the term that does NOT belong in the group. Urinary tract Digestive tract Rapid heart rate Parasympathetic tone

Slowing heart rate

Identify the term that does NOT belong in the group. Norepinephrine Cardiac muscle Beta receptor Slowing heart rate

Pressure receptors found in the toe's musculature

If the following receptors were stimulated simultaneously, which signal would reach the brain first?

voltage-gated sodium channels

Impulse propagation is associated with __________________.

In Figure 12.9, identify number 3.

Internode

In Figure 12.9, identify number 4.

Neurilemma

local potential

Neurotransmitters that bind the postsynaptic membrane generally generate a/an

In Figure 12.9, identify number 2.

Node of Ranvier

In Figure 13.1, identify number 7.

Occipital lobe

In Figure 13.2, identify number 1.

Olfactory bulb

In Figure 12.9, identify number 5.

Oligodendrocyte

contraction of a muscle when it is stretched

One example of a simple reflex involves the _________________.

In Figure 13.2, identify number 2.

Optic chiasma

In Figure 13.4, identify number 7.

Periosteum

In Figure 13.2, identify number 3.

Pituitary gland

In Figure 13.1, identify number 10.

Pons

In Figure 13.2, identify number 7.

Pons

In Figure 13.1, identify number 4.

Postcentral gyrus

In Figure 13.1, identify number 2.

Precentral gyrus

In Figure 13.2, identify number 8.

Pyramids of medulla oblongata

In Figure 12.9, identify number 1.

Schwann

In Figure 13.4, identify number 6.

Skin of scalp

sympathetic nervous system may influence lymph node activity

Some of the nerves that innervate the lymph nodes have been discovered to be adrenergic; this suggests that the __________

mediates many reflexes that regulate the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems

The parasympathetic division ________________________.

cranial and sacral nerves

The parasympathetic nervous system includes the ________________.

False

The primary somatosensory area of the cerebral hemisphere(s) is found in the precentral gyrus.

False

To experience vasodilation in the patient with a severe case of Raynaud's disease, a parasympathectomy could be a suggested therapeutic intervention.

Rhodopsin consists of opsin and retinal. The concentration of rhodopsin increases in the rods during dark adaptation. A solution of rhodopsin looks reddish-purple but becomes colorless after illumination.

Which of the following statements apply to rhodopsin?

Bundles of axons that travel together in a common connective tissue sheath

Which of the following statements accurately defines peripheral nerve?

causes the pupils to dilate

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system __________________.

neural crest cells nerve growth factor sympathetic preganglionic axons

Adrenal medulla development involves ____________________.

the opening of chemically gated channels for K+ hyperpolarization decremental conduction

An IPSP is associated with _____________.

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

Are decreased urinary and digestive functions an effect of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) or the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)?

gray, cerebral cortex

Cerebral gyri and cerebral sulci form the convolutions of the ______ matter within the ___________.

Parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)

Is changing the shape of the lens for near vision an effect of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) or the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)?

Parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)

Is storage of fats and glucose an effect of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) or the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)?

In Figure 13.1, identify number 9.

Medulla oblongata

unipolar and bipolar

Most sensory neurons are ____________ neurons.

In Figure 12.9, identify number 6.

Myelin

multipolar neurons

Myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system are formed by _______,

In Figure 13.4, identify number 2.

Subarachnoid space

In Figure 13.4, identify number 1.

Subdural space

1)is caused by combining of several local potentials 2)can occur when two action potentials arrive simultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals 3)can occur when two action potentials arrive in very close succession at single presynaptic terminals

Summation in the brain __________________.

In Figure 13.4, identify number 3.

Superior sagittal sinus

white ramus communicans

Sympathetic preganglionic axons enter the chain ganglia through the ___________.

pupillary dilatation

Sympathetic stimulation of the iris causes _______________.

In Figure 12.8, identify number 7.

Synaptic cleft

In Figure 12.8, identify number 8.

Synaptic vesicles

aqueous fluid

The fluid that fills the anterior segment of the eye and provides nutrients to the lens and cornea is known as the __________.

taste receptors

The gustatory and olfactory senses rely on the ________ for a signal to taste

rate and depth of breathing

Three nuclei within the medulla oblongata function as vital centers for controlling heart rate, blood pressure, and _____________.

olfactory epithelium.

The receptors for smell are located in the

conjunctival sac

The recess at the junction of palpebral and ocular conjunctivae is known as the ______________.

peripheral and dim light vision; high-acuity color vision

The rods are responsible for __________, whereas the cones are responsible for __________.

False

The specialized motor speech area is located at the base of the precentral gyrus in a location known as Wernick's area.

foramen magnum, 1st/2nd lumbar, conus medullaris, cauda equina

The spinal cord extends from the __________ of the occipital bone to the __________ vertebra. It terminates as the __________ and gives off a bundle of nerve roots called the __________.

medulla oblongata to the 2nd lumbar vertebra

The spinal cord extends from the ___________.

hearing; equilibrium

The structures of the cochlea are responsible for __________, whereas the structures of the vestibule and semicircular canals are responsible for __________.

thoracic and lumbar nerves

The sympathetic nervous system includes the _______________

responds to changes in linear acceleration does not usually contribute to conscious awareness of its activity is helpful, but not crucial to maintaining balance

The vestibular apparatus ________________.

True

True or False? Smell and taste are considered chemosenses.

False

True or False? The Weber and Rinne tests assess balance and equilibrium.

False

True or False? The ciliary muscle controls the diameter of the iris.

True

True or False? The six extraocular muscles move the eyeball.

Motor to one-sixth extraocular muscles (superior oblique muscle)

What is the main function of CN IV?

Motor to the muscles of swallowing; taste to the posterior one-third of the tongue

What is the main function of CN IX?

Sensory to the face, motor to the muscles of mastication

What is the main function of CN V?

Motor to one-sixth extraocular muscles (lateral rectus muscle)

What is the main function of CN VI?

Motor to the muscles of facial expression, taste to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue

What is the main function of CN VII?

Hearing and equilibrium

What is the main function of CN VIII?

Motor to the muscles of swallowing and speaking, motor to the thoracic and abdominal viscera

What is the main function of CN X?

Motor to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

What is the main function of CN XI?

Motor to the tongue

What is the main function of CN XII?

The influx of calcium ions into the axon terminal

What triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicles?

anterior funiculus (white matter)

When neurons in Wernick's area send impulses to neurons in Broca's area, the white matter tracts utilized are _____________

CN VI

Which Roman numeral equivalent is associated with the abducens nerve?

CN VII

Which Roman numeral equivalent is associated with the facial nerve?

CN IX

Which Roman numeral equivalent is associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve?

CN XII

Which Roman numeral equivalent is associated with the hypoglossal nerve?

Direct impulses from the motor cortex via a separate cerebellar pathway

Which factor is important in cerebellar processing?

Abundant gap junctions

Which is not a characteristic of a chemical synapse?

Anterior thigh muscles, skin on anterior and medial thigh and leg

Which main structure does the femoral nerve supply?

Anterior arm muscles, skin on lateral forearm

Which main structure does the musculocutaneous nerve supply?

Medullary pyramids

Which of the brain areas listed below is involved in normal voluntary muscle activity?

Astrocytes

Which of the following cells is responsible for myelin formation in the peripheral nervous system?

Olfaction

Which of the following is NOT associated with the frontal lobe?

Cerebellum

Which of the following is not part of the brainstem?

Branching process of the neuron that carries information toward the cell body

Which of the following statements accurately defines dendrite?

A fatty sheath found around certain axons that increases the speed of conduction of a nerve impulse

Which of the following statements accurately defines myelin sheath?