Anatomy and Physiology Midterm
C atoms cannot bond with each other, so they bond with H, O, and N forming chains and rings. (T/F)
False
Most transmembrane proteins have ___________ regions facing the intra- and extracellular fluid, and __________ regions embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.
hydrophilic; hydrophobic
The G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle are collectively called __________.
interphase
Which of the following is not one of the three basic components of a cell?
interstitial fluid
The genetic code is the link between the __________ and the __________ that they represent.
mRNA codons; 20 amino acids
Chemical bonds
the attractive forces that hold atoms together -ionic, covalent, hydrogen, van der Walls forces
From which primary germ layer is the epidermis of the skin derived?
Ectoderm
Covalent bond
A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons
What is the surface area of a cuboidal cell that measures 5 µm on each side?
150 µm2
Germ cells have __________ unpaired chromosomes and are thus called __________ cells.
23; haploid
The allele for cleft chin (C) is dominant to the allele for uncleft chin (c). A male and female who are both heterozygous for cleft chin have a child. What is the chance that this child will have an uncleft chin?
25%
Which of these is not found in the karyotype of a normal human male?
46 chromatids
A cell finishing mitosis has __________ DNA molecules, while a cell finishing DNA replication has __________ DNA molecules.
46; 92
A karyotype shows the __________ chromosomes sorted and isolated from a cell in __________.
46; metaphase
What is the product of translation?
A newly synthesized polypeptide
Mitochondria function
ATP production/cellular respiration
__________ exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and is found in many serous membranes.
Areolar tissue
location of hyaline cartilage
Articular cartilage
Which of the following does not account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance?
Collagen
__________ opens up one segment of the DNA helix during replication; __________ adds complementary free nucleotides to the exposed DNA strand.
DNA helicase; DNA polymerase
8 types of connective tissue (Drab Fhab)
Dense Fibrous, Reticular, Areolar, Bone, Fibrocaritage, Hydaline Cartiage, Adipose, Blood
__________ glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion via exocytosis. __________ glands (such as oil-producing glands) secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products.
Eccrine; Holocrine
What type of gradient causes the movement of ions due to both charge and concentration differences?
Electrochemical gradient
Muscular tissue consists of what type of cells or fibers?
Elongated fibers (cells) that are specialized to contract
Which membrane-bound organelle is the site of protein and lipid synthesis?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Location of stratified squamous epithelium nonkeratinized 2
Epidermis of skin
Which of the following statements is false about epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissue is composed of cells and a thick vascular matrix.
Who established a code of ethics for physicians and is considered the "father of medicine"?
Hippocrates
Function of reticular connective tissue 2
Filters and removes microbes in lymph nodes
__________ are turned on or off by regulatory proteins in accordance with changing needs for the __________ they encode.
Genes; proteins
__________ is a monosaccharide, whereas __________ is a polysaccharide.
Glucose; starch
A solution that has a higher osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of cells and tends to cause the cells to undergo osmotic shrinkage is called a(n)
Hypertonic
A cell placed into which solution will lose water by osmosis?
Hypotonic
Cells placed in a(n) ______ solution will swell and burst due to water moving into the cell.
Hypotonic
Having a lower osmotic pressure than human cells or some other reference solution and tending to cause osmotic swelling and lysis of cells.
Hypotonic
Which of the following is true regarding the opening of a sodium ion channel?
It allows the diffusion of sodium ions down its own concentration gradient.
Location of simple cuboidal epithelium
Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface
location of smooth muscle
Large intestine
Which of the following is not a component of a mucus membrane?
Serosa
The most superficial wall of the pleural cavity is lined by the __________, whereas the outer surface of the lungs is covered by the __________.
Parietal pleura and Visceral peritoneum
Inflammation of the membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is called ___________.
Peritonitis
Which of the following omits some stage(s) of the cell cycle?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
Which function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?
Protein synthesis
What are the three common components of a feedback loop?
Receptor, integrating(control) center, and effector
Which of the following approaches understanding the human body by studying the interactions of its parts?
Reductionism
DNA polymerase is most active during which phase of the cell cycle?
S phase
__________ epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas __________ epithelium is rare.
Stratified squamous; stratified columnar
Which of these processes occurs during a cell's first gap (G1) phase?
The cell synthesizes proteins and grows.
Which of the following is not found in RNA?
Thymine
Which of the following is not an example of a physiological gradient?
Tissue
Endoplasmic reticulum function
To regulate transport and modify newly synthesized proteins
Endoplasmic reticulum function
To synthesize protein for secretion, insertion into the plasma membrane, and lysosomal enzymes
Which of these functional groups contains nitrogen?
amino
Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of a cell during __________ of the cell cycle.
anaphase
An example of a highly vascular tissue is __________ tissue. An example of a tissue that is not highly vascular is __________.
areolar; cartilage
Genes produce their products __________.
as their products are needed or not
In 1859, Louis Pasteur determined beyond all reasonable doubt that __________.
cells arose from non-living matter
Which of the following is not associated with the composition of the cytoskeleton?
cilia
Cells of all species have many fundamental similarities because of __________.
common ancestry
Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both __________ and __________.
dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues
Stereoscopic vision provides __________.
depth perception
What are the four primary types of tissue?
epithelial, muscular, connective, nervous
Function of simple squamous epithelium
diffusion and filtration
The __________ gives rise to the __________.
ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis
Nonpolar covalent bond
equal sharing of electrons
The constant appearance of new strains of influenza virus is an example of __________.
evolution
The alleles possessed by all members of a population collectively are called the __________.
gene pool
What is all of the DNA in a set of 23 chromosomes referred to as?
genome
The fuzzy coat of carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane that functions in cell identification is called the __________.
glycocalyx
Cell division is stimulated by __________ and suppressed by __________.
growth factors; contact inhibition
Chemicals in a solution can move down a concentration gradient. This means the chemical will move from the area of __________ concentration to the area of _________ concentration.
higher; lower
The urinary bladder is located in the __________ region.
hypogastric
A solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of the cell and tends to cause osmotic swelling and lysis of cells is called a(n)
hypotonic
What are accumulated cell products that are never enclosed in a unit membrane called?
inclusions
microvilli function
increase surface area for absorption
In its second-messenger role, cAMP activates enzymes called _________, whose job is to regulate other enzymes by adding phosphate groups to them.
kinases
The histological section that divides a specimen along its long axis is called a(n) __________ section.
longitudinal
The continuation of the peritoneum that binds the small intestine and suspends it from the abdominal wall is called the __________.
mesentery
What are extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell's surface area called?
microvilli
Exposure to chemicals and radiation may lead to changes in DNA structure called
mutation
A __________ is composed of a granular cluster of eight proteins called __________ with DNA wound around them.
nucleosome; histones
The use of controls and statistical testing are two aspects of experimental design that help to ensure __________.
objective and reliable results
What is the diffusion of water down its own concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane called?
osmosis
Water flows through a selectively permeable membrane in a process called __________, but water molecules cross the membrane more easily through channels of transmembrane proteins called __________.
osmosis; aquaporins
The ileum is __________, whereas the ilium is ____________.
part of the small intestine; part of the hip bone
Proteins that do not protrude into the phospholipid bilayer, but adhere to the surface of the plasma membrane, are called __________.
peripheral proteins
Ionic bond
the attraction of a cation to an anion
brings nonspecific material into a cell
pinocytosis
Eye color is caused by genes at multiple loci. This phenomenon is called __________.
polygenic inheritance
which of the following omits some stage of the cell cycle?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinese
All cells in __________ epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface have cilia.
pseudostratified columnar
ATP is consumed when __________ transfer solutes from one side of the membrane to the other.
pumps
A ligand can bind to a(n) __________ on an ion channel.
receptor
Negative feedback loops are __________.
receptor
If one allele is not phenotypically expressed in the presence of another, we say that it is a __________ allele.
recessive
The __________ system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the air, whereas the __________ system transports oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
respiratory; circulatory
All of the following participate in DNA replication except __________.
ribosomes
The thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity are each lined with ___________.
serous membrane
An epithelium whose cells are tall and narrow, with each one touching the basement membrane and reaching the apical surface, is called __________ epithelium.
simple columnar
A brush border of microvilli is found in __________ epithelium, which can be found in the __________.
simple columnar; small intestine
Most kidney tubules are made of __________ epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion.
simple cuboidal
Rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through __________ epithelium.
simple squamous
Among other functions, hepatocytes (liver cells) are specialized for detoxifying drugs or other chemicals. Hepatocytes have large amounts of __________.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
All of the body's nonreproductive cells, called __________, usually have 23 pairs of chromosomes and are thus called __________ cells.
somatic cells; diploid
Functions of Minerals
structure (bones, teeth), acid/base balance
Cytokinesis overlaps with which phase of mitosis?
telophase
In the intestine, __________ ensure(s) that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them.
tight junctions
When the acetylcholine receptor sites on sodium ion channels are not occupied __________.
the sodium channels remain closed
For the first couple of days after fertilization, human stem cells have the potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated cell. Because of this, they are called _________ stem cells.
totipotent
Positive feedback creates a self-amplifying change of events that leads away from the body's normal ranges. (T/F)
true
Location of adipose connective tissue
under skin, in breasts, around kidneys, within abdomen
Polar covalent bond
unequal sharing of electrons
The __________ system regulates blood volume and pressure, stimulates red blood cell formation, eliminates wastes and detoxifies the body, and controls fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
urinary
Found in the urinary bladder, __________ resembles __________, but the apical cells are rounded, not flattened.
urothelium; stratified squamous epithelium
The surface of the heart is formed by a membrane called the __________.
visceral pericardium
