Anatomy and Physiology Midterm

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C atoms cannot bond with each other, so they bond with H, O, and N forming chains and rings. (T/F)

False

Most transmembrane proteins have ___________ regions facing the intra- and extracellular fluid, and __________ regions embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.

hydrophilic; hydrophobic

The G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle are collectively called __________.

interphase

Which of the following is not one of the three basic components of a cell?

interstitial fluid

The genetic code is the link between the __________ and the __________ that they represent.

mRNA codons; 20 amino acids

Chemical bonds

the attractive forces that hold atoms together -ionic, covalent, hydrogen, van der Walls forces

From which primary germ layer is the epidermis of the skin derived?

Ectoderm

Covalent bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

What is the surface area of a cuboidal cell that measures 5 µm on each side?

150 µm2

Germ cells have __________ unpaired chromosomes and are thus called __________ cells.

23; haploid

The allele for cleft chin (C) is dominant to the allele for uncleft chin (c). A male and female who are both heterozygous for cleft chin have a child. What is the chance that this child will have an uncleft chin?

25%

Which of these is not found in the karyotype of a normal human male?

46 chromatids

A cell finishing mitosis has __________ DNA molecules, while a cell finishing DNA replication has __________ DNA molecules.

46; 92

A karyotype shows the __________ chromosomes sorted and isolated from a cell in __________.

46; metaphase

What is the product of translation?

A newly synthesized polypeptide

Mitochondria function

ATP production/cellular respiration

__________ exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and is found in many serous membranes.

Areolar tissue

location of hyaline cartilage

Articular cartilage

Which of the following does not account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance?

Collagen

__________ opens up one segment of the DNA helix during replication; __________ adds complementary free nucleotides to the exposed DNA strand.

DNA helicase; DNA polymerase

8 types of connective tissue (Drab Fhab)

Dense Fibrous, Reticular, Areolar, Bone, Fibrocaritage, Hydaline Cartiage, Adipose, Blood

__________ glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion via exocytosis. __________ glands (such as oil-producing glands) secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products.

Eccrine; Holocrine

What type of gradient causes the movement of ions due to both charge and concentration differences?

Electrochemical gradient

Muscular tissue consists of what type of cells or fibers?

Elongated fibers (cells) that are specialized to contract

Which membrane-bound organelle is the site of protein and lipid synthesis?

Endoplasmic reticulum

Location of stratified squamous epithelium nonkeratinized 2

Epidermis of skin

Which of the following statements is false about epithelial tissue?

Epithelial tissue is composed of cells and a thick vascular matrix.

Who established a code of ethics for physicians and is considered the "father of medicine"?

Hippocrates

Function of reticular connective tissue 2

Filters and removes microbes in lymph nodes

__________ are turned on or off by regulatory proteins in accordance with changing needs for the __________ they encode.

Genes; proteins

__________ is a monosaccharide, whereas __________ is a polysaccharide.

Glucose; starch

A solution that has a higher osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of cells and tends to cause the cells to undergo osmotic shrinkage is called a(n)

Hypertonic

A cell placed into which solution will lose water by osmosis?

Hypotonic

Cells placed in a(n) ______ solution will swell and burst due to water moving into the cell.

Hypotonic

Having a lower osmotic pressure than human cells or some other reference solution and tending to cause osmotic swelling and lysis of cells.

Hypotonic

Which of the following is true regarding the opening of a sodium ion channel?

It allows the diffusion of sodium ions down its own concentration gradient.

Location of simple cuboidal epithelium

Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface

location of smooth muscle

Large intestine

Which of the following is not a component of a mucus membrane?

Serosa

The most superficial wall of the pleural cavity is lined by the __________, whereas the outer surface of the lungs is covered by the __________.

Parietal pleura and Visceral peritoneum

Inflammation of the membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is called ___________.

Peritonitis

Which of the following omits some stage(s) of the cell cycle?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Which function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?

Protein synthesis

What are the three common components of a feedback loop?

Receptor, integrating(control) center, and effector

Which of the following approaches understanding the human body by studying the interactions of its parts?

Reductionism

DNA polymerase is most active during which phase of the cell cycle?

S phase

__________ epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas __________ epithelium is rare.

Stratified squamous; stratified columnar

Which of these processes occurs during a cell's first gap (G1) phase?

The cell synthesizes proteins and grows.

Which of the following is not found in RNA?

Thymine

Which of the following is not an example of a physiological gradient?

Tissue

Endoplasmic reticulum function

To regulate transport and modify newly synthesized proteins

Endoplasmic reticulum function

To synthesize protein for secretion, insertion into the plasma membrane, and lysosomal enzymes

Which of these functional groups contains nitrogen?

amino

Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of a cell during __________ of the cell cycle.

anaphase

An example of a highly vascular tissue is __________ tissue. An example of a tissue that is not highly vascular is __________.

areolar; cartilage

Genes produce their products __________.

as their products are needed or not

In 1859, Louis Pasteur determined beyond all reasonable doubt that __________.

cells arose from non-living matter

Which of the following is not associated with the composition of the cytoskeleton?

cilia

Cells of all species have many fundamental similarities because of __________.

common ancestry

Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both __________ and __________.

dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues

Stereoscopic vision provides __________.

depth perception

What are the four primary types of tissue?

epithelial, muscular, connective, nervous

Function of simple squamous epithelium

diffusion and filtration

The __________ gives rise to the __________.

ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis

Nonpolar covalent bond

equal sharing of electrons

The constant appearance of new strains of influenza virus is an example of __________.

evolution

The alleles possessed by all members of a population collectively are called the __________.

gene pool

What is all of the DNA in a set of 23 chromosomes referred to as?

genome

The fuzzy coat of carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane that functions in cell identification is called the __________.

glycocalyx

Cell division is stimulated by __________ and suppressed by __________.

growth factors; contact inhibition

Chemicals in a solution can move down a concentration gradient. This means the chemical will move from the area of __________ concentration to the area of _________ concentration.

higher; lower

The urinary bladder is located in the __________ region.

hypogastric

A solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of the cell and tends to cause osmotic swelling and lysis of cells is called a(n)

hypotonic

What are accumulated cell products that are never enclosed in a unit membrane called?

inclusions

microvilli function

increase surface area for absorption

In its second-messenger role, cAMP activates enzymes called _________, whose job is to regulate other enzymes by adding phosphate groups to them.

kinases

The histological section that divides a specimen along its long axis is called a(n) __________ section.

longitudinal

The continuation of the peritoneum that binds the small intestine and suspends it from the abdominal wall is called the __________.

mesentery

What are extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell's surface area called?

microvilli

Exposure to chemicals and radiation may lead to changes in DNA structure called

mutation

A __________ is composed of a granular cluster of eight proteins called __________ with DNA wound around them.

nucleosome; histones

The use of controls and statistical testing are two aspects of experimental design that help to ensure __________.

objective and reliable results

What is the diffusion of water down its own concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane called?

osmosis

Water flows through a selectively permeable membrane in a process called __________, but water molecules cross the membrane more easily through channels of transmembrane proteins called __________.

osmosis; aquaporins

The ileum is __________, whereas the ilium is ____________.

part of the small intestine; part of the hip bone

Proteins that do not protrude into the phospholipid bilayer, but adhere to the surface of the plasma membrane, are called __________.

peripheral proteins

Ionic bond

the attraction of a cation to an anion

brings nonspecific material into a cell

pinocytosis

Eye color is caused by genes at multiple loci. This phenomenon is called __________.

polygenic inheritance

which of the following omits some stage of the cell cycle?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinese

All cells in __________ epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface have cilia.

pseudostratified columnar

ATP is consumed when __________ transfer solutes from one side of the membrane to the other.

pumps

A ligand can bind to a(n) __________ on an ion channel.

receptor

Negative feedback loops are __________.

receptor

If one allele is not phenotypically expressed in the presence of another, we say that it is a __________ allele.

recessive

The __________ system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the air, whereas the __________ system transports oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.

respiratory; circulatory

All of the following participate in DNA replication except __________.

ribosomes

The thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity are each lined with ___________.

serous membrane

An epithelium whose cells are tall and narrow, with each one touching the basement membrane and reaching the apical surface, is called __________ epithelium.

simple columnar

A brush border of microvilli is found in __________ epithelium, which can be found in the __________.

simple columnar; small intestine

Most kidney tubules are made of __________ epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion.

simple cuboidal

Rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through __________ epithelium.

simple squamous

Among other functions, hepatocytes (liver cells) are specialized for detoxifying drugs or other chemicals. Hepatocytes have large amounts of __________.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

All of the body's nonreproductive cells, called __________, usually have 23 pairs of chromosomes and are thus called __________ cells.

somatic cells; diploid

Functions of Minerals

structure (bones, teeth), acid/base balance

Cytokinesis overlaps with which phase of mitosis?

telophase

In the intestine, __________ ensure(s) that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them.

tight junctions

When the acetylcholine receptor sites on sodium ion channels are not occupied __________.

the sodium channels remain closed

For the first couple of days after fertilization, human stem cells have the potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated cell. Because of this, they are called _________ stem cells.

totipotent

Positive feedback creates a self-amplifying change of events that leads away from the body's normal ranges. (T/F)

true

Location of adipose connective tissue

under skin, in breasts, around kidneys, within abdomen

Polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons

The __________ system regulates blood volume and pressure, stimulates red blood cell formation, eliminates wastes and detoxifies the body, and controls fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.

urinary

Found in the urinary bladder, __________ resembles __________, but the apical cells are rounded, not flattened.

urothelium; stratified squamous epithelium

The surface of the heart is formed by a membrane called the __________.

visceral pericardium


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