Anatomy & Physiology Review pt 1.
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
Levels of organization in the body in the human body
Atoms Molecule Macromolecules Organelles Cells Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
Eric goes to the doctor to determine the cause and source of the pain. The physician orders a CT scan, which shows that Eric has an enlarged and inflamed appendix (an organ associated with the digestive system). Eric asks the physician why she didn't just take an x-ray of his belly region. She explains an x-ray would not be the best diagnostic imaging tool in this case because: a. x-ray images are more expensive to produce than CT scans. b. soft-tissue structures don't show up well on basic x-rays. c. the x-rays could inflame the appendix further and cause it to burst. d. x-rays now are used primarily for bone injuries only
B. Soft tissue structures don't show up well on basic x-rays
What is the similarities between negative and positive feedback mechanism?
Both are feedback systems that ensure that the body maintains homeostasis and is balanced.
Example of physiology from the respiratory system ...
Breathing rates
Stimulus
Changes in a variable that is regulated (e.g., temperature, stretch in the muscle)
How would an anatomist describe the bladder? a. The muscular wall of the bladder contracts to help void urine b. The main function of the bladder is to store urine c. The internal folds and transitional epithelium allow the bladder to stretch without risking rupture of its wall d. The bladder wall contains a transitional epithelium and several layers of smooth muscle
D. The bladder wall contains a transitional epithelium and several layers of smooth muscle
Characterized by both differentiation and growth, ____ explains increasing size and functional complexity
Development
Living species will all demonstrate ______ over time as a result of gene mutation and rate of success in the environment
Evolution
Tissues are ....
Groups of cells that work together on 1 task
Example of physiology from the cardiovascular system ..
Heart rates
Examples of anatomy from the cardiovascular system ...
Hearts and veins
Which term is defined as the state of maintaining a constant internal environment within an organism?
Homeostasis
A result of the changes from the effectors is ..
Homeostasis restored
Development
Increased specialization as related to form and function
The human body contains 11 organ systems:
Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Urinary Digestive Reproductive
The different system of the body work ...
Interdependently
Examples of anatomy from the respiratory system ..
Lungs
Organells are
Macromolecules form specialized microscopic subunits in the cells
Which term is defined as the sum of all chemical reactions in the body ?
Metabolism
Which levels of organization is composed of two of more tissue types that work together to perform a common function ?
Organ
List the characteristics common to all living things
Organization Metabolism Responsiveness Growth Regulation Reproduction
When a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs, it is best as described as which of the following? Positive or Negative Feedback ??
Positive feedback
All living things must also be able to interact with their respective environment and are thus said to display _______
Responsiveness
Four components are associated with each homeostatic system :
Stimulus Receptor Control Center Effector
Receptor
Structure that detects the stimulus (e.g., sensory neurons in the skin, stretch receptors in muscle)
The most simple level to the most complex ...
The chemical level The cellular level The tissue level The organ level The organ system level
In a negative feedback mechanism, which of the following events DOES NOT occur ?
The effector stimulates or increases the stimulus, so the cycle continues.
Carly was stung by a bee and was taken to the emergency room because she was undergoing anaphylactic shock. She was given a shot of epinephrine, which reduced her allergic reactions and brought her breathing and heartbeat back to normal. Did the dose of epinephrine result in a negative feedback mechanism occurring or a positive feedback mechanism occurring? Explain.
The epinephrine counteracted the effect of the bee sting, acting in the opposition to the stimulus, it is negative feedback
When you are outside on a hot, humid day, what body changes occur to help your body temperature return to normal?
The sweat glands release sweat
What are the main components in the homeostasis control system?
The three major components of homeostasis are a receptor, a control center, and an effector.
What is the similarities between anatomy and physiology?
They are both concerned with the internal structures of organisms,
The tissue level ..
Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Negative feedback loop
a mechanism or loop are initiated by either an increase or decrease in the stimulus and the end result is to return the stimulus to within its normal range or set point.
Positive feedback loop
a mechanism that is initiated by stimulus and they maintain or increase the activity of the original stimulus until a climatic event
Computed Technology (CT)
a series of x-ray photographs are processed by a computer this producing a detailed 3-D images Examples: Tumors and Kidney-stones
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain
Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)
a very fast CT that provides three dimensional images of body organs as they move.
Organization
all organisms exhibit a complex structure and order
Reproduction
all organisms produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair
Regulation
an organism must be able to adjust internal bodily functions in response to environmental changes
If you study that the wall of the small intestine is composed of smooth muscle, you are practicing the study of
anatomy
Isotopes
are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons and the same number of protons and electrons
All that apply to positive feedback ... a. The effector drives the variable back to a set point. b. A change is amplified, driving the body away from homeostasis. c. Homeostasis is maintained by the effector opposing a change in the variable. d. The change in a variable is increased until a climactic event occurs.
c. Homeostasis is maintained by the effector opposing a change in the variable. d. The change in a variable is increased until a climactic event occurs.
Which is NOT a example of homeostasis ? a. Maintains body temperature by sweating b. Maintaining blood glucose levels by releasing insulin c. Maintaining body temperature by putting on a hoodie d. Maintaining blood pH by hyperventilating
c. Maintaining body temperature by putting on a hoodie
Metabolism consists of
catabolism and anabolism
The organ level is ..
composed of organs
The cellular level ...
consists of cells
Organ system are ...
consists of different organs that work closely together
Organ are ...
contains two or more types of tissues that work together to perform specific functions
How would a physiologist describe the small intestine? a. The small intestine consists of the duodenum, elunum, and lleum. b. The small intestine wall contains circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle. c. The small intestine is several feet long. d. The small intestine has a large surface area for more efficient digestion and absorption.
d. The small intestine has a large surface area for more efficient digestion and absorption.
Anatomists typically focus on the ...
form and structure of an organ, such as the small intestine
Physiologist tend to focus on the ..
function of an organ or a system
Living things must be able to maintain a relative ____ or set of stable internal conditions
homeostasis
Growth
increase in size
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
is a modified three dimensional x-ray technique used primarily to view blood vessels , is taken before and after a contrast media is injected
Radiography
is the primary method of obtaining an image of a body part for diagnostic purposes. Example : X-rays
The chemical level ....
is the simplest level, and it involves atoms, molecules and organelles
An atom ..
is the smallest particle that exhibits the chemical properties of an element
Positive Emission Tomography (PET)
is used both to analyze the metabolic state of a tissues at a given movement in time and determine which tissues are most active Use : metabolism
Catabolism
large molecules broken down into smaller ones
The ability to bring in nutrients, produce energy, build necessary components, and eliminate waste products is _____.
metabolism
Macromolecules are
more complex molecules (big/large)
Organism are ...
one living being
All living things exhibit ______ or complexity far greater than their inanimate surroundings.
organization
When a blood vessel Is damaged, platelets attach and recruit more platelets to the area. These new platelets recruit even more, quickly increasing the number of platelets until the damage is sealed with a blood clot. This amplification is an example of positive or negative???
positive feedback
Homeostasis
refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment
Homeostatic systems may be controlled by positive feedback. The stimulus here is _______ to continue in the _____ until a climactic event occurs. Following this event, the body returns to ______. Because their end result is to ______ the activity, positive feedback mechanisms occur much _____ frequetily in the body than negative feedback mechanisms.
reinforced, same direction, homeostasis, increases, less
the ability to make additional copies of themselves describes the necessary life characteristic of _____
reproduction
Anabolism
small molecules are joined to form larger molecules
Cells are
smallest unit of life
Atoms are the ...
smallest unit of matter
Responsiveness
the ability to detect and react to stimuli
Physiology is ...
the science of body function
Anatomy is ...
the science of science of structures (form)
Effector
the structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus
Control Center
the structure that interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the effectors
Sonography
use of sound waves to produce diagnostic images; also called ultrasound
The body maintains homeostasis by
utilizing homeostatic control systems
Molecule are
when two or more atoms combine
Can an organ be part of more than one organ system?
yes because all the systems are connected and rely on each other
Can a task be shared by more than one system
yes it can !