Anatomy & Physiology Review pt 1.

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Levels of organization in the body in the human body

Atoms Molecule Macromolecules Organelles Cells Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

Eric goes to the doctor to determine the cause and source of the pain. The physician orders a CT scan, which shows that Eric has an enlarged and inflamed appendix (an organ associated with the digestive system). Eric asks the physician why she didn't just take an x-ray of his belly region. She explains an x-ray would not be the best diagnostic imaging tool in this case because: a. x-ray images are more expensive to produce than CT scans. b. soft-tissue structures don't show up well on basic x-rays. c. the x-rays could inflame the appendix further and cause it to burst. d. x-rays now are used primarily for bone injuries only

B. Soft tissue structures don't show up well on basic x-rays

What is the similarities between negative and positive feedback mechanism?

Both are feedback systems that ensure that the body maintains homeostasis and is balanced.

Example of physiology from the respiratory system ...

Breathing rates

Stimulus

Changes in a variable that is regulated (e.g., temperature, stretch in the muscle)

How would an anatomist describe the bladder? a. The muscular wall of the bladder contracts to help void urine b. The main function of the bladder is to store urine c. The internal folds and transitional epithelium allow the bladder to stretch without risking rupture of its wall d. The bladder wall contains a transitional epithelium and several layers of smooth muscle

D. The bladder wall contains a transitional epithelium and several layers of smooth muscle

Characterized by both differentiation and growth, ____ explains increasing size and functional complexity

Development

Living species will all demonstrate ______ over time as a result of gene mutation and rate of success in the environment

Evolution

Tissues are ....

Groups of cells that work together on 1 task

Example of physiology from the cardiovascular system ..

Heart rates

Examples of anatomy from the cardiovascular system ...

Hearts and veins

Which term is defined as the state of maintaining a constant internal environment within an organism?

Homeostasis

A result of the changes from the effectors is ..

Homeostasis restored

Development

Increased specialization as related to form and function

The human body contains 11 organ systems:

Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Urinary Digestive Reproductive

The different system of the body work ...

Interdependently

Examples of anatomy from the respiratory system ..

Lungs

Organells are

Macromolecules form specialized microscopic subunits in the cells

Which term is defined as the sum of all chemical reactions in the body ?

Metabolism

Which levels of organization is composed of two of more tissue types that work together to perform a common function ?

Organ

List the characteristics common to all living things

Organization Metabolism Responsiveness Growth Regulation Reproduction

When a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs, it is best as described as which of the following? Positive or Negative Feedback ??

Positive feedback

All living things must also be able to interact with their respective environment and are thus said to display _______

Responsiveness

Four components are associated with each homeostatic system :

Stimulus Receptor Control Center Effector

Receptor

Structure that detects the stimulus (e.g., sensory neurons in the skin, stretch receptors in muscle)

The most simple level to the most complex ...

The chemical level The cellular level The tissue level The organ level The organ system level

In a negative feedback mechanism, which of the following events DOES NOT occur ?

The effector stimulates or increases the stimulus, so the cycle continues.

Carly was stung by a bee and was taken to the emergency room because she was undergoing anaphylactic shock. She was given a shot of epinephrine, which reduced her allergic reactions and brought her breathing and heartbeat back to normal. Did the dose of epinephrine result in a negative feedback mechanism occurring or a positive feedback mechanism occurring? Explain.

The epinephrine counteracted the effect of the bee sting, acting in the opposition to the stimulus, it is negative feedback

When you are outside on a hot, humid day, what body changes occur to help your body temperature return to normal?

The sweat glands release sweat

What are the main components in the homeostasis control system?

The three major components of homeostasis are a receptor, a control center, and an effector.

What is the similarities between anatomy and physiology?

They are both concerned with the internal structures of organisms,

The tissue level ..

Tissues consist of similar types of cells

Negative feedback loop

a mechanism or loop are initiated by either an increase or decrease in the stimulus and the end result is to return the stimulus to within its normal range or set point.

Positive feedback loop

a mechanism that is initiated by stimulus and they maintain or increase the activity of the original stimulus until a climatic event

Computed Technology (CT)

a series of x-ray photographs are processed by a computer this producing a detailed 3-D images Examples: Tumors and Kidney-stones

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain

Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)

a very fast CT that provides three dimensional images of body organs as they move.

Organization

all organisms exhibit a complex structure and order

Reproduction

all organisms produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair

Regulation

an organism must be able to adjust internal bodily functions in response to environmental changes

If you study that the wall of the small intestine is composed of smooth muscle, you are practicing the study of

anatomy

Isotopes

are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons and the same number of protons and electrons

All that apply to positive feedback ... a. The effector drives the variable back to a set point. b. A change is amplified, driving the body away from homeostasis. c. Homeostasis is maintained by the effector opposing a change in the variable. d. The change in a variable is increased until a climactic event occurs.

c. Homeostasis is maintained by the effector opposing a change in the variable. d. The change in a variable is increased until a climactic event occurs.

Which is NOT a example of homeostasis ? a. Maintains body temperature by sweating b. Maintaining blood glucose levels by releasing insulin c. Maintaining body temperature by putting on a hoodie d. Maintaining blood pH by hyperventilating

c. Maintaining body temperature by putting on a hoodie

Metabolism consists of

catabolism and anabolism

The organ level is ..

composed of organs

The cellular level ...

consists of cells

Organ system are ...

consists of different organs that work closely together

Organ are ...

contains two or more types of tissues that work together to perform specific functions

How would a physiologist describe the small intestine? a. The small intestine consists of the duodenum, elunum, and lleum. b. The small intestine wall contains circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle. c. The small intestine is several feet long. d. The small intestine has a large surface area for more efficient digestion and absorption.

d. The small intestine has a large surface area for more efficient digestion and absorption.

Anatomists typically focus on the ...

form and structure of an organ, such as the small intestine

Physiologist tend to focus on the ..

function of an organ or a system

Living things must be able to maintain a relative ____ or set of stable internal conditions

homeostasis

Growth

increase in size

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

is a modified three dimensional x-ray technique used primarily to view blood vessels , is taken before and after a contrast media is injected

Radiography

is the primary method of obtaining an image of a body part for diagnostic purposes. Example : X-rays

The chemical level ....

is the simplest level, and it involves atoms, molecules and organelles

An atom ..

is the smallest particle that exhibits the chemical properties of an element

Positive Emission Tomography (PET)

is used both to analyze the metabolic state of a tissues at a given movement in time and determine which tissues are most active Use : metabolism

Catabolism

large molecules broken down into smaller ones

The ability to bring in nutrients, produce energy, build necessary components, and eliminate waste products is _____.

metabolism

Macromolecules are

more complex molecules (big/large)

Organism are ...

one living being

All living things exhibit ______ or complexity far greater than their inanimate surroundings.

organization

When a blood vessel Is damaged, platelets attach and recruit more platelets to the area. These new platelets recruit even more, quickly increasing the number of platelets until the damage is sealed with a blood clot. This amplification is an example of positive or negative???

positive feedback

Homeostasis

refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment

Homeostatic systems may be controlled by positive feedback. The stimulus here is _______ to continue in the _____ until a climactic event occurs. Following this event, the body returns to ______. Because their end result is to ______ the activity, positive feedback mechanisms occur much _____ frequetily in the body than negative feedback mechanisms.

reinforced, same direction, homeostasis, increases, less

the ability to make additional copies of themselves describes the necessary life characteristic of _____

reproduction

Anabolism

small molecules are joined to form larger molecules

Cells are

smallest unit of life

Atoms are the ...

smallest unit of matter

Responsiveness

the ability to detect and react to stimuli

Physiology is ...

the science of body function

Anatomy is ...

the science of science of structures (form)

Effector

the structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus

Control Center

the structure that interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the effectors

Sonography

use of sound waves to produce diagnostic images; also called ultrasound

The body maintains homeostasis by

utilizing homeostatic control systems

Molecule are

when two or more atoms combine

Can an organ be part of more than one organ system?

yes because all the systems are connected and rely on each other

Can a task be shared by more than one system

yes it can !