Anatomy and Physiology: The Heart

What intercostal space is the base located?

2nd

What intercostal space is the apex located?

5th

Chordae tendinae are only associated with?

AV valves

Where does the heart receive most of its ATP?

Anaerobic respiration

Where is the atrioventricular valve located?

Between the atria and ventricles

The left atrioventricular valve is also known as?

Bicuspid valve

What does the myocardium principally consist of?

Cardiac muscle

What is the fx of an artery?

Carries blood away from the heart

What is the fx of the vein?

Carries blood toward the heart

The visceral pericardium also contains small amounts of?

Connective tissue

What is systole?

Contraction

What is the name of the hearts own circulatory system?

Coronary circulation

What are the grooves in the heart referred to as?

Coronary sulcus

What type of tissue is found in the fibrous pericardium?

Dense irregular fibrous connective tissue

A vein contains which type of blood?

Deoxygenated

What is the fx of valves?

Ensure the one way flow of blood through the heart

What is another name for the Visceral Pericardium?

Epicardium

What are the three layers of the heart?

Epicardium, Myocardium, and Endocardium

As the aorta leaves the heart the first two arteries to branch off are the coronary and pulmonary arteries.

Eventually the drop into a coronary sulcus and then branch off into the anterior and posterior interventricular system and from there will drain into the coronary sinus which then drains into the hearts right atrium. (Once all oxygen has been depleated.)

What is the fx of Gap junctions?

Facilitate cellular communication between cardiac muscle cells.

T or F: The aorta is not the largest artery in the body.

False

T or F: The right side of the heart is thicker than the left?

False

The parietal pericardium contains relatively small amounts of what?

Fibrous connective tissue lamina propria connects it to the fibrous pericardium.

If a pin were to be pushed into the heart from outside to inside list what would be hit.

Fibrous pericardium, Parietal pericardium, Parietal cavity and then Visceral pericardium

What are the three types of pericardium?

Fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium

What is the auricle of the heart?

Flap like lateral wall of the atrium

What does the atrioventricular valve have a number of?

Flap like structures that are reffered to as cusps

What are trabeculae carnae?

Fold of muscle covered in endocardium and are principally found in ventricles

What are the valves in the heart primarily composed of?

Folded endothelium

What are the intercalated disks called in cardiac muscle?

Gap junctions

Where is the heart located?

In the mediastinum between the lungs

What is the endothelium?

Inner lining of the heart

What is the endocardium?

Innermost layer of the heart

What muscular structure separate the two ventricles?

Interatrial septum and interventricular septum.

The left side of the heart is thicker than the right. Why?

It has to pump blood to all parts of the body except the lungs.

What is the fx of simple squamous epithelium in the endothelium?

Keeps the blood from coming into contact with underlying collagen fibers and forming a clot.

Another name for the bicuspid valve is?

Left AV valve

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Left and right atrium (atria), Left and right ventricle.

Where is the aortic semilunar valve located?

Left side of the heart

Where is the systemic pump located?

Left side of the heart

Left ventricle is?

Lower chamber

Right ventricle is?

Lower chamber

What is the fx of atrium chambers?

Move blood down to the ventricles.

Where are semi-lunar valves located?

Opening to the major blood vessels of the heart

What is the fibrous pericardium?

Outer fibrous layer of the pericardium

What is the epicardium?

Outer portion of the heart.

What portion is the Visceral pericardium?

Outer portion of the heart.

An artery contains which type of blood?

Oxygenated

What lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium?

Parietal pericardium

What is the space between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium?

Pericardial cavity

What sac contains the heart?

Pericardial sac in the pericardial cavity

What is the fx of chordae tendinae?

Prevent valve prolapse

The right side of the heart contains which pump?

Pulmonary

What is the right side of the heats valve?

Pulmonary pump

What are the two semilunar valves?

Pulmonary semilunar valves, and aortic semilunar valve

What is the fx of the pulmonary pump?

Pump blood from the heart to the lungs

What are papillary muscles?

Pyramid shaped muscles that attach to one end of the chordae tendineae

What is diastole?

Relaxation

Another name for the tricuspid valve is?

Right AV valve

Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located?

Right side of the heart

What is the fx of the interatrial septum?

Separates the two atria from eachother

What is the fx of the intervertebral septum?

Separates the two ventricles from eachother

What fluid is found in the pericardial cavity?

Serous fluid or pericardial fluid

What lies inside of the fibrous pericardium?

Serous membrane

What is cardiac muscle?

Short branched fibers with a single centrally located nucleus, obvious striations and intercalated disks.

What structure forms the endothelium?

Simple squamous epithelium

What structures form the endocardium?

Simple squamous epithelium with a basement membrane

What structures make up the parietal pericardium?

Simple squamous epithelium with a basement membrane

What structures make up the visceral pericardium?

Simple squamous epithelium with a basement membrane

What is the difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?

Skeletal has long cylindrical cells with numerous peripheral nuclei. Cardiac muscle has short branched fibers with a single centrally located nucleus and gap junctions.

What three major blood vessels deliver blood to the right atrium?

Superior vena cava, Inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

What is the coronary sulcus located?

Surrounds the heart between the atria and the ventricles

The left side of the heart contains which pump?

Systemic

The right and left ventricles are also known as?

The apex

What is the bottom portion of the heart?

The apex

The right and left atrium are also known as?

The base

What is the flat upper portion of the heart called?

The base

What does the heart exist inside?

The pericardium

What is the pericardium?

Thick durable material

What is the myocardium?

Thick middle layer of the heart.

Atrium walls are very?

Thin

What is a sinus?

Thin walled blood vessel

The right atria has what type of valve?

Three flap like cusps

What is the structure of the semilunar valves?

Three flap like cusps with no chordae tendonae

Aortic semilunar valve opens what?

To the aorta

Pulmonary semilunar valve opens what?

To the pulmonary trunk

The heart beats?

Top to bottom

The right atrioventricular valve is also known as?

Tricuspid valve

T or F: The blood inside the heart does not provide any nourishment for the cardiac muscle.

True

T or F: This Visceral Pericardium is the portion of the serous membrane that is actually attached to the surface of the heart?

True

The left atria has what type of valve?

Two flap like cusps

Left atrium is?

Upper chamber

Right atrium is?

Upper chamber

What is Valve prolapse?

Valve everts and blood flows the wrong direction.

Right and left coronary arteries are?

Very first branches off the aorta.

What is another name for epicardium?

Visceral pericardium

What is the coronary sinus?

Where all the veins drain into and then drains into the right atrium

What is the structure of chordae tendinae?

extend from the flaps or cusps of the AV valves to the pappilary muscles.

What are the Anterior and posterior interventricular sulci?

proceeds inferiorly from the coronary sulcus

What is the fx of atria?

receive blood from veins