anatomy and physiology unit 1: levels of organization
a homeostatic regulatory system consists of 3 parts which are
1.) a receptor - a sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change 2.) a control center - receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands 3.) an effector - a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activities opposes or enhances the stimulus
5 types of gross anatomy
1.) surface anatomy 2.) regional anatomy 3.) systemic anatomy 4.) developmental anatomy 5.) clinical anatomy
the book that serves as the international standard for anatomical vocabulary
International Anatomical Terminology (Terminologia Anatomica) commonly abbreviated as TA
what quadrant is the bladder in
LLQ
what quadrant is the spleen in
LUQ
what quadrant is the stomach in
LUQ
what quadrant is the appendix in
RLQ
what quadrant is the gallbladder in
RUQ
what quadrant is the liver in
RUQ
"a cutting open" - study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among the body parts.
anatomy
consider the following situation: would someone studying how a particular muscle attaches to the skeleton be studying anatomy or physiology?
anatomy
anatomical term for forearm region
antebrachial
anatomical term for front of elbow region
antecubital
2 general mechanisms involved in homeostatic regulation
autoregulation & extrinsic regulation
occurs when a cell, a tissue, an organ, or an organ system adjusts its activities automatically in response to some environmental change
autoregulation (intrinsic regulation)
anatomical term for armpit region
axillary
anatomical term for arm region
brachial
anatomical term for cheek region
buccal
which organ system distributes blood and includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels
cardiovascular
anatomical term for wrist region
carpal
considers events at the chemical and molecular levels in cells
cell physiology
the simplest units of life
cells
anatomical term for head region
cephalic
anatomical term for neck region
cervical
type of gross anatomy: anatomy used in clinical practice
clinical anatomy
anatomical term for skull region
cranial
anatomical term for leg region
crural
the study of the internal structure of individual cells
cytology
2 subdivisions of microscopic anatomy
cytology & histology
a description of, especially a treatise describing, physical structure (vs. merely identifying it), more particularly that of humans
descriptive anatomy
type of gross anatomy: describes the changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity
developmental anatomy
which organ system processes and digests food and stores energy reserves?
digestive
anatomical term for fingers
digits
anatomical term for toes
digits
what organ system directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems and includes the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, and gonads
endocrine
many anatomical structures and clinical conditions were initially named after the discoverer, or in the case of diseases, the most famous victim. these commemorative names are called
eponyms
which organ system controls many functional changes during development and adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body?
exocrine
results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system, two organ systems hat control or adjust the activities of many other systems simultaneously
extrinsic regulation
anatomical term for face region
facial
anatomical term for thigh region
femoral
anatomical term for forehead region
frontal
involves the examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye
gross (macroscopic) anatomy
2 subdivisions of anatomy
gross (macroscopic) anatomy and microscopic anatomy
anatomical term for big toe region
hallux
the examination of tissues
histology
refers to the existence of a stable internal environment
homeostasis
the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis
homeostatic regulation
the endocrine system releases chemical messengers called
hormones
anatomical term for groin region
inguinal
which organ system protects against environmental hazards and includes skin, hair, sweat glands and nails?
integumentary
autoregulation is also called
intrinsic regulation
which organ system defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream, and includes the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils?
lymphatic
gross anatomy is also called
macroscopic anatomy
anatomical term for breast region
mammary
anatomical term for hand region
manual
anatomical term for chin region
mental
deals with structures that cannot be seen without magnification
microscopic anatomy
which organ system generates heat that maintains body temperature?
muscular
which organ system provides movement, and includes skeletal muscles and associated tendons?
muscular
the primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation
negative feedback
which organ system directs immediate responses to stimuli and includes the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and sense organs?
nervous
which organ system practically controls all other organ systems?
nervous
anatomical term for eye region
ocular, orbital
anatomical term for mouth region
oral
the study of the physiology of specific organs
organ physiology
groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner
organ systems
highest level of organization
organism
tissues combine to form
organs
etymology means
origin
anatomical term for ear region
otic
anatomical term for palm region
palmar
anatomical term for kneecap region
patellar
type of clinical anatomy: anatomical features that change during illness
pathological anatomy
the study of the effects of diseases on organ functions or system functions
pathological physiology
anatomical term for foot region
pedal
consider the following situation: would someone studying how a muscle contracts or what forces a contracting muscle exerts on the skeleton be studying anatomy or physiology?
physiology
the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions
physiology
anatomical term for thumb region
pollex
an initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the original change in conditions rather than opposing it
positive feedback
a person lying down in the anatomical position is said to be _______ when lying face down
prone
type of clinical anatomy: anatomical structures seen using specialized imaging techniques
radiographic anatomy
type of gross anatomy: focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk.
regional anatomy
which organ system delivers air to alveoli and includes the lungs and associated structures?
respiratory
which organ system produces sound for communication?
respiratory (larynx)
which organ system provides support and protection for other tissues, forms blood cells, and includes bones, cartilages, associated ligaments and bone marrow?
skeletal
exists when opposing processes or forces are in balance
state of equilibrium
a person lying down in the anatomical position is said to be _______ when lying face up
supine
type of gross anatomy: the study of general form and superficial markings
surface anatomy
type of clinical anatomy: anatomical landmarks important in surgery
surgical anatomy
type of gross anatomy: the study of organ systems
systemic anatomy
includes all aspects of the functioning of specific organ systems
systemic physiology
anatomical term for ankle region
tarsal
at which level of biological organization does a histologist investigate structures?
the tissue level
the control of body temperature
thermoregulation
anatomical term for chest region
thoracic
groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions
tissues
anatomical term for naval region
umbilical
which organ system excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume, and includes the kidneys, ureters, urethra, and the bladder?
urinary
which organ system regulates blood ion concentrations and pH?
urinary
the boundaries of microscopic anatomy are are established by
what type of microscope you are using