anatomy and physiology unit 1: levels of organization

a homeostatic regulatory system consists of 3 parts which are

1.) a receptor - a sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change 2.) a control center - receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands 3.) an effector - a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activities opposes or enhances the stimulus

5 types of gross anatomy

1.) surface anatomy 2.) regional anatomy 3.) systemic anatomy 4.) developmental anatomy 5.) clinical anatomy

the book that serves as the international standard for anatomical vocabulary

International Anatomical Terminology (Terminologia Anatomica) commonly abbreviated as TA

what quadrant is the bladder in

LLQ

what quadrant is the spleen in

LUQ

what quadrant is the stomach in

LUQ

what quadrant is the appendix in

RLQ

what quadrant is the gallbladder in

RUQ

what quadrant is the liver in

RUQ

"a cutting open" - study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among the body parts.

anatomy

consider the following situation: would someone studying how a particular muscle attaches to the skeleton be studying anatomy or physiology?

anatomy

anatomical term for forearm region

antebrachial

anatomical term for front of elbow region

antecubital

2 general mechanisms involved in homeostatic regulation

autoregulation & extrinsic regulation

occurs when a cell, a tissue, an organ, or an organ system adjusts its activities automatically in response to some environmental change

autoregulation (intrinsic regulation)

anatomical term for armpit region

axillary

anatomical term for arm region

brachial

anatomical term for cheek region

buccal

which organ system distributes blood and includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels

cardiovascular

anatomical term for wrist region

carpal

considers events at the chemical and molecular levels in cells

cell physiology

the simplest units of life

cells

anatomical term for head region

cephalic

anatomical term for neck region

cervical

type of gross anatomy: anatomy used in clinical practice

clinical anatomy

anatomical term for skull region

cranial

anatomical term for leg region

crural

the study of the internal structure of individual cells

cytology

2 subdivisions of microscopic anatomy

cytology & histology

a description of, especially a treatise describing, physical structure (vs. merely identifying it), more particularly that of humans

descriptive anatomy

type of gross anatomy: describes the changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity

developmental anatomy

which organ system processes and digests food and stores energy reserves?

digestive

anatomical term for fingers

digits

anatomical term for toes

digits

what organ system directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems and includes the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, and gonads

endocrine

many anatomical structures and clinical conditions were initially named after the discoverer, or in the case of diseases, the most famous victim. these commemorative names are called

eponyms

which organ system controls many functional changes during development and adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body?

exocrine

results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system, two organ systems hat control or adjust the activities of many other systems simultaneously

extrinsic regulation

anatomical term for face region

facial

anatomical term for thigh region

femoral

anatomical term for forehead region

frontal

involves the examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye

gross (macroscopic) anatomy

2 subdivisions of anatomy

gross (macroscopic) anatomy and microscopic anatomy

anatomical term for big toe region

hallux

the examination of tissues

histology

refers to the existence of a stable internal environment

homeostasis

the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis

homeostatic regulation

the endocrine system releases chemical messengers called

hormones

anatomical term for groin region

inguinal

which organ system protects against environmental hazards and includes skin, hair, sweat glands and nails?

integumentary

autoregulation is also called

intrinsic regulation

which organ system defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream, and includes the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils?

lymphatic

gross anatomy is also called

macroscopic anatomy

anatomical term for breast region

mammary

anatomical term for hand region

manual

anatomical term for chin region

mental

deals with structures that cannot be seen without magnification

microscopic anatomy

which organ system generates heat that maintains body temperature?

muscular

which organ system provides movement, and includes skeletal muscles and associated tendons?

muscular

the primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation

negative feedback

which organ system directs immediate responses to stimuli and includes the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and sense organs?

nervous

which organ system practically controls all other organ systems?

nervous

anatomical term for eye region

ocular, orbital

anatomical term for mouth region

oral

the study of the physiology of specific organs

organ physiology

groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner

organ systems

highest level of organization

organism

tissues combine to form

organs

etymology means

origin

anatomical term for ear region

otic

anatomical term for palm region

palmar

anatomical term for kneecap region

patellar

type of clinical anatomy: anatomical features that change during illness

pathological anatomy

the study of the effects of diseases on organ functions or system functions

pathological physiology

anatomical term for foot region

pedal

consider the following situation: would someone studying how a muscle contracts or what forces a contracting muscle exerts on the skeleton be studying anatomy or physiology?

physiology

the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions

physiology

anatomical term for thumb region

pollex

an initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the original change in conditions rather than opposing it

positive feedback

a person lying down in the anatomical position is said to be _______ when lying face down

prone

type of clinical anatomy: anatomical structures seen using specialized imaging techniques

radiographic anatomy

type of gross anatomy: focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk.

regional anatomy

which organ system delivers air to alveoli and includes the lungs and associated structures?

respiratory

which organ system produces sound for communication?

respiratory (larynx)

which organ system provides support and protection for other tissues, forms blood cells, and includes bones, cartilages, associated ligaments and bone marrow?

skeletal

exists when opposing processes or forces are in balance

state of equilibrium

a person lying down in the anatomical position is said to be _______ when lying face up

supine

type of gross anatomy: the study of general form and superficial markings

surface anatomy

type of clinical anatomy: anatomical landmarks important in surgery

surgical anatomy

type of gross anatomy: the study of organ systems

systemic anatomy

includes all aspects of the functioning of specific organ systems

systemic physiology

anatomical term for ankle region

tarsal

at which level of biological organization does a histologist investigate structures?

the tissue level

the control of body temperature

thermoregulation

anatomical term for chest region

thoracic

groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions

tissues

anatomical term for naval region

umbilical

which organ system excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume, and includes the kidneys, ureters, urethra, and the bladder?

urinary

which organ system regulates blood ion concentrations and pH?

urinary

the boundaries of microscopic anatomy are are established by

what type of microscope you are using