Anatomy: Blood Vessels

Which layer has elastic fibers?

SMOOTH MUSCLE Allows blood to be directed to parts of body by vasoconstriction.

What are the functions of smooth muscle and elastic fibers?

ELASTIC FIBERS: within smooth muscles. Allows blood vessels to return to normal size, and to stretch during systole.

Which capillaries are found where lots of fluids need to be moved back and forth, such as in the small intestine?

FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES

What vessel drains from the danger triangle into the dural sinuses of the brain?

Facial vein-

Which artery is a good place to take a pulse?

Femoral artery: good place to take a pulse since it is superficial, but that also makes it susceptible to injury.

What vessel is often used to bypass a damaged coronary artery in coronary bypass surgery, and is the most likely vein to become varicose?

Saphenous vein-

Which vessels carry blood away from the heart? Which vessels have a smaller lumen, veins or arteries? Which have thicker walls? Which have more elastin? Which have valves?

• Arteries • Arteries • Arteries • Arteries • Veins have valves, arteries do not. Lymph vessels also have valves

What are three causes of an aneurysm?

- Defect in part of the artery wall - High blood pressure - Congenital (present at birth)

What are the 2 large TYPES OF ARTERIES?

ELASTIC ARTERIES and MUSCULAR ARTERIES

What are the two types of EDEMA? Which is more severe?

1. Pitting: worse in the evening . 2. Non-pitting This is more severe because it does not go away easily. Just as swollen in morning as evening

What three layers compose blood vessels?

1. TUNICA ("coat") INTIMA 2. TUNICA MEDIA 3. TUNICA ADVENTITIA (TUNICA EXTERNA)

Name 3 BLOOD PUMPS

1. The heart 2. Elastic arteries 3. Muscles constricting the veins

What is a sac-like outpouching of an artery called?

ANEURYSM

What type of blood vessel can close the lumen completely when it contracts?

ARTERIOLES

Which are the smallest blood vessels, and are found everywhere? Which layer do they have? Where is the only site of nutrient, gas exchange, and waste exchange in the ardiovascular system?

CAPILLARIES They only have an endothelium. Capillaries

The diameter of a typical capillary is similar to that of what? What are the three types of capillaries? Which are the most common? Which have pores? Which have very large gaps?

Capillary diameter is similar to an erythrocyte - Continuous - most common - Fenestrated ("window") - have pores - Discontinuous (Sinusoids) - have very large gaps

The circle of Willis forms a loop around which structures?

Circle of Willis forms a loop around the pituitary gland and the optic chiasma

What type of capillaries are found in the red marrow because their gaps are so large, a RBC can fit through?

DISCONTINUOUS (sinusoidal) capillaries

What vessel in the fetus connects the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch so that most of the blood bypasses the immature lungs?

Ductus arteriorsis

What is the largest type of blood vessel? What do they contain a lot of?

ELASTIC ARTERIES • There of lots of elastic fibers in the tunica media

What are three treatments for this condition?

LASER, SCLEROSING, SURGERY

What is the name of the condition when a person has inflamed veins?

PHLEBITIS

What is found at the start of each capillary? What is the function of this structure?

PRE-CAPILLARY SPHINCTER controls the flow of blood to individual capillaries. It directs the blood flow to specific cells. If one cell is starving, the capillary next to it will open. The sphincter opens and closes depending on the needs of individual cells. Blood always flows to those cells and tissues that need it. There is not enough blood to go around.

Why is PHLEBITIS dangerous?

Phlebitis can be associated with the formation of blood clots (thrombosis), usually in the deep veins of the legs, the condition is called Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis (DVT).

What are the signs and Symptoms of DVT?

Redness (erythema) and warmth with a temperature elevation of a degree or more above the baseline Pain or burning along the length of the vein Swelling (edema) Vein being hard, and cordlike Need to go to the emergency room if all symptoms are present

What vessel is oxygen poor, but contains the lowest concentration of nitrogen waste.

Renal vein-

How to Recognize a Stroke ("STROKE")

S * Ask the individual to SMILE. T * Ask the person to TALK and SPEAK A SIMPLE SENTENCE (Coherently; i.e. It is sunny out today) R * Ask him or her to RAISE BOTH ARMS. O * Open the mouth and stick out the tongue K * Keep them comfortable and still E * Get EMERGENCY help (911) If one side of the body responds differently than the other side, or if they have trouble with the task, call 911.

How is blood able to get uphill and return to the heart without backing up?

Skeletal muscle pushes on the vein to move the blood uphill, and the valves keep it from falling backwards and backing up

What are SPIDER VEINS? Are they dangerous? What are two treatments?

Small superficial veins become varicose and do not function properly. Cause an unsightly appearance but are not dangerous. Injections of alcohol or saline into the vein will sclerose them (scar them shut), or they can be lasered.

What are the two layers of the TUNICA INTIMA?

TUNICA ("Coat") INTIMA a. ENDOTHELIUM: SUBENDOTHELIUM

What are the three functions of the TUNICA ADVENTITIA (TUNICA EXTERNA)

TUNICA ADVENTITIA (TUNICA EXTERNA): a. Protects the blood vessel (strong) b. Gives vessel strength for shape c. Anchors vessel to surrounding tissue; loosens with age.

Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle tissue?

TUNICA MEDIA has smooth muscle and elastic fibers

Name 3 Veins that are rich in oxygen and nutrients:

Umbilical vein Hepatic Portal vein Pulmonary vein

What is the term for a vein that has incompetent valves?

VARICOSE VEINS

What is a blood vessel that supplies a blood vessel called?

VASO VASORUM

Name the 2 varieties of VEINS

VENULE: this is the smallest. It takes blood from the capillary to the vein. VEIN: takes blood to the heart.

What type of artery is distal to elastic arteries, and consists of most of the named arteries? What layer in these arteries is thick?

• Muscular Arteries • Tunica media is thick

Do arteries always contain oxygenated blood?

• No; the pulmonary and umbilical arteries have deoxygenated (blue) blood.

What causes VENOUS STASIS ULCERS? Who gets them most often? What are three issues that must be treated when one gets a venous stasis ulcer?

• Varicose veins with excess acid products from the blood plasma (sugar, carbon dioxide, etc), which eventually erode all the way to the skin. • Common in diabetics. • Treatment must address sugar levels, vein problem, and the open wound.

What are the only BLOOD vessels that have valves

• Veins are the only BLOOD vessels that have valves (although LYMPH vessels also have valves).