Anatomy Ch. 5
A consequence of "wear and tear" on joints; chiefly affects the large weight-bearing joints; involves the erosion of articular cartilage and formation of bony spurs
osteoarthritis
Age-related erosion of articular cartilages and formation of painful bony spurs are characteristic of gouty arthritis.
osteoarthritis
The alignment of broken bone ends is called ________.
reduction
An autoimmune disorder; joints affected bilaterally; involves pannus formation and gradual joint immobilization
rheumatoid arthritis
The disease in children whose diets lack calcium or vitamin D, where the bones fail to calcify is called ________.
rickets
In _______, the spinal column is shifted to one side.
scoliosis
The bones of the wrist and ankles are examples of _______ bones.
short
When the bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin, it is called a(n) _________.
simple fracture
The ______ is formed by the cranium and facial bones.
skull
________ bone has small, needle-like pieces with lots of open space.
spongy
Identify two sutures located on the skull.
squamous, lambdoid, coronal
The true ribs attach directly with the _______ by costal cartilages.
sternum
Name 4 functions of the skeletal system.
support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation
There are ______ thoracic vertebrae.
12
The ______ is commonly called the collarbone.
clavicle
In a(n) ________, the bone ends are coaxed back into their normal position by the physician's hands.
closed reduction
The ______ is the human tailbone.
coccyx
_______ bone is dense ad looks smooth and homogenous.
compact
When the broken bone ends penetrate through the skin, it is called a(n) _________.
compound fracture
The central canals are also known as ________ canals.
Haversian
Bone markings known as _________ usually begin with the letter "F."
depressions
The shaft of a long bone is called the ________.
diaphysis
Influences skeleton proportions and adolescent growth of long bones
endocrine system
Regulates uptake and release of calcium by bones
endocrine system
________ plates provide for longitudinal growth of long bones during childhood.
epiphyseal
The _______ are the ends of a long bone.
epiphysis
The _______ is the canal that leads to the eardrum and middle ear.
external acoustic meatus
Hinge joints permit adduction and abduction.
false; ball and socket
A symphysis is a joint where bones are connected by fibrous bands.
false; fibrocartilage
State two differences between the female pelvis and the male pelvis.
female inlet - larger and more circular female pelvis - shallower; bones lighter and thinner female ilea - flares more laterally female sacrum - shorter and less curved female outlet - larger female pubic arch - more rounded because angle of pubic arch is greater
The _______ is the heaviest, strongest bone of the body.
femur
Joints may be classified according to structure. Identify the three categories and give an example of each type.
fibrous - sutures of the skull cartilaginous - pubic symphysis synovial - joint of the limbs
The skull, ribs, and sternum are examples of _______ bones.
flat
__________ are connective tissue fibers that secure this covering to the shaft.
Sharpey's fibers
The ______ are the "soft spots" of a baby's skull.
fontanels
The _______ at the base of the occipital bone allows the spinal cord to connect with the brain.
foramen magnum
A(n) ________ is a break in a bone.
fracture
The acetabulum is a deep, cup-like socket, whereas the coracoid cavity is shallow and saucer-shaped.
glenoid
A painful condition reflecting elevated levels of uric acid in the blood; few joints are affected
gout
The type of arthritis associated with a build up of uric acid is rheumatoid arthritis.
gouty
_______ hormones and _______ hormones control the process of long bone growth.
growth; sex
The "great toe" is called the _______.
hallux
Blood cell formation is called ________.
hematopoiesis
Identify the socket found in the shoulder joint and the hip joint.
hip joint - acetabulum shoulder joint - glenoid cavity
The limbs and girdles make up the ________ skeleton.
appendicular
Arthroscopy describes the examination of joints with X-rays.
arthroscope
________ cartilage covers the bone ends.
articular
The bones that form the longitudinal axis of the skeleton make up the ________ skeleton.
axial
The _______ is the only bone that does not articulate directly with any other bone.
hyoid bone
The term _______ refers to a condition in which calcium ions levels are excessive.
hypercalcemia
The term ________ refers to a condition in which Ca ions levels are below normal.
hypocalcemia
The _______, _______, and _______ make up the hip bone
ilium, ischium, pubis
Provides Vitamin D for proper calcium absorption
integumentary
The vertebrae are classified as _______ bones.
irregular
The _________ of the skeletal system gives flexibility to the body.
joints
The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments add stability to the elbow joint.
knee
The olecrannon fossa is found in the _______ joint.
knee
The condition commonly referred to as hunchback is a result of ________.
kyphosis
Tiny cavities within the matrix are called _________.
lacuna
The ________ form concentric circles around the central canals.
lamellae
The femur and humerus are examples of _______ bones.
long
The ______ is the largest and strongest bone in the face.
mandible
The bones of the hand are called the _______.
metacarpals
The bones of the foot are called the ______.
metatarsals
Increases bone strength and viability by pulling action
muscular system
Conveys the sense of pain in bone and joints
nervous system
In a(n) _________, surgery is performed and the bone ends are secured together with pins and wires.
open reduction
The process of bone formation is called ________.
ossification
Joints may be classified according to function. Identify the three categories of joints and indicate the type of movement allowed by each.
synarthrotic - immovable amphiarthrotic - slightly movable diarthrotic - freely movable
Which structural joint type is not commonly found in the axial skeleton and why?
synovial joints because they are freely movable and the axial skeleton is more focused on support and protection rather than movement
The bones of the ankle are called the _______.
tarsals
Name a repetitive motion injury.
tendonitis
A "slipped disk" is a result of the deterioration of the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disks.
true
A pivot joint is a form of uniaxial joint.
true
All synovial joints have an enclosed cavity with a lubricating fluid.
true
Diarthrotic joints are the most numerous types of joints in the body.
true
In a sprain, the ligaments reinforcing a joint are excessively stretched of torn.
true
Synchondrotic joints between the ribs and the sternum allow for expansion of the chest cavity during breathing.
true
The primary bone in the septum of the nose is the _______.
vomer
The hip bones are part of the ________ girdle.
acetabulum
Chronic arthritis usually results from bacterial invasion.
acute
The ________ canals ar the communication pathways from the outside of the bone to its interior.
Volksmann's
There are _____ pairs of true ribs, whereas there are ____ pairs of floating ribs. a. 7;2 b. 5;2 c. 2;5 d. 7;5 e. 5;7
a. 7;2
The major problem of osteoarthritis is a. articular cartilage degeneration b. inflammation of the synovial membrane c. pannus formation d. sodium urate crystals in synovial fluid
a. articular cartilage degeneration
The bone that houses the inner ear structures associated with hearing and balance is the a. temporal b. occipital c. parietal d. sphenoid
a. temporal
An example of a hinge joint is a. the head of the radius articulating with the ulna b. the interphalangeal joints c. the first metacarpal articulating with the trapezium of the wrist d. the head of the femur articulating with the scapula
a. the head of the radius articulating with the ulna
The UL ratio become 1:1 a. at birth b. by age 10 c. at puberty d. when epiphyseal plates form
b. by age 10
Metacarpal bones form the framework of the a. wrist b. hand c. ankle d. foot
b. hand
A hunchback appearance of the thoracic region is probably due to a. slipped disks b. kyphosis c. scoliosis d. lordosis
b. kyphosis
A bone that has essentially the same width, length, and height is most likely a(n) a. long bone b. short bone c. flat bone d. irregular bone
b. short bone
The rotator cuff muscles and tendons form a cuff-like arrangement around the a. ankle joint b. shoulder joint c. hip joint d. knee joint
b. shoulder joint
The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the a. pectoral and pelvic girdles b. skull, thorax, and vertebral column c. arms, legs, hands, and feet d. limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle
b. skull, thorax, and vertebral column
Which is the correct order of ribs, from superior to inferior? a. floating ribs, false ribs, true ribs b. true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs c. floating ribs, true ribs, false ribs d. false ribs, floating ribs, true ribs
b. true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs
Examples are "housemaid's knee" and tennis elbow.
bursitis
There are _____ lumbar vertebra, whereas there are ______ thoracic vertebra. a. 5;7 b. 12;7 c. 5;12 d. 12;5
c. 5;12
Which occurs first in the healing of bone fractures? a. a bony callus replaces the fibrocartilage b. granulation tissue forms c. a blood clot (hematoma) forms around the break d. a fibrocartilage callus forms as a result of fibroblast activity
c. a blood clot (hematoma) forms around the break
A fontanel can be best described as a. a bone in the skull b. a small opening c. an unossified area in the infant's skull d. an articulation between two skull bones
c. an unossified area in the infant's skull
The skeletal framework of the neck is made up of ________ vertebrae. a. sacral b. lumbar c. cervical d. thoracic
c. cervical
A fracture in which the bone ends penetrate soft tissue is a. greenstick b. simple c. compound d. compression
c. compound
The shaft of a long bone is properly called the a. epiphysis b. periosteum c. diaphysis d. compact bone
c. diaphysis
The hyoid bone a. forms the interior portion of the skull b. is attached to the zygomatic bone c. does not articulate with any other bone d. is a cartilaginous structure
c. does not articulate with any other bone
Which of the following bones is not part of the knee joint? a. femur b. tibia c. fibula d. patella
c. fibula
In adult long bones, hyaline cartilage is found a. in the medullary cavity b. in the diaphysis c. in the epiphyseal line d. on articular surfaces
c. in the epiphyseal line
Which bone is part of the appendicular skeleton? a. mandible b. parietal c. scapula d. vertebra
c. scapula
Multiaxial joints of the body include a. the knee and elbow b. the ankle and wrist c. the hip and shoulder d. intercarpal and intertarsal joints
c. the hip and shoulder
The lowest part of the sternum is called the a. manubrium b. body c. xiphoid process d. costal cartilage
c. xiphoid process
__________ are tiny canals that radiate outward from the central canal.
canaliculi
The bones of the wrist are called the ________.
carpals
Anatomical characteristics of a synovial joint include a. articular cartilage b. a joint cavity c. an articular capsule d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that a. bone length is no longer increasing b. bone diameter is decreasing c. bone diameter is increasing d. bone length is increasing
d. bone length is increasing
Rickets usually develops from a deficiency of which of the following substances? a. vitamin A b. vitamin B c. vitamin C d. calcium
d. calcium
The lay person's name for the clavicle is the a. elbow b. shinbone c. kneecap d. collarbone
d. collarbone
The suture between the frontal and parietal bones is the _______ suture. a. squamous b. lambdoidal c. sagittal d. coronal
d. coronal
________ is the hormone that helps maintain the health and normal density of a woman's skeleton. a. insulin b. PTH c. testosterone d. estrogen
d. estrogen
The process of long bone growth is controlled by ________, whereas bone remodeling is controlled by _______. a. minerals; vitamins b. osteoblasts; osteoclasts c. vitamins; minerals d. growth hormones and sex hormones; osteoblasts and osteoclasts
d. growth hormones and sex hormones; osteoblasts and osteoclasts
The knee joint is an example of a(n) a. ball and socket joint b. gliding joint c. saddle joint d. hinge joint
d. hinge joint
The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the a. pectoral and pelvic girdles b. skull, thorax, and vertebral column c. arms, legs, hands, and feet d. limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle
d. limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle
Which of the following bones is unpaired? a. parietal b. zygomatic c. nasal d. mandible e. temporal
d. mandible
The foramen magnum passes through the a. coal bone b. atlas c. temporal bone d. occipital bone
d. occipital bone
The condition of "housemaid's knee" is an inflammation of the a. menisci b. cruciate ligaments c. synovial membrane d. prepatellar bursa
d. prepatellar bursa
Red bone marrow functions to _______, whereas yellow bone marrow functions to ________. a. provide osteoclasts; produce osteocytes b. produce adipose tissue; produce cells c. provide osteocytes; produce blood cells d. produce cells; store fat tissue
d. produce cells; store fat tissue
Which bone is part of the axial skeleton? a. innominate b. radius c. clavicle d. rib
d. rib
Lateral curvature of the spine is called a. convexity b. kyphosis c. lordosis d. scoliosis
d. scoliosis
Rotator cuff surgery has become quite common among professional players, especially pitchers. Evidently the throwing motion places enormous stress on the a. elbow b. wrist c. hip d. shoulder
d. shoulder
The two largest foot bones are the a. metatarsals 1 and 2 b. middle and proximal phalanges c. metatarsals 3 and 4 d. talus and calcaneus
d. talus and calcaneus
At his 94th birthday, James was complimented on how good he looked and was asked about his health. He replied, "I feel good most of the time, but some of my joints ache and are stiff, especially my knees, hips, and lower back, and especially in the morning when I wake up." A series of X-rays and MRIs taken a few weeks earlier revealed that the articular cartilages of these joints were rough and flaking off, and that bone spurs were present at the ends of some of James' bones. What is James' probable condition?
osteoarthritis because it usually occurs during old age and is usually identified when bone spurs are present
_________ are bone destroying cells that break down bone matrix and release calcium ions into the blood.
osteoclasts
Mature bone cells are called ________.
osteocytes
The central canal and matrix rings make up the _________.
osteon
_________ is a disease of the bone in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit, leaving the person with thin and often very fragile bones.
osteoporosis
The shoulder girdle is also called the ________ girdle.
pectoral
The _________ is a fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the shaft.
periosteum
The _______ are the bones of the fingers.
phalanges
Healing of a painfully torn ligament is slow because its hundreds of fibrous strands are highly vascularized.
poorly
Bone markings known as ________ usually begin with the letter "T."
projections
The _______ is the anterior joint of the pelvic.
pubic symphysis