Anatomy Ch. 5

A consequence of "wear and tear" on joints; chiefly affects the large weight-bearing joints; involves the erosion of articular cartilage and formation of bony spurs

osteoarthritis

Age-related erosion of articular cartilages and formation of painful bony spurs are characteristic of gouty arthritis.

osteoarthritis

The alignment of broken bone ends is called ________.

reduction

An autoimmune disorder; joints affected bilaterally; involves pannus formation and gradual joint immobilization

rheumatoid arthritis

The disease in children whose diets lack calcium or vitamin D, where the bones fail to calcify is called ________.

rickets

In _______, the spinal column is shifted to one side.

scoliosis

The bones of the wrist and ankles are examples of _______ bones.

short

When the bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin, it is called a(n) _________.

simple fracture

The ______ is formed by the cranium and facial bones.

skull

________ bone has small, needle-like pieces with lots of open space.

spongy

Identify two sutures located on the skull.

squamous, lambdoid, coronal

The true ribs attach directly with the _______ by costal cartilages.

sternum

Name 4 functions of the skeletal system.

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation

There are ______ thoracic vertebrae.

12

The ______ is commonly called the collarbone.

clavicle

In a(n) ________, the bone ends are coaxed back into their normal position by the physician's hands.

closed reduction

The ______ is the human tailbone.

coccyx

_______ bone is dense ad looks smooth and homogenous.

compact

When the broken bone ends penetrate through the skin, it is called a(n) _________.

compound fracture

The central canals are also known as ________ canals.

Haversian

Bone markings known as _________ usually begin with the letter "F."

depressions

The shaft of a long bone is called the ________.

diaphysis

Influences skeleton proportions and adolescent growth of long bones

endocrine system

Regulates uptake and release of calcium by bones

endocrine system

________ plates provide for longitudinal growth of long bones during childhood.

epiphyseal

The _______ are the ends of a long bone.

epiphysis

The _______ is the canal that leads to the eardrum and middle ear.

external acoustic meatus

Hinge joints permit adduction and abduction.

false; ball and socket

A symphysis is a joint where bones are connected by fibrous bands.

false; fibrocartilage

State two differences between the female pelvis and the male pelvis.

female inlet - larger and more circular female pelvis - shallower; bones lighter and thinner female ilea - flares more laterally female sacrum - shorter and less curved female outlet - larger female pubic arch - more rounded because angle of pubic arch is greater

The _______ is the heaviest, strongest bone of the body.

femur

Joints may be classified according to structure. Identify the three categories and give an example of each type.

fibrous - sutures of the skull cartilaginous - pubic symphysis synovial - joint of the limbs

The skull, ribs, and sternum are examples of _______ bones.

flat

__________ are connective tissue fibers that secure this covering to the shaft.

Sharpey's fibers

The ______ are the "soft spots" of a baby's skull.

fontanels

The _______ at the base of the occipital bone allows the spinal cord to connect with the brain.

foramen magnum

A(n) ________ is a break in a bone.

fracture

The acetabulum is a deep, cup-like socket, whereas the coracoid cavity is shallow and saucer-shaped.

glenoid

A painful condition reflecting elevated levels of uric acid in the blood; few joints are affected

gout

The type of arthritis associated with a build up of uric acid is rheumatoid arthritis.

gouty

_______ hormones and _______ hormones control the process of long bone growth.

growth; sex

The "great toe" is called the _______.

hallux

Blood cell formation is called ________.

hematopoiesis

Identify the socket found in the shoulder joint and the hip joint.

hip joint - acetabulum shoulder joint - glenoid cavity

The limbs and girdles make up the ________ skeleton.

appendicular

Arthroscopy describes the examination of joints with X-rays.

arthroscope

________ cartilage covers the bone ends.

articular

The bones that form the longitudinal axis of the skeleton make up the ________ skeleton.

axial

The _______ is the only bone that does not articulate directly with any other bone.

hyoid bone

The term _______ refers to a condition in which calcium ions levels are excessive.

hypercalcemia

The term ________ refers to a condition in which Ca ions levels are below normal.

hypocalcemia

The _______, _______, and _______ make up the hip bone

ilium, ischium, pubis

Provides Vitamin D for proper calcium absorption

integumentary

The vertebrae are classified as _______ bones.

irregular

The _________ of the skeletal system gives flexibility to the body.

joints

The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments add stability to the elbow joint.

knee

The olecrannon fossa is found in the _______ joint.

knee

The condition commonly referred to as hunchback is a result of ________.

kyphosis

Tiny cavities within the matrix are called _________.

lacuna

The ________ form concentric circles around the central canals.

lamellae

The femur and humerus are examples of _______ bones.

long

The ______ is the largest and strongest bone in the face.

mandible

The bones of the hand are called the _______.

metacarpals

The bones of the foot are called the ______.

metatarsals

Increases bone strength and viability by pulling action

muscular system

Conveys the sense of pain in bone and joints

nervous system

In a(n) _________, surgery is performed and the bone ends are secured together with pins and wires.

open reduction

The process of bone formation is called ________.

ossification

Joints may be classified according to function. Identify the three categories of joints and indicate the type of movement allowed by each.

synarthrotic - immovable amphiarthrotic - slightly movable diarthrotic - freely movable

Which structural joint type is not commonly found in the axial skeleton and why?

synovial joints because they are freely movable and the axial skeleton is more focused on support and protection rather than movement

The bones of the ankle are called the _______.

tarsals

Name a repetitive motion injury.

tendonitis

A "slipped disk" is a result of the deterioration of the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disks.

true

A pivot joint is a form of uniaxial joint.

true

All synovial joints have an enclosed cavity with a lubricating fluid.

true

Diarthrotic joints are the most numerous types of joints in the body.

true

In a sprain, the ligaments reinforcing a joint are excessively stretched of torn.

true

Synchondrotic joints between the ribs and the sternum allow for expansion of the chest cavity during breathing.

true

The primary bone in the septum of the nose is the _______.

vomer

The hip bones are part of the ________ girdle.

acetabulum

Chronic arthritis usually results from bacterial invasion.

acute

The ________ canals ar the communication pathways from the outside of the bone to its interior.

Volksmann's

There are _____ pairs of true ribs, whereas there are ____ pairs of floating ribs. a. 7;2 b. 5;2 c. 2;5 d. 7;5 e. 5;7

a. 7;2

The major problem of osteoarthritis is a. articular cartilage degeneration b. inflammation of the synovial membrane c. pannus formation d. sodium urate crystals in synovial fluid

a. articular cartilage degeneration

The bone that houses the inner ear structures associated with hearing and balance is the a. temporal b. occipital c. parietal d. sphenoid

a. temporal

An example of a hinge joint is a. the head of the radius articulating with the ulna b. the interphalangeal joints c. the first metacarpal articulating with the trapezium of the wrist d. the head of the femur articulating with the scapula

a. the head of the radius articulating with the ulna

The UL ratio become 1:1 a. at birth b. by age 10 c. at puberty d. when epiphyseal plates form

b. by age 10

Metacarpal bones form the framework of the a. wrist b. hand c. ankle d. foot

b. hand

A hunchback appearance of the thoracic region is probably due to a. slipped disks b. kyphosis c. scoliosis d. lordosis

b. kyphosis

A bone that has essentially the same width, length, and height is most likely a(n) a. long bone b. short bone c. flat bone d. irregular bone

b. short bone

The rotator cuff muscles and tendons form a cuff-like arrangement around the a. ankle joint b. shoulder joint c. hip joint d. knee joint

b. shoulder joint

The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the a. pectoral and pelvic girdles b. skull, thorax, and vertebral column c. arms, legs, hands, and feet d. limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle

b. skull, thorax, and vertebral column

Which is the correct order of ribs, from superior to inferior? a. floating ribs, false ribs, true ribs b. true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs c. floating ribs, true ribs, false ribs d. false ribs, floating ribs, true ribs

b. true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs

Examples are "housemaid's knee" and tennis elbow.

bursitis

There are _____ lumbar vertebra, whereas there are ______ thoracic vertebra. a. 5;7 b. 12;7 c. 5;12 d. 12;5

c. 5;12

Which occurs first in the healing of bone fractures? a. a bony callus replaces the fibrocartilage b. granulation tissue forms c. a blood clot (hematoma) forms around the break d. a fibrocartilage callus forms as a result of fibroblast activity

c. a blood clot (hematoma) forms around the break

A fontanel can be best described as a. a bone in the skull b. a small opening c. an unossified area in the infant's skull d. an articulation between two skull bones

c. an unossified area in the infant's skull

The skeletal framework of the neck is made up of ________ vertebrae. a. sacral b. lumbar c. cervical d. thoracic

c. cervical

A fracture in which the bone ends penetrate soft tissue is a. greenstick b. simple c. compound d. compression

c. compound

The shaft of a long bone is properly called the a. epiphysis b. periosteum c. diaphysis d. compact bone

c. diaphysis

The hyoid bone a. forms the interior portion of the skull b. is attached to the zygomatic bone c. does not articulate with any other bone d. is a cartilaginous structure

c. does not articulate with any other bone

Which of the following bones is not part of the knee joint? a. femur b. tibia c. fibula d. patella

c. fibula

In adult long bones, hyaline cartilage is found a. in the medullary cavity b. in the diaphysis c. in the epiphyseal line d. on articular surfaces

c. in the epiphyseal line

Which bone is part of the appendicular skeleton? a. mandible b. parietal c. scapula d. vertebra

c. scapula

Multiaxial joints of the body include a. the knee and elbow b. the ankle and wrist c. the hip and shoulder d. intercarpal and intertarsal joints

c. the hip and shoulder

The lowest part of the sternum is called the a. manubrium b. body c. xiphoid process d. costal cartilage

c. xiphoid process

__________ are tiny canals that radiate outward from the central canal.

canaliculi

The bones of the wrist are called the ________.

carpals

Anatomical characteristics of a synovial joint include a. articular cartilage b. a joint cavity c. an articular capsule d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that a. bone length is no longer increasing b. bone diameter is decreasing c. bone diameter is increasing d. bone length is increasing

d. bone length is increasing

Rickets usually develops from a deficiency of which of the following substances? a. vitamin A b. vitamin B c. vitamin C d. calcium

d. calcium

The lay person's name for the clavicle is the a. elbow b. shinbone c. kneecap d. collarbone

d. collarbone

The suture between the frontal and parietal bones is the _______ suture. a. squamous b. lambdoidal c. sagittal d. coronal

d. coronal

________ is the hormone that helps maintain the health and normal density of a woman's skeleton. a. insulin b. PTH c. testosterone d. estrogen

d. estrogen

The process of long bone growth is controlled by ________, whereas bone remodeling is controlled by _______. a. minerals; vitamins b. osteoblasts; osteoclasts c. vitamins; minerals d. growth hormones and sex hormones; osteoblasts and osteoclasts

d. growth hormones and sex hormones; osteoblasts and osteoclasts

The knee joint is an example of a(n) a. ball and socket joint b. gliding joint c. saddle joint d. hinge joint

d. hinge joint

The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the a. pectoral and pelvic girdles b. skull, thorax, and vertebral column c. arms, legs, hands, and feet d. limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle

d. limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle

Which of the following bones is unpaired? a. parietal b. zygomatic c. nasal d. mandible e. temporal

d. mandible

The foramen magnum passes through the a. coal bone b. atlas c. temporal bone d. occipital bone

d. occipital bone

The condition of "housemaid's knee" is an inflammation of the a. menisci b. cruciate ligaments c. synovial membrane d. prepatellar bursa

d. prepatellar bursa

Red bone marrow functions to _______, whereas yellow bone marrow functions to ________. a. provide osteoclasts; produce osteocytes b. produce adipose tissue; produce cells c. provide osteocytes; produce blood cells d. produce cells; store fat tissue

d. produce cells; store fat tissue

Which bone is part of the axial skeleton? a. innominate b. radius c. clavicle d. rib

d. rib

Lateral curvature of the spine is called a. convexity b. kyphosis c. lordosis d. scoliosis

d. scoliosis

Rotator cuff surgery has become quite common among professional players, especially pitchers. Evidently the throwing motion places enormous stress on the a. elbow b. wrist c. hip d. shoulder

d. shoulder

The two largest foot bones are the a. metatarsals 1 and 2 b. middle and proximal phalanges c. metatarsals 3 and 4 d. talus and calcaneus

d. talus and calcaneus

At his 94th birthday, James was complimented on how good he looked and was asked about his health. He replied, "I feel good most of the time, but some of my joints ache and are stiff, especially my knees, hips, and lower back, and especially in the morning when I wake up." A series of X-rays and MRIs taken a few weeks earlier revealed that the articular cartilages of these joints were rough and flaking off, and that bone spurs were present at the ends of some of James' bones. What is James' probable condition?

osteoarthritis because it usually occurs during old age and is usually identified when bone spurs are present

_________ are bone destroying cells that break down bone matrix and release calcium ions into the blood.

osteoclasts

Mature bone cells are called ________.

osteocytes

The central canal and matrix rings make up the _________.

osteon

_________ is a disease of the bone in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit, leaving the person with thin and often very fragile bones.

osteoporosis

The shoulder girdle is also called the ________ girdle.

pectoral

The _________ is a fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the shaft.

periosteum

The _______ are the bones of the fingers.

phalanges

Healing of a painfully torn ligament is slow because its hundreds of fibrous strands are highly vascularized.

poorly

Bone markings known as ________ usually begin with the letter "T."

projections

The _______ is the anterior joint of the pelvic.

pubic symphysis