Anatomy Chapter 1

What type of plane would separate the nose and mouth into superior and inferior structures?

A transverse plane, also called a horizontal or cross-sectional plane, would divide the mouth into superior and inferior sections.

Examining the superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures as they relate to the covering skin is called

Surface anatomy.

List and describe the three components of a homeostatic system, and give examples of each in the human body.

. A homeostatic system consists of a receptor such as a sensory neuron in the skin or a stretch receptor within a muscle that detects either an internal or external stimulus; a control system that integrates the input from the receptor such as the brain or an endocrine gland; and an effector such as a muscle or a gland that causes changes in response to the stimulus.

Describe the body in the anatomic position. Why is the anatomic position used?

A body in anatomical position is standing upright with the feet flat on the floor. The upper limbs are at the side of the body with palms facing anteriorly. The head is level and the eyes are looking forward.

What properties are common to all living things?

A hierarchical organization, metabolism, growth and development, responsiveness, regulation, and reproduction are characteristics common to all living organisms. All living things are arranged in a hierarchical manner with increasing levels of complexity from molecules to cells. They are capable of metabolism, growth and development, and responsiveness to stimuli. They are also able to regulate their internal environment in order to maintain homeostasis, ultimately surviving long enough to reproduce.

Does a higher level of organization contain all the levels beneath it? Explain.

A higher level of organization does contain all of the levels beneath it. Each level of organization is a function of the arrangement of its subsequent subunits, which are in turn a function of the organization of their subunits. Therefore, each level organization is dependent on the organization of all of the levels below.

What are the main components in a homeostatic control system?

A homeostatic system consists of a receptor that detects an internal or external stimulus, a control system that integrates the input from the receptor, and an effector such as a muscle or a gland that causes changes in response to the stimulus.

Compare and contrast how anatomists and physiologists describe the esophagus.

An anatomist will describe various tissues within the esophagus and their arrangement relative to each other. The physiologist will focus on how the tissues are involved in, and possibly interact, during the process of swallowing.

What are the similarities and differences between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy is the study of structure and form, whereas physiology is the study of how the structures function. It is important to understand the anatomy of a structure in order to understand how it performs its function. Conversely, understanding the function of an anatomical feature helps to put into perspective the significance of its arrangement.

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy is the study of structure and form. Physiology is the study of how the structures function.

__________ physiology examines how the heart, blood vessels, and blood function.

Cardiovascular

What subdiscipline of anatomy may explore how the lower limb differs between humans and chimpanzees?

Comparative anatomy

What is the relationship of the octet rule and chemical stability?

Elements such as the noble gases have satisfied the octet rule by having a complete outer electron shell and are therefore not reactive. Other elements may form bonds in order to satisfy the octet rule and fill their outer shells.

The state of maintaining a constant internal environment within an organism is called

Homeostasis

Explain how and why ions form based on the octet rule.

In order to satisfy the octet rule, atoms with only one electron in their outer shell may give up the electron, resulting in a slightly positive cation with a full outer shell. Conversely, atoms with seven electrons in their outer shell may accept an electron from another atom, becoming a slightly negative anion but with a full outer shell.

Could an ionic bond form between two cations or between two anions? Explain.

Ionic bonds are formed due to an attraction between ions with different charges; therefore, two positive cations cannot form an ionic bond with each other, nor can two negatively charged anions.

Do isotopes represent the same element? Do they have the same number of protons, neutrons, or electrons? Describe a radioisotope.

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that differ in their number of neutrons. In a radioisotope the extra neutrons will decay and be released as radiation.

The term refers to the sum of all chemical reactions in the body.

Metabolism

Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback mechanisms.

Negative feedback systems involve responses that are in opposition to the stimulus, thereby maintaining the environment in intensity until a climax event is reached, at which point the system will return to homeostasis. near the set point or normal level. Conversely, positive feedback systems entail a series of responses, each increasing.

What is the main difference between a homeostatic system regulated by negative feedback versus positive feedback?

Negative feedback systems involve responses that are in opposition to the stimulus, thereby maintaining the environment near the set point or normal level. Conversely, positive feedback systems entail a series of responses each increasing in intensity until a climax event is reached, at which point the system will return to homeostasis.

The level of organization is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform a common function.

Organ

"The elbow is to the wrist"?

Proximal

The term used to describe an appendage structure that is closest to its point of attachment to the trunk is

Proximal

A midsagittal plane separates the body into

Right & Left Halves

When you are outside on a hot, humid day, what body changes occur to help your body temperature return to normal?

Sweat glands release heat at the surface of the skin.

Which organ system is responsible for filtering the blood and removing the waste products of the blood in the form of urine?

The Urine System.

What does it mean if an organism is 'responsive', and how does this characteristic relate to the survival of this organism?

The ability of organisms to respond to stimuli such as changes in either their external or internal environment provides them with a mechanism for maintaining a constant internal environment, even as the environment around them changes.

On a cold day, what are some of the strategies the body uses to conserve heat?

The body may respond to a drop in temperature by decreasing the diameter of blood vessels carrying blood to the surface of the skin, thereby decreasing the amount of heat lost to external environment. Another response involves stimulation of skeletal muscles, causing "shivering" and thereby generating heat internally.

What are the two body cavities within the posterior aspect, and what does each cavity contain?

The cranial cavity and vertebral canal are located within the posterior aspect of the body. The cranial cavity houses the brain and the vertebral canal contains the spinal cord.

In a negative feedback mechanism, which of the following events does not occur?

The effector stimulates or increases the stimulus, so the cycle continues.

Name the organ systems in the human body.

The human body consists of eleven organ systems. They are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems

Which body cavity is associated with the lungs, and what are the names of its serous membranes?

The lungs are located within the thoracic cavity. The serous membranes surrounding them consist of a parietal pleura lining the inside of the body wall and a visceral pleura lining the individual lungs.

What subatomic particles determine the mass of an atom? What subatomic particles determine the charge of an atom?

The mass of an atom is determined by the combined number of protons and neutrons within its nucleus. The charge is a function of the ratio of protons to electrons.

What information about a molecule is gained by a structural formula? How does this differ from a molecular formula?

The molecular formula exhibits the type and number of atoms in a molecule; the structural formula also provides information on how the atoms are arranged.

Describe the structure and function of serous membranes in the body.

The serous membranes are found lining the compartments of the ventral cavity of the body. They consist of a parietal layer lining the inside of the body wall and a visceral layer covering internal organs. In between the two membranes is a potential space, the serous cavity, which contains serous fluid.

List the levels of organization in a human, starting at the simplest level and proceeding to the most complex. Give an example of a structure in each level.

The simplest level of organization within an organism is found at the chemical level and is composed of atoms and molecules. At the cellular level of organization, molecules are organized into cells and subcellular components, forming the basic units of life. Groupings of similar cells performing similar functions are referred to as tissues, and groups of tissues may be found working in concert, forming organs at the organ level of organization. Related groups of organs working together in order to coordinate activities within the organism are called organ systems.

The ______ is the serous membrane layer that covers the surface of the lungs.

visceral pleura