Anatomy Chapter 12 Lecture
Years of illegal drug use have left a patient with anterograde amnesia. Which of the following regions is probably affected?
-nucleus basalis -amygdala -hippocampus
Which of the following activities occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule?
-reabsorption of 99 percent of organic nutrients -secretion of hydrogen ions -reabsorption of water
Changes in the central nervous system that accompany aging include
-reduction in brain size and weight -decrease in the number of neurons -decreased blood flow to the brain -changes in synaptic organization in the brain
When a person rises quickly from a sitting position,
-reflex vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels occurs. -heart rate is reflexively elevated. -the carotid baroreceptors become less active. -venous return is decreased.
The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by
-releasing erythropoietin. -regulating NaCl levels in the blood. -adjusting the volume of water lost in urine. -releasing renin
Mary accidentally ate poison mushrooms that contain muscarine. What symptoms would you expect to observe?
-salivation -sweating -diarrhea -very low heart rate
Factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis include which of the following?
-smoking -high cholesterol -lack of exercise -obesity
In adults, red bone marrow is located in the
-sternum and ribs. -body of vertebrae. -iliac crest. -proximal epiphyses of long bones.
Which of the following nerves do not innervate the ankle and the foot?
-sural nerve -a branch of the sciatic nerve -fibular nerve
Why might a person take diuretics?
-to reduce blood pressure -to reduce body weight -to treat congestive heart failure -to reduce water retention
Which of the following is a function of the diencephalon?
-to regulate body temperature -to secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) -to process and transmit sensory information
Which of the following affects blood flow through the body?
-vascular resistance -vessel diameter -blood viscosity -turbulence
Which test tubes were used to determine the optimal pH for lipase activity?
1, 5, 6
There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves.
12
The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.
12 - 18
Each lung contains about __________ alveoli, giving the lungs a spongy appearance.
150 million
Descending (motor) pathways always involve at least ________ motor neuron(s).
2
The optimal pH for pepsin activity is _______.
2
What is the typical duration of a nerve action potential?
2 ms
The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps? 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur. 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage. 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection. 4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen. 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells. 6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin
2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6
Which of the following serve as receptors to measure body position and balance?
All of the listed responses are correct.
Which statement about the nasopharynx is true?
All of the listed responses are correct.
In a single cardiac contraction, or heartbeat, the entire heart contracts in series--first the atria and then the ventricles. What is the first step in this process?
An action potential is generated by the sinoatrial node.
What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell?
An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells. The activated B cell divides until there are many clones. Some differentiate into memory cells, other become plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies.
Which of the following is an example of naturally acquired active immunity?
An adult contracts a streptococcus infection and recovers in a couple of weeks.
________ is the symptom generally brought on by coronary ischemia.
Angina pectoris
When the sympathetic division is activated, there is a __________________ response.
"fight or flight"
In a typical neuron, what is the equilibrium potential for sodium?
+66
Premature contractions are common and typically not dangerous. If the premature contractions are due to aberrant Purkinje fibers, which of the following should you NOT conclude?
Atrial premature contractions occur.
Autonomic Nervous System
Automatically regulates smooth, and cardiac muscle, glandular secretions, and adipose tissue at the subconscious level.
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Around what transmembrane potential does threshold commonly occur?
-60 mv
Because the neuron is permeable to Na+ as well as K+, the resting membrane potential is _____ mV.
-70mv
In a typical neuron, what is the equilibrium potential for potassium?
-90
Which of these functions does the vascular layer serve?
-It controls the shape of the lens. -It regulates the amount of light that enters the eye. -It supports blood vessels and lymphatics.
In what ways do the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system interact?
-One division may increase function of an organ, while the other division inhibits it. -Both divisions may work together for the function of an organ or a process. -One division may counterbalance the other division. -Occasionally only one division communicates with an organ.
Which of the following conditions bests describes the effects of damage to the cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII?
-The person would have a limited range of detecting the frequency of sound. -the person would have a problem perceiving the range of sound intensities. -the person would have problems detecting the pitch of a sound.
When a person who lives at sea level vacations in the Rocky Mountains, you would expect
-a drop in atmospheric oxygen levels. -a rise in hematocrit. -an increase in red blood cell production. -the release of erythropoietin.
Postganglionic sympathetic axons can release the neurotransmitter ________ at their effector junctions.
-acetylcholine -nitric oxide -ACh -norepinephrine
Exposure to ________ generally causes a rapid increase in the rate of mucus production in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
-allergens -debris or pathogens -unpleasant stimuli -noxious vapor
Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include
-amino acid derivatives. -eicosanoids. -peptides. -steroids.
Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors?
-blood level of glucose -blood level of a hormone -blood level of an ion like calcium -nervous stimuli
When a rod is stimulated by light,
-cGMP decreases and sodium channels close. -the plasma membrane becomes hyperpolarized. -less neurotransmitter is released. -the retinal changes from the 11-cis to the 11-trans form
Hormones can operate on the ________ level of organization.
-cellular -tissue -organ -organismic
Tic douloureux is
-characterized by almost totally debilitating pain. -a disorder of the maxillary and mandibular branches of nerve V. -also called trigeminal neuralgia. -triggered by contact with the lip, tongue, or gums.
The cerebellum
-compares intended movement to actual movement. -if damaged leads to uncoordinated and jerky movements. -receives input from the motor cortex and basal ganglia. -functions to maintain proper posture and equilibrium.
The right atrium receives blood from the
-coronary sinus. -systemic circuit. -superior vena cava. -inferior vena cava.
The ________ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity.
Autonomic (ANS)
The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells.
B
Which of the following statements about B cells is INCORRECT?
B cells attack and kill cells infected with viruses.
Norepinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors. Name the type of adrenergic receptor that is excitatory to the heart.
B1
Which pair of molecules do NOT directly interact with one another?
BCR and TCR
________ are receptors in the aorta that monitor the blood pressure.
Baroreceptors
Consider the following statements: Sensory signals from the left hand arrive in the right hemisphere. Because of disconnection syndrome, these signals cannot be passed on to the language center, which is located in the diencephalon. One of these statements is incorrect. Which of the following answer choices provides the proper correction?
Because of disconnection syndrome, these signals cannot be passed on to the language center, which is located in the left hemisphere.
________ neurons are short, with a cell body between dendrite and axon, and occur in special sense organs.
Bipolar
Which of the following changes does not occur at birth when an infant takes his or her first breaths?
Blood flow to the lungs decreases.
Which of the following describes the effect of boiling and freezing?
Boiling denatured the enzyme, but freezing had no effect.
The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) is almost impermeable to water, but reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions from the filtrate.
Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine.
The inside of an excitable cell is negative compared with the outside. What gradient(s) would tend to move Na+ into the cell?
Both the concentration and electrical gradient
Central Nervous System
Brain Spinal Cord
Which of the following statements concerning respiratory centers in the brain is INCORRECT?
Brain centers controlling respiration are found only in the medulla oblongata.
Gustatory receptors are located
C) on the surface of the tongue
Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body except the
CNS
How they differ
Cardiac muscle cells branch. Cardiac muscle cells have a single, centered nucleus. Cardiac muscle cells are smaller in size. Skeletal muscle cells lack intercalated discs.
Cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells differ in a few ways. Which of the following is not one of them?
Cardiac muscle cells lack transverse tubules.
Most neurons lack ________ and so are permanently blocked from undergoing cell division.
Centrioles
Chapter 14
Chapter 14
If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following might occur?
-damage to the glomeruli -presence of protein in urine -permanent kidney injury -presence of blood in urin
A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to
-decreased sodium reabsorption. -increased urinary loss of sodium. -less secretion of aldosterone. -reduction of blood pressure
A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would affect
-digestion of lipids and proteins. -the composition of pancreatic secretions. -acid production by the stomach. -the delivery of bile
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia
-during pregnancy -in very young children -during fetal development -in some disease processes
During sympathetic activation, ________ occurs.
-elevated blood pressure -elevated heart rate -elevated blood glucose -sweating
Thermoreceptors
-for "cold" are structurally indistinguishable from those for "warm." -are more numerous for cold than for warm temperatures. -are free nerve endings. -are found within the dermis.
The respiratory defense system is important because it
-helps warm the air. -keeps out pathogens. -keeps out debris. -helps filter the air
Which of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release?
-increased loss of bone minerals -elevated blood calcium -osteopenia
A person who has AIDS contracts rare and often life-threatening infections because their helper T cell count is so low. Which of the following components of the immune response still respond to antigen despite the low helper T cell count?
Clonal selection of B cells
How would removal of calcium ions from a blood sample affect coagulation?
Coagulation would be prevented.
In a cell selectively permeable only to K+, what force will push K+ out of the cell?
Concentration gradient
________, or pinkeye, results from damage to or irritation of the conjunctival surface.
Conjunctivitis
Somatic Nervous System
Controls skeletal muscle contractions
Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face."
Cushing's disease
Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells?
Cytotoxic T cells
The ________ division of the nervous system carries motor commands to muscles and glands.
Efferent
As more and more K+ ions leave a cell, what force will tend to pull K+ ions back into the cell?
Electrical gradient
Which cells are most directly associated with the formation of CSF?
Ependymal cells
Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are
IgM
Which type of antibody is secreted first after the arrival of an antigen?
IgM
Which of the following statements about the cranial meninges is INCORRECT?
In cranial trauma, the pia mater provides the brain with the greatest protection from trauma by hitting the bones of the cranium.
Which of the following statements concerning veins and arteries is FALSE?
In general, the walls of arteries are thinner than the walls of veins.
What changes occur to voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels at the peak of depolarization?
Inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close, while activation gates of voltage-gated K+ channels open.
________ are blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or clipping.
Incisors
The most numerous neuron
Interneurons
Certain vitamins, such as B12, are needed for erythropoiesis to proceed normally. What factor is needed for the absorption of B12 and what condition is caused by the lack of B12?
Intrinsic factor; pernicious anemia
What triggers the movement of water out of the descending limb?
Ions are transported out of the ascending limb, and the resulting concentration gradient in the peritubular fluid pulls water out of the descending limb.
How can ion movement through channels affect the postsynaptic neuron?
Ions can either depolarize or hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane, depending on the ion channel opened.
Clusters of RER and free ribosomes in neurons are called
Nissl Bodies
A diuretic drug called thiazide increases water loss by reducing ion reabsorption in the proximal and the distal convoluted tubules. Which of the following answer choices correctly pertains to this statement?
Obligatory water reabsorption is thus reduced.
Which of the flowing explanations best describes why olfaction can elicit powerful emotional responses?
Olfactory information is relayed directly to the hypothalamus and limbic system.
What characterizes repolarization, the second phase of the action potential?
Once the membrane depolarizes to a peak value of +30 mV, it repolarizes to its negative resting value of -70 mV.
Which of the following would increase membrane permeability to K+?
Opening of voltage-gated K+ channels
In a spinal reflex, information flows from __________ to __________ to __________.
PNS; CNS; PNS
Blood gas analyses provide diagnostic information regarding the efficiency of gas exchange at the lungs and in peripheral tissues. Which of the following values are NOT within normal limits?
PO2 in systemic capillaries leaving tissue cells: 100 mm Hg
One possible way to categorize nervous system disorders is to check levels of neurotransmitters. What degenerative disorder is partly identified by the progressive loss of dopamine?
Parkinson's disease
Damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. This causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of
Parkinson's disease.
Which of the following congenital heart problems is a result of normal fetal circulation remaining open past birth?
Patent foramen ovale
Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine?
Peyer's patches
________ is an inherited abnormality that affects the development and structure of kidney tubules.
Polycystic kidney disease
Excitable cells are most permeable to which of the following cations?
Potassium
How do you check for accommodation?
Put an object (penlight, finger etc.) in front of the patient and slowly move it toward the patients face.
Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by the
QRS complex.
What enzyme is released by the juxtaglomerular complex to regulate GFR?
RENIN
Identify the major artery labeled "F".
Radial
Which of the following is NOT a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells?
Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein
Which of the following statements concerning inflammation and response to injury is INCORRECT?
Released histamine decreases capillary permeability and decreases blood flow through the area.
Which muscle does NOT increase the volume of the thoracic cavity during forceful inspiration?
Remember that these muscles function during exhalation.
Tactile receptors composed of capsules that surround a core of collagen fibers intertwined with dendrites are called ______________.
Ruffini corpuscles
Tactile receptors composed of capsules that surround a core of collagen fibers intertwined with dendrites are called
Ruffini corpuscles.
Why is it that one cannot identify the location of internal organs, although joints and bone location can be identified?
The internal organs have no proprioceptors like joints, bones, and muscles.
Which of the following statements about the pleura is (are) FALSE?
The intrapleural pressure will rise above intrapulmonary pressure during forceful inspiration.
How is the kidney involved with normal bone ossification and development?
The kidney produces calcitriol.
Which of the following is one of the physiological adaptations that occur in the human body at very high altitudes?
The kidney releases EPO to stimulate an increase in hematocrit.
Mike's injury is going to impact his urinary system significantly. Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?
The kidney releases erythropoietin, a hormone that functions in the maturation of white blood cells.
At rest, why is the transmembrane potential of a neuron (-70 mV) closer to the potassium equilibrium potential (-90 mV) than it is to the sodium equilibrium potential (+66 mV)?
The membrane is much more permeable to potassium ions than to sodium ions.
What characterizes depolarization, the first phase of the action potential?
The membrane potential changes from a negative value to a positive value.
What event triggers the generation of an action potential?
The membrane potential must depolarize from the resting voltage of -70 mV to a threshold value of -55 mV.
What would happen to the resting membrane potential of a neuron if the extracellular concentration of K+ decreased (from 5 to 2.5 mM/L)?
The membrane potential would become more negative.
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
The myelin sheath increases the speed of action potential conduction from the initial segment to the axon terminals.
Which of the following statements about levels of processing and motor control is correct?
The number of neurons in the cerebral cortex continues to increase until at least age four.
Which of the following is true of olfactory discrimination?
The number of olfactory receptors decline as we age.
Why is gastric lipase NOT as active as pancreatic lipase?
The pH of the stomach is too low and no bile is present in the stomach.
When blood glucose levels are low
The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.
When blood glucose levels are high
The pancreas releases insulin.
Which of the following could have resulted from stimulating the limbic system of a patient undergoing brain surgery?
The patient became agitated and angry.
How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria?
The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells.
In a condition known as pneumothorax, the integrity of the pleural cavity is lost, which leads to a collapsed lung. What is one explanation for why this occurs?
The pleural fluid that bonds the visceral and parietal pleurae together is broken by air.
What is the correct pairing of neurotransmitters in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
The preganglionic neuron releases ACh, and the postganglionic neuron releases ACh.
The ANS consists of two divisions: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. Which statement best describes the organization of the sympathetic division's preganglionic neurons?
The preganglionic neurons are located in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
The pancreas plays an important role in digestion by secreting digestive enzymes, such as proteolytic enzymes. In pancreatitis, these enzymes may begin digesting pancreatic exocrine cells in a process known as autolysis. What prevents autolysis in a healthy pancreas?
The released proteolytic enzymes are not yet in active form
The pancreas plays an important role in digestion by secreting digestive enzymes, such as proteolytic enzymes. In pancreatitis, these enzymes may begin digesting pancreatic exocrine cells in a process known as autolysis. What prevents autolysis in a healthy pancreas?
The released proteolytic enzymes are not yet in active form.
Which of the following statements concerning the thymus is INCORRECT?
The thymus reaches its greatest size after 25 years.
An ulcerated stomach lining often repairs itself once the source of inflammation has been eliminated. How is this possible?
The tissue lining the stomach is an epithelium and thus capable of repair and renewal.
How does the botulinus toxin decrease the effect of a neurotransmitter?
The toxin blocks the release of the neurotransmitter.
When the electrical and chemical gradients for K+ are equal, what will happen to the net movement of K+?
There will be no net movement of K+ across the membrane.
Which of these is NOT a property of phasic receptors?
They are always active.
The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually
a G protein.
The trachealis is __________.
a band of smooth muscle connecting the ends of tracheal cartilages that regulate its diameter
The electrochemical gradient for potassium ions when the transmembrane potential is at the resting potential (-70 mV) is caused by what?
a chemical gradient going out of the cell and an electrical gradient going into the cell
The term lymphadenopathy refers to
a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes __________.
a decrease in urine volume but an increase in solute concentration
Tom suffers from hypertension (high blood pressure). Which of the following might help deal with his problem.
a drug that blocks alpha-1 receptors in smooth muscle and blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue
The sensory homunculus is __________.
a functional map of the somatosensory cortex
Which of the following effects is NOT a result of parasympathetic activity?
a general elevation of muscle tone so that a person looks tense and may begin to shiver
A drug that blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal cells would result in
a higher pH during gastric digestion.
A glomerulus is
a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
Night blindness is a condition caused by __________.
a lack of photoreceptor pigments resulting from a vitamin A deficiency
Which of the following is the best illustration for Golgi tendon organ activation?
a male gymnast performing an iron cross on the rings apparatus
Pepsin is _______.
a peptidase, an enzyme that digests protein and a protein that digests protein
While playing in an intramural football game, Joe is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can actually feel a piece of the rib sticking through the skin and he is having a difficult time breathing. Joe is probably suffering from
a pneumothorax.
You complain to the doctor about constant pain and discomfort in the low back area. What test might logically be recommended?
a pyelogram
Damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve would likely cause
a reduction in saliva.
Stimulation of a neuron that terminates in the superior region of the left postcentral gyrus would produce
a sensation in the right leg.
ADH and aldosterone secretion are part of the body's long-term compensation for
a serious hemorrhage.
Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity?
abdominopelvic
A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to
absence of ADH.
After a neuron has generated an action potential, it cannot generate another one for a while. This period is called:
absolute refractory
The period during which an excitable membrane cannot respond to further stimulation is the ________ period.
absolute refractory
Cholinergic synapses release the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine.
The inherited brain disorder Huntington's disease is caused by the destruction of basal nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. One neurotransmitter is ________ and the other is ________.
acetylcholine; GABA
The parasympathetic nervous system releases __________ at ganglionic synapses and __________ at its neuroeffector junctions.
acetylcholine; acetylcholine
Jon is learning to drive, and although at first he was slow to step on the brake when trouble appeared, he now does it automatically. What kind of reflex has Jon developed?
acquired
During anesthesia, a complete disruption in sensory perceptions is desired. Which of the following events is NOT associated with the sensory pathway?
action potential generation in a motor neuron
An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that
activates β2 adrenergic receptors.
The common pathway of coagulation begins with the
activation of Factor X, production of prothrombin activator.
The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the
activation of Factor XII by platelet factors.
An acute infection of the throat that can lead to swelling and closure of the glottis and cause suffocation is known as
acute epiglottitis.
Olfactory nerves __________.
adapt quickly to stimuli
A reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus is referred to as
adaptation
After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one?
adh
The posterior pituitary gland secretes
adh
Which of the following descriptions best matches the function of platelets?
adhere to collagen beneath endothelium
The pneumotaxic and apneustic centers __________ the respiratory rhythmicity centers.
adjust the output of
Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
adjusting postural muscles
The function of the astrocytes in the CNS includes which of the following?
adjusting the composition of the interstitial fluid guiding neuron development repairing damaged neural tissue maintaining the blood-brain barrier
The adrenal glands receive a blood supply from the ________ arteries.
adrenal
What does the acronym ACTH stand for?
adrenocorticotropic hormone
The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels?
afferent arterioles
Sensory receptors send sensory information to the CNS using the ______________ division of the PNS while the _____________ division sends motor commands from the CNS to effectors in the PNS.
afferent/efferent
The clumping of red blood cells, when the specific antibody against the antigen on the cells is added, is called
aggulation
Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane.
albumin
The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are
albumin
Which plasma protein transports fatty acids and some hormones?
albumin
Interferons __________.
all
The general interpretive area is __________.
all of the listed characteristics
The all-or-none principle states that
all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.
Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are
allergies
The brain waves produced by normal adults while resting with their eyes closed are ________ waves.
alpha
Free phagocytes found in the air sacs of the lungs are called
alveolar macrophages.
Gas exchange between air and circulating blood takes place within the
alveoli.
The building blocks for peptides are _______.
amino acids
Which of the following is a progressive degenerative disorder that affects motor neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebral hemispheres?
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?
an antigenic determinant
What causes glaucoma?
an increase in intraocular pressure due to the inability of aqueous humor to drain
The renal sinus is
an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.
A(n) ________ is a bulge, or weakened wall, of an artery.
aneurysm
Alveolar capillaries are primary sources of __________.
angiotensin-converting enzyme
When renin is released from the kidney,
angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I.
Which of the following tracts are NOT involved in proprioception?
anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts
The region of the pituitary that releases seven hormones controlling various other endocrine organs and tissues is the __________.
anterior lobe of the pituitary
Drugs that block nicotinic receptors would be
autonomic blocking agents.
The level of tonic activity of autonomic neurons determines the ________ of an individual.
autonomic tone
What is the primary regulatory mechanism that maintains glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
autoregulation
The simplest level of information processing takes place at the __________.
axon hillock
A person with a type A positive blood can safely receive blood from all of these donors EXCEPT __________.
b positive
In a procedure known as ________, an inflatable balloon at the end of a catheter is used to press plaque back against the vessel wall.
balloon angioplasty
Which type of receptor detects pressure changes in the aorta?
baroreceptor
Which type of receptor detects pressure changes?
baroreceptor
Mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called
baroreceptors.
Bladder fullness is to ________ as blood pH is to ________.
baroreceptors; chemoreceptors
Antihistamines would work best against which type of WBC?
basophils
Activation of which kind of receptor causes heart rate to increase?
beta-1
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
bicarbonate ions.
Before an olfactory receptor can detect an odorant, it has to
bind to receptors in olfactory cilia.
Steroid hormones
bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
Hydrocephalus, or "water on the brain," may result from
blockage of CSF circulation or excessive CSF production.
There are multiple pressures involved in controlling glomerular filtration and the formation of filtrate. Which is the pressure that opposes the formation of filtrate by drawing water out of the filtrate and back into the plasma?
blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
Erythropoiesis is stimulated when
blood flow to the kidney declines.
In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________.
blood pressure
Vascular resistance is the friction force that opposes blood flow in a blood vessel. What two factors are the most important in generating friction between blood and the walls of a vessel?
blood vessel diameter and length
The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions is the
body
Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs?
bone marrow and thymus
Vickie has a tumor that secretes excess amounts of the hormone aldosterone. Because of the elevated level of hormone, she exhibits
both an increase in blood pressure and an increase in stored sodium ion.
What skeletal muscles are needed during forceful expiration?
both internal and external obliques, and internal intercostals
The heart is innervated by ________ nerves.
both parasympathetic and sympathetic
Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon
both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation.
During the T wave of the electrocardiogram, the ventricles are
both repolarizing and relaxing.
Compared to the electrical gradient for sodium at rest, the electrical gradient for potassium at rest is __________.
both same
Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in
both the brain and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.
Chemoreceptors are located in __________.
both the carotid arteries and the aorta
The respiratory centers of the brain are located in __________.
both the pons and the medulla oblongata
Amylase is secreted by _______.
both the salivary glands and the pancreas
The blood vessel that branches to form a right common carotid and a right subclavian artery is the
brachiocephalic artery.
The three large arteries originating from the aortic arch are the __________.
brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the __________.
brain
The medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain comprise the
brain stem.
Which of the following answers correctly lists the phases of the swallowing process before the bolus enters the stomach?
buccal pharyngeal esophageal
Which hormone is the antagonist to PtH and functions to lower blood calcium levels?
calcitonin
The presence of what ion inside the axon terminal causes the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane?
calcium
Which ion triggers synaptic vesicles to discharge neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft?
calcium
The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to
calcium channels remaining open.
Insoluble deposits that form within the urinary tract from calcium salts, magnesium salts, or uric acid are called kidney stones or renal
calculi.
The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ion. This complex can then activate enzymes.
calmodulin
Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein
calmodulin.
The only vessels whose walls are thin enough to exchange materials with the surrounding cells are __________.
capillaries
What structure do RBCs move through single-file?
capillary
The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________.
capillary; interstitial fluid
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is
carbon dioxide.
Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of
cardiac muscle cells.
A unique feature of the left lung is the
cardiac notch.
The ________ is the difference between the resting and maximal cardiac output.
cardiac reserve
Arteries __________.
carry blood away from the heart
Enzymes _______.
catalysts and proteins
The suprarenal medulla produces
catecholamines.
Which of the following is most likely to be affected by being punched in the stomach?
celiac plexus
The dorsal root ganglia consist mainly of __________.
cell bodies of unipolar neurons
T cells are responsible for __________.
cell midiated immunity
If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?
cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)
The third and fourth ventricles are connected by the __________.
cerebral aqueduct
The third and fourth ventricles are linked by a slender canal designated as the
cerebral aqueduct.
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the __________.
cerebral ventricles, subarachnoid space, and central canal of the spinal cord
Projection fibers link the __________ cortex with the __________.
cerebral; brain stem and other centers
Olfactory information is first received by which part of the brain?
cerebrum
The highest levels of information processing occur in the
cerebrum.
The secretion commonly called earwax is produced by ________ glands.
ceruminous
Which spinal region LACKS autonomic preganglionic neurons?
cervical
Regions of the spinal cord are expanded to accommodate sensory and motor information associated with the limbs. These expanded areas are called the __________.
cervical and lumbar enlargements
Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia.
chain
When BAPNA is hydrolyzed, it _______.
changes from colorless to yellow
Which of the following is an example of a local factor that regulates gas transport and alveolar function?
changes in lung perfusion
The human lens focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by
changing shape.
Leak channels allow the movement of potassium and sodium ions by what type of membrane transport?
channel-mediated
Venous valves are responsible for
channeling blood toward the heart.
The electrochemical gradient for sodium ions in a neuron when the transmembrane potential is at the resting potential is caused by what?
chemical and electrical gradients both going into the cell
________ open or close in response to binding specific molecules.
chemically-gated
If acetylcholine (ACh) causes inhibition of a postsynaptic neuron, to what type of membrane channel did the ACh bind?
chemically-regulated potassium channel
The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called
chemotaxis
Pepsin is secreted by _______.
chief cells
Where in the parathyroid gland is PtH produced?
chief cells
Muscarinic receptors are classified as ___________________ receptors.
cholinergic
After food and gastric juices combine, the gastric contents are referred to as
chyme
The shape of the lens is controlled by the
ciliary muscles.
The internal carotid and basilar arteries are interconnected by the __________.
circle of Willis
Which of the following lingual papillae has the largest number of taste buds?
circumvallate papillae
Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called ________ ganglia.
collateral
The celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia are collectively called ________ ganglia.
collateral
Multiple arteries joined in order to serve a single capillary network are called
collaterals.
In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as
columns
A state of unconsciousness in which an individual cannot be aroused even by strong stimuli is
coma
Which of the following are branches of the celiac artery?
common hepatic
Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis?
complement proteins
Photoreceptors that convey our ability to see color are
cones
When local carbon dioxide levels increase, bronchioles __________.
constrict
Parasympathetic stimulation leads to __________ the bronchioles.
constriction of
Describe what a "normal" direct pupillary response is when the light is shown into the eye and when the light is taken away from the eye.
constriction of the pupil with light stimulation, dilation when light stimulus is removed
A sudden, loud noise will reflexively cause the tensor tympani muscle to __________ and cause the stapedius muscle to __________.
contract; contract
The P wave of the electrocardiogram is closely followed by __________.
contraction of both atria
During accommodation, the ciliary muscle ________ and the suspensory ligaments become ________ which, in turn, cause the lens to become ________.
contracts; loose; round
Reflexes that activate muscles on the opposite side of the body as the stimulus are called
contralateral.
The mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus
control feeding reflexes.
The pons is involved in all of the following EXCEPT __________.
control of food intake
The common pathway in coagulation ends with __________.
conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin
In somatic motor control, the cerebellum's role involves __________.
coordinating complex motor patterns
Which of the following pairs of cranial reflexes and associated responses is INCORRECT?
corneal reflex—constriction of contralateral pupil
The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ________ arteries.
coronary
A procedure in which a length of the patient's vein or artery is used to create a detour around an obstruction in a coronary artery is called
coronary arterial bypass graft.
The ________ deliver(s) blood to the myocardium.
coronary arteries
The great and middle cardiac veins drain blood into the
coronary sinus.
When a blood clot forms on a ruptured plaque in a coronary artery, the condition is referred to as a(n)
coronary thrombosis.
The ________ are the four masses on the posterior of the midbrain.
corpora quadrigemina
Disconnection syndrome implies a physical disconnection between the left and right hemispheres. In healthy individuals, this connection allows for information exchange. What is the name of this physical connection?
corpus callosum
The two cerebral hemispheres are connected by a broad band of white matter called the __________.
corpus callosum
The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney.
cortex
The extrapyramidal tracts do NOT include which of the following?
corticobulbar
A brain injury to a patient results in facial paralysis. Which descending tract is most likely affected?
corticobulbar tract
The pyramids on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata are formed by fibers of the ________ tracts.
corticospinal
Which principle descending motor pathway provides conscious control over voluntary muscle movements?
corticospinal pathway
In the process of ________, two substances are moved across a cell membrane in the same direction without directly using cellular energy. One of the substances can be moved against a concentration gradient by this process.
cotransport
Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of
cotransport.
The ________ test is often used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate.
creatinine clearance
The region of the ampulla that contains the receptors for rotational (dynamic) equilibrium are called
cristae.
The ________ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles.
crossed extensor
You have a pair of new sneakers. As you walk along the corridor, your foot catches. Immediately, your body responds and you are able to catch yourself before falling. Which reflex was executed?
crossed extensor reflex
The anterior spinothalamic pathway carries the sensations of __________.
crude touch and pressure
Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger?
cyclic AMP
What are colony-stimulating factors?
cytokines that stimulate the production of blood cells in bone marrow and lymphocytes in lymph organs and tissues
Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.
cytotoxic T
The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells.
cytotoxic T
A disease that attacks and disables the myenteric plexus would
decrease intestinal motility.
The primary function of ADH is to
decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.
Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will
decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
Demyelination disorders such as Multiple Sclerosis and Guillain-Barre Syndrome are particularly dangerous because they __________.
decrease the speed of action potential transmission
Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in
decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose.
Which of these effects on digestion is NOT produced by the parasympathetic nervous system?
decreased acid secretion
As an astronaut is lifted into Earth's orbit, what is the first change to take place in response to the drop in cabin pressure?
decreased alveolar PO2
In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?
decreased insulin secretion
Lower pH __________ the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.
decreases
Mean arterial pressure __________ as arterial branches become smaller.
decreases
When the left ventricle contracts, the diameter of the ventricular chamber
decreases
Parasympathetic stimulation of the large intestine cause a/an ____________.
decreases peristalsis by inhibition of smooth muscle
Surfactant __________.
decreases surface tension
Contraction of the diaphragm __________ the intrapulmonary pressure, producing __________.
decreases; inhalation
Which of the following is NOT a function of interleukin?
decreasing T cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes
Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells?
deep in the cortex
The popliteal vein is a __________ vein that passes blood into the __________ vein.
deep; femoral
The primary function of the lymphatic system is
defending the body against both external and internal threats.
Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system?
defense of the body against pathogens and defense of the body against cancer
What area(s) of the neuron generate signals that open the voltage-gated channels in the first part of the axon, thus causing an action potential?
dendrites and cell body
A shift of the resting transmembrane potential toward 0 mV is called
depolarization
An action potential is self-regenerating because __________.
depolarizing currents established by the influx of Na+ flow down the axon and trigger an action potential at the next segment
What mental illness is often improved by drugs that block serotonin re-uptake?
depression
Hormones known as "catecholamines" are
derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.
The specific strip of skin that is innervated by a specific spinal nerve is called a
dermatome.
Eosinophils function in
destroying antibody-labeled antigens.
The thalamus is often called the "air traffic controller" of the brain because it
determines the routing of incoming sensory information to the correct cerebral cortex area.
Identify the urinary system structure labeled "D"
detrusor muscle
Which condition develops because the posterior lobe of pituitary gland does not release adequate amounts of ADH?
diabetes insipidus
The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called
diapedesis.
The ________ divides the aorta into the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta.
diaphragm
The superior phrenic artery supplies blood to the
diaphragm.
The relative proportions to the sensory and motor homunculus are __________.
different because some sensitive areas have few muscles
What triggers the release of acetylcholine from a synaptic terminal?
diffusion of calcium ions into the synaptic terminal
Which of these is NOT produced by pancreatic islet cells?
digestive enzymes
Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the
digestive tract.
Drugs known as calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine can be used to
dilate the coronary arteries. produce a negative inotropic effect. decrease blood pressure. decrease the force of cardiac contraction.
Sympathetic stimulation leads to __________ the bronchioles.
dilation of
Which of the following cranial reflexes is NOT somatic?
direct light reflex
Maltose is a _______.
disaccaride
In ________, one neuron synapses on several postsynaptic neurons.
divergence
Arteries demonstrate a pattern of __________, whereas veins demonstrate __________.
divergence; convergence
The ________ of each spinal nerve innervates the skin and muscles of the back.
dorsal ramus
The basic pattern of breathing is established by the __________ located in the ___________.
dorsal respiratory group; medulla oblongata
Your doctor has diagnosed you with prostatitis, an inflammation and swelling involving the prostate gland. One of your primary symptoms is
dribbling urination.
A baby is born with blue coloration after an apparently normal labor. What could be involved in this scenario?
ductus arteriosus; right-to-left shunt
Asthma is
due to an excessive stimulation of smooth muscle in bronchioles.
The part of the small intestine most likely to develop an ulcer from exposure to gastric juice is the
duodenum
The falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli are __________.
dural folds
The common iliac artery is an example of which type of artery?
elastic
A(n) ________ is a printed record of the brain's electrical activity over a period of time.
electroencephalogram
Which of the following is NOT an effect of phagocytic activity?
elevating body temperature to increase body metabolism and potentially limit bacteria and viruses
The obstructive lung disease in which connective tissues are lost, alveolar surfaces are damaged, and the respiratory surface is reduced is called
emphysema.
Bile salts aid in the digestion of fats by ________ large fat droplets.
emuslifying
The ________ is the volume of blood in a ventricle at the beginning of systole.
end-diastolic volume
The ________ is the amount of blood in a ventricle after it has contracted and before it begins to refill.
end-systolic volume
The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ.
endocrine
Which type of long distance intercellular communication do hormones like parathyroid hormone (PtH) fall into?
endocrine
The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the
endoneurium.
Endothelial cells release ________ that stimulate smooth muscle contraction and accelerate the repair process.
endothelins
Pepsin is classified as _______.
enzyme and peptidase
The ________ covers the outer surface of the heart.
epicardium
Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?
epinephrine
The adrenal medulla secretes __________.
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Physical damage to the lamina propria of the nasal mucosa is likely to result in
epistaxis or nosebleeds.
The respiratory mucosa consists of
epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue.
The neurotransmitter glutamate opens channels that are permeable to sodium ions. What effect does glutamate produce on a postsynaptic neuron?
epsps
The function of the auditory tube is to
equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane.
Reticulocytes complete their development into ________ in the circulation.
erythrocytes
Chronic and acute renal failure impairs all of the functions carried out by the kidneys and, as a consequence, the functions of most other body systems. Which of the following renal functions is matched incorrectly?
erythropoietin; digestion
The nasogastric tube will be inserted through the nose, travel through the pharynx and will ultimately end in the stomach. After passing through the pharynx, what long muscular passageway will the NG tube pass through to get to the stomach?
esophagaus
Blood pressure is determined by
estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff.
Which of these is a steroid hormone produced by the gonads?
estradiol
Follicle cells in the ovary secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH.
estrogen
The pancreas has endocrine cells that produce hormones and ________ cells that produce digestive enzymes.
exocrine
Haustra are
expansible pouches of the colon.
The most obvious feature that one notices about the cerebrum is the
extensiveness of the gyri and sulci.
In which of the following locations is the pulse NOT commonly taken?
external jugular vein
Air enters the nasal passages through the __________.
external nares
When you sneeze, air is forcefully exhaled from your nose. As the air exits the nose, what is the last structure the air will pass through?
external nares
The openings to the nasal cavity are the
external nares.
Identify the female urinary system structure labeled "I"
external urethra sphincter
Which of these types of sensory receptors is INCORRECTLY linked with its function?
exteroceptor—monitors pressure in the lungs
Nicotine, the highly addictive plant toxin, activates nicotinic receptors in the peripheral nervous system. This means it will __________.
facilitate synaptic transmission at all autonomic ganglionic synapses
The process of ________ involves a carrier protein that can transport a molecule across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient.
facilitated diffusion
What type of membrane transport causes the depolarization phase of the action potential in neurons?
facilitated diffusion Ions move through channels according to their electrochemical gradient from one side of the membrane to the other. This movement is known as channel-mediated diffusion. The transport rate for channels, unlike that for the carrier proteins involved in facilitated diffusion, does not saturate when the electrochemical gradient for the diffusing ion is increased.
Opsonization __________.
facilitates phagocytosis
The superior sagittal sinus is located in the __________ and drains blood from the __________.
falx cerebri; brain
Which of the following is/are sometimes called "prickling pain"?
fast pain
Stimulation of the ________ within the hypothalamus produces the sensation of hunger.
feeding center
Capillaries that have small pores in their endothelium are called __________.
fenestrated capillaries
Capillaries with a perforated lining are called
fenestrated capillaries.
During filtration, anything that is small enough to pass through all three layers of the filtration membrane will become part of the filtrate. Sometimes, the least porous layer of this membrane becomes clogged and then glomerulonephritis may occur. What is the name of the most porous layer of the filtration membrane?
fenestrated endothelium
Which of these proteins functions to store or transport iron?
ferritin, hemosiderin, and transferrin
Which one of Ruthie's symptoms is an example of an innate defense mechanism?
fever
Lymph nodes function as __________.
filters and an early warning system
The process by which materials leave the capillary at the arterial end is called __________, and the entry of materials into the capillary at the venous end is called __________.
filtration; reabsorption
The ________ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support to the spinal cord as a component of the coccygeal ligament.
filum terminale
The posterior column pathway carries the sensations of __________.
fine touch and pressure
Which of the following best describes the sensory information provided by the fasciculus gracilis?
fine touch, pressure, and vibration from the inferior half of the body
Which neuron delivers sensations to the CNS?
first order
The clinical term for the gas produced by bacteria in the colon as they metabolize indigestible carbohydrates is called
flatus
The condition called ________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can become twisted or kinked during movement.
floating kidney
Disorders involving the vagus nerve might cause
food to remain in your stomach longer.
In fetal development, the connection between the right atrium and left atrium, which closes by birth, is called the __________.
foramen ovale
Which of the following structures closes or constricts at birth?
foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
Vallate papillae __________.
form a V near the back of the tongue
In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells participate in the repair of damaged nerves by
forming a cellular cord that directs axonal regrowth.
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins are __________.
found in every nucleated cell in the body
An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the
fovea.
Which class of cells is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?
free and fixed macrophages
The step in kidney function in which fluid is forced out of the blood includes moving fluid __________.
from glomerulus to glomerular capsule
Capillaries __________.
function as parts of a capillary plexus
Which of the following is not a property of the limbic system?
functions in maintaining homeostasis in cold weather
The portion of the stomach that is superior to the junction between the stomach and the esophagus is the
fundus
Bile is stored in the
gallbladder
Which of these substances is NOT a neurotransmitter at a sympathetic effector synapse?
gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on
ganglionic neurons
An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).
G cells of the stomach secrete
gastrin
Writing nueron instead of neuron may indicate a condition known as dyslexia, in which letters are often switched within a word. Which of the following cortical functional areas is most likely affected?
general interpretive area
A receptor potential large enough to generate an action potential is called __________.
generator potential
The process of filtration occurs at the
glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
The first step in the formation of urine is the generation of filtrate from the blood plasma by filtration. In what part of the nephron does the formation of filtrate occur?
glomerular capsule
The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the
glomerular filtration rate.
You have been diagnosed with lupus erythematosus, a very severe autoimmune disorder with a wide variety of associated organ-related problems. Your doctor is particularly worried about how this will affect your kidney function. He says that you are susceptible to ________ because of the lupus.
glomerulonephritis
Alpha cells in the pancreatic islets secrete __________
glucagon
If the adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing, which of these hormones could no longer stimulate release of glucose?
glucagon
Which of the following solutes is NOT normally found in the urine?
glucose
The most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system is:
glutamate
Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of
hypothyroidism
Low partial pressure of oxygen in tissues is a condition called
hypoxia
Identify the intestinal structure labeled "E"
ileocecal valve
Peyer's patches are characteristic of the
ileum
The portion of the small intestine that attaches to the cecum is the
ileum
The link between peripheral receptor and cortical neuron is called a(n)
labeled line
The ___________ of the eye is located medially and contains glands that secrete fluid that is spread over the eye surface while blinking.
lacrimal caruncle
The gritty deposit that accumulates in the medial canthus is secreted by the __________.
lacrimal caruncle
If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and galactose, this carbohydrate is probably
lactose
A very large, fast-adapting tactile receptor that is composed of a single dendrite enclosed by concentric layers of collagen is a
lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle.
Which of the following INCORRECTLY pairs types of tactile receptors with their functions?
lamellated corpuscles—Also called Meissner corpuscles, these measure fine touch and pressure and low-frequency vibrations in eyelids, fingertips, and lips.
The layer of loose connective tissue that directly supports the digestive epithelium is the
lamina propria.
Major calyces are
large branches of the renal pelvis.
The fastest conduction of an action potential would occur in an axon with which of the following characteristics?
large diameter; myleinated
Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials?
large intestine
Which of the following is not a normal constituent of urine?
large proteins
Axons that decussate between the pyramids of the medulla oblongata belong to the ________ tracts.
lateral corticospinal
The descending spinal tract that crosses to the opposite side of the body within the medulla oblongata is the ________ tract.
lateral corticospinal
Which of the following correctly links components of the pyramidal motor pathways?
lateral corticospinal tracts—descend without crossing to level of spinal nerves
The optic tracts carry visual information from the retina to the
lateral geniculates.
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the
lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the __________ horn of the __________ cord.
lateral gray; thoracolumbar spinal
The spinal tract that relays information concerning pain and temperature to the CNS is the
lateral spinothalamic.
Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?
left atrium
In mitral valve prolapse, the cusps of the mitral valve are pushed into the
left atrium.
Pulmonary veins carry blood to the
left atrium.
Which graph depicts the antibody titer in a first exposure to a foreign antigen?
left graph
As the result of an accident, the white rami of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect to be affected by this injury?
left pupil and heart
Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?
left ventricle
Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the ________ muscles.
leg
The walls of the primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi contain progressively __________ amounts of cartilage and __________ amounts of smooth muscle.
lesser; greater
The connection of the anterior portion of the tongue to the underlying epithelium is the
lingual frenulum.
Taste buds on the tongue are often associated with epithelial projections called
lingual papillae
Lung cancer claims more lives than other cancers, according to the Centers for Disease Control. Because of their high mitotic rate, epithelial cells are particularly prone to tumor formation. Choose the best answer as to where within the respiratory tract you would NOT find such epithelial cells.
lining the trachea lining the pharynx within the walls of the alveoli
During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS),
lipid reserves are mobilized.
A triglyceride + globulin complex is termed a(n) __________.
lipoprotien
Which of the following white-matter structures links the frontal lobe to other lobes of the same hemisphere?
longitudinal fasciculi
Atherosclerotic plaques in their early stages can be reduced through life style changes. Which of the following life style changes would NOT be effective?
losing weight not smoking reducing stress
Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect?
loss of sensation in his torso
The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the
lower respiratory tract.
Adult hemoglobin has an oxygen affinity __________ that of fetal hemoglobin.
lower than
During the procedure known as a(n) ________, a needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space in the inferior lumbar region.
lumbar puncture
Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the
lungs
The smallest lymphatic vessels are called __________.
lymph capillaries
Lymphatic vessels provide a conduit for metastasizing cancer cells. Ideally, such cells are removed and destroyed by what structure, which thus prevents the spread of cancer?
lymph nodes
The ________ tissues are connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes.
lymphatic
The lymphoid tissue of the spleen ("white pulp") contains many __________.
lymphocytes
Which of the following cells arise from a lymphoid stem cell?
lymphocytes
A tell-tale sign of the constant fight against infections in the digestive system is the presence of large quantities of defensive cells. Which of the following types of cell have such protective functions?
lymphocytes plasma cells Kupffer cells
The blood cells involved in specific immunity are the
lymphocytes.
Particles that reach the alveoli are consumed by __________.
macrophages
Enzymes are _______.
made of protein and are catalysts
The upper motor neurons of the medial pathway are located within any of the following except the
mamillary bodies.
The technical term for chewing is
mastication
The muscular layer in the wall of a blood vessel is the tunica
media.
The vein in the arm commonly sampled for blood by venipuncture is the ________ vein.
median cubital
The space between the pleural cavities is called the
mediastinum
The most posterior part of the brain, which integrates into the spinal cord, is the __________.
medulla oblongata
Which brain region contains the cardiovascular centers?
medulla oblongata
Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called
megakaryocytes
Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland?
melatonin
Your friend has been taking a cocktail of hormone supplements in an effort to gain a competitive edge during an upcoming marathon. You tell him that this is unhealthy and illegal, but it also gets you thinking about what might be in this cocktail? Which of the following is NOT a likely ingredient?
melatonin
Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?
memory
The student who caught the cold caused by this specific Rhinovirus was exposed to the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. What component of the immune system will protect her from getting the same cold again?
memory B cells
You are sitting at a Mexican restaurant waiting for your food. The waiter brings a very hot plate, telling you to be careful about touching it. You touch it anyway, producing a pain sensation in your fingers, a withdrawal of your hand, and an auditory comment of what you are thinking. This scenario represents a ________ neuronal circuit.
parallel
The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is said to function during "rest and digest."
parasympathetic
The _________________ is an epithelial membrane that covers the anterior surface of the eye. It contains blood vessels which deliver oxygen and nutrients to the eye surface and it contains cells that secrete mucus to aid in keeping the eye surface moist.
ocular conjunctiva
The only sensation that is received directly by the cerebrum is 8
olfaction
Which of the following is NOT classified as a general sense?
olfaction
Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate and synapse on neurons in the
olfactory bulb.
Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate. They synapse on neurons in the
olfactory bulb.
The olfactory organ consists of the ________ and the lamina propria.
olfactory epithelium
Very aggressive pathogens such as the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis can easily overwhelm the protective features of the respiratory system. Less aggressive pathogens may be stopped by all of the following EXCEPT __________.
olfactory epithelium
The function of gustatory receptors parallels that of
olfactory receptors.
The myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by
oligodendrocytes
Identify which cells function in myelination of CNS and PNS cells.
oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
Where would you find the receptor for PtH?
on the plasma membrane of target cells
Chemical and gaseous exchange takes place __________.
only across capillary walls
MHC class II proteins are found __________.
only in lymphocytes and phagocytic cells
When the semilunar valves close, the AV valves then
open
The ________ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
oropharynx
Upon swallowing, food moves from the mouth directly into the
oropharynx
The ________ ear collects sounds waves and transmits them to the ________ ear, which contains auditory ossicles.
outer; middle
The Hering-Breuer reflexes protect against __________.
overexpansion of the lungs during forced breathing
The pulmonary veins carry __________ blood to the __________ atrium.
oxygenated; left
The hormone that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is
oxytocin
The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are
oxytocin
Depolarization of the atria corresponds to the EKG's
p wave
Chemoreceptors on the ventrolateral surface of the medulla respond to changes in the __________.
pH and, secondarily, PCO2
Which of the following correctly defines referred pain?
pain felt in an uninjured body area rather than in the area where the injury actually occurred
Identify the eye structure labeled "D"
palpebral fissure
Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?
pancreas
Which of these cerebral lobes is INCORRECTLY identified?
parietal lobe—lateral and inferior lobe
Which salivary gland produces a serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase?
parotid
A physician palpates the painfully swollen salivary glands just anterior to a young boy's ears and confirms that the mumps vaccine must not have been effective. What is the name of the infected salivary glands?
parotid salivary glands
Which type of ion channel is always open?
passive
Which of the following is not one of the six primary taste sensations?
peppery
Stimulation of nociceptive receptors within the trigeminal nerve might produce a perception of
peppery hot.
Natural killer cells destroy other cells by secreting __________.
perforins
The hypothalamus __________.
performs all of the listed functions
Excess fluid in the ________ causes cardiac tamponade.
pericardial cavity
In aphasia, the ability to speak or read is affected. A deficit in which of the following cortical areas would NOT lead to aphasia?
prefrontal cortex
Which of the following is the correct linkage between an area of the cerebral cortex and its function?
premotor cortex—coordination of learned motor responses
A type of farsightedness that results from a loss of lens elasticity with age is
presbyopia.
Which of the following does NOT affect the resistance found in arteries?
presence of valves
Which of the following is not one of the special senses?
pressure
As blood travels from arteries to veins,
pressure drops.
Points where a muscular artery can be compressed against a bone to control severe bleeding are called
pressure points.
The neurotransmitter GABA blocks presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels. Consequently, GABA produces __________.
presynaptic inhibition
Somatic sensory information does NOT travel to which of the following locations?
primary motor cortex
The postcentral gyrus contains association cells of the __________.
primary sensory cortex
Autonomic nervous system disorders would not cause
problems related to skeletal muscle function
Which of the following is NOT a basic function of the respiratory system?
processing olfactory stimuli
The thymus gland __________.
produces thymosin, which matures lymphocytes
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is
prolactin.
The spinocerebellar pathway carries the sensations of __________.
proprioception
Which of the following is NOT considered a special sense?
proprioception
Which type of receptor monitors positions of joints?
proprioceptor
Receptors that monitor the position of joints belong to the category called
proprioceptors
Identify the male structure labeled "D".
prostate
The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________.
proteins in the blood
Most of the chemicals involved in the coagulation pathways are
protiens
The enzyme pepsin digests
protiens
The connective tissue fibers of the myocardium
provide elasticity to help return the heart to its normal size. help distribute the forces of contraction. provide physical support for cardiac muscle. add strength and prevent overexpansion of the heart.
The basal nuclei
provide the background patterns of movement involved in voluntary motor activities.
Which of the following renal segments reabsorb 60-70% of water and almost 100% of the organic substrates from the original filtrate
proximal convoluted tubule
Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?
right atrium
Jennifer tries to dress in the dark so as not to disturb her roommate, Joann. Jennifer feels the clothes in her closet until she recognizes her favorite silk blouse. Which part of the brain allowed Jennifer to recognize her blouse by using her sense of touch?
right cerebral hemisphere
During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.
right primary
The wall of the ________ rests on the diaphragm.
right ventricle
Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk?
right ventricle
Which of the following are involved in the pulmonary circuit?
right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, left atrium
Photoreceptor cells that are most useful in dim light are
rods
Having to adjust to a dark room after walking in from bright light is because
rods exposed to strong light need time to regenerate rhodopsin.
A fast-adapting tactile receptor that monitors movements across the body surface is a
root hair plexus.
The spinal tract that normally plays a role in the subconscious regulation of the muscles of the arms is the ________ tract.
rubrospinal
Elevated levels of the natriuretic peptide hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased
salt and water loss through the kidneys.
Rapid impulse conduction from "node" to "node" is called
saltatory propagation
Each of the following nerves originates in the lumbar plexus except the ________ nerve.
sciatic
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the
second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
Ependymal cells work to
secrete CSF into the ventricles. surround the capillaries of the choroid plexus remove waste products from CSF. adjust the composition of CSF.
Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons?
secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis
Olfactory glands __________.
secrete a pigmented mucus
Which duodenal hormone increases the secretion of bile and buffers?
secretin
Cytotoxic (killer) T cells can destroy a target cell by each of the following processes EXCEPT __________.
secreting antibodies that destroy cell membranes
When you spin quickly, you may feel dizzy. Which component of the inner ear generates the sensations that can lead to this feeling?
semicircular canal
Motion sickness is caused by the reception of conflicting information from the eyes (telling your mind your position in space) and the __________ (the component of the inner ear monitoring your body position).
semicircular canals
Which of these is NOT a function of the cerebral nuclei?
sending sensory information to the spinal cord
The oral cavity performs (a) ________ prior to swallowing.
sensory analysis
We can localize sensations that originate in different areas of the body because
sensory neurons from specific body regions project to specific cortical regions.
The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly
sensory nuclei.
While building a doghouse, Tom misses the nail and hits his thumb with the hammer instead. The pain sensation is immediate and intense. Which of the following is the pattern of neuronal pool interaction most likely to process that sensation?
serial processing
Visceral reflex arcs can bypass CNS neurons in ________ reflexes.
short
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are ________ and have ________ axons.
short; myelinated
A colonoscopy is a common diagnostic tool to check for colorectal cancer. Sometimes an investigation of the distal segment of the colon is all that is needed. What is the name of this distal segment of the colon?
sigmoid
Which is not an effector of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?
skeletal muscle
Chemoreceptors are located in all of the following EXCEPT
skin
Chemoreceptors are located in all of the following except
skin
Examples of special circulation can be found in each of the following organs EXCEPT the __________.
skin
A state of unconsciousness in which an individual can be aroused by normal stimuli is
sleep
Each of the following contributes to the venous reserve EXCEPT __________.
small intestine
Which of following does NOT secrete a lipase?
small intestine
The transmembrane potential found in all living cells is maintained by
sodium/potassium pump
The ________ nervous system carries impulses to skeletal muscles.
somatic
The ________ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles.
somatic
________ reflexes activate skeletal muscles.
somatic
The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly
somatic motor nuclei.
Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called
somatomedins
The delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce
somatostatin.
The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is
somatotropin.
In general, lymphocytes
spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue.
The simplest reflexes are mediated at the level of the __________.
spinal cord
Sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons originate for the _________________ while parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons originate from either the _______________ or the ______________.
spinal cord; spinal cord or brain
A dorsal and ventral root of each spinal segment unite to form a
spinal nerve.
Which of these sensory pathways carries afferent impulses that DON'T produce perceptions?
spinocerebellar pathway
The spinal tract that carries sensations from proprioceptors to the CNS is the
spinocerebellar.
Aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by macrophages in the
spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
Atherosclerosis has been associated with high blood pressure. What is it called when a person has a blood pressure of 158/99?
stage 1 hypertension
The structure attached to the oval window that transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear is the
stapes
The stomach secretes the hormone ghrelin which functions to
stimulate hunger.
Hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, function by
stimulating serotonin receptors.
Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin II?
stimulation of the production of erythrocytes
The superior mesenteric artery supplies all of the following organs EXCEPT the __________.
stomach
The oral mucosa has ________ epithelium.
stratified squamous
Which of the following is most likely to result from an aneurysm in a brain artery?
stroke
Analysis of the electrocardiogram can reveal all of the following except
stroke volume.
A(n) ________ is an infection in one of the glands on the eyelids.
sty
Blood vessels traveling within the ________ space deliver oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord.
subarachnoid
In which location would a doctor perform a spinal tap?
subarachnoid space of the lumbar region
Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the
subarachnoid space.
Opioids relieve pain by blocking the release of
substance P
The substance that the enzyme acts on is called its _______.
substrate
What does a strong IKI result indicate?
substrate is present
Whole blood for testing in a clinical laboratory is usually collected from
superficial vien
The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney.
superior
Lymphatic tissue is found in the greatest quantity in
the adult spleen.
Alveolar ventilation is __________.
the amount of air reaching the alveoli in one minute
Which parts of the somatic nervous system are responsible for coordinating and providing feedback on muscle contractions?
the basal nuclei and cerebellum
Which of the following help to protect the brain?
the bones of the skull the cranial meninges the blood-brain barrier the CSF
Mike has an injury which caused his ureter to be torn away at the hilum of the kidney. What internal kidney structures funnel the urine into the renal pelvis of the ureter?
the calyces
Mike's injury caused his ureter to be torn away at the hilum of the kidney. What internal kidney structures funnel the urine into the renal pelvis of the ureter?
the calyces
What is the implication of a mature neuron's having no centrioles?
the cells are not able to divide
The SA node acts as the pacemaker of the heart because these cells are __________.
the cells that depolarize and reach threshold first
Blood is supplied to the myocardium by
the coronary arteries.
The pulse pressure of an artery is __________.
the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
Now that Ruthie has been infected with the chickenpox virus, what is the first step in the immune response that helps her fight off the virus?
the display of antigenic fragments in Class I and II MHC proteins in the plasma membranes of antigen-presenting cells
Anesthetics administered into the epidural space are advantageous because __________.
the effect is localized and only sensory
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the buildup of arterial plaque. When plaque first begins to form, on which part of the blood vessel do the monocytes bind after taking in cholesterol-rich lipoproteins?
the endothelial lining
If the micturition reflex is primarily controlled by parasympathetic innervation, then how is it that you have voluntary control of when you choose to urinate?
the external urethral sphincter is under skeletal muscle control. When it is voluntarily relaxed, the internal urethral sphincter will open, allowing the flow of urine.
A bruise appears as a greenish spot in the skin because
the heme group in the hemoglobin has broken down into biliverdin.
Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory membrane?
the interstitial space between the alveolus and a distal capillary
If the sodium-potassium pumps in the plasma membrane fail to function, all of the following occur except
the intracellular concentration of potassium ions will increase.
The right cerebral hemisphere receives sensory input from and controls movement of __________.
the left side of the body
Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that
the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes.
Difficulties in estimating temporal relationships between events may stem from damage to
the prefrontal cortex.
The major anatomical difference between gray matter and white matter is __________.
the presence of myelinated axons
Your ability to localize sensations depends on __________.
the projection of sensation to the primary sensory cortex
The area monitored by a single receptor is called __________.
the receptive field
What is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages that form most of the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx?
thyroid cartilage
Which respiratory volume represents the amount of air you move into and out of your lungs during quiet breathing?
tidal volume 500mL
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term otoliths?
tiny weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium
Autoimmune illness results from a failure of what aspect of immunity?
tolerance
Cells of the immune system usually ignore antigens found in the body. This is called __________.
tolerance
Sensory neurons that are always active are called ________ receptors.
tonic
The cerebellum adjusts motor activity in response to all of the following except
touch sensations.
Pulmonary veins carry blood __________ the heart, and this blood is __________.
toward; oxygenated
The placement of a tube directly into the trachea to bypass the larynx is called a(n)
tracheostomy
The conversion of a sensory input to a change in membrane potential in the receptor is known as
transduction
The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.
transitional
Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the ________ valve.
tricuspid
The substrate of lipase is _______.
triglyceride
The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the
trigone
Which test tubes were used to determine the optimal pH for pepsin activity?
tubes 2, 5, and 6
Which tubes demonstrated amylase activity with a small amount of reducing sugar produced?
tubes 7 and 8
Hormones that slow tumor growth are called
tumor necrosis factors.
Which of the following layers of a vessel contains collagen fibers with scattered bands of elastic fibers?
tunica externa
The innermost layer of an artery or vein is called the __________.
tunica intima or tunica interna
The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?
two pumps
Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid
tyrosine
Which of the following is involved in the gustatory perception of an amino acid?
umami receptors
The taste sensation that is triggered by the amino acid glutamate is known as
umami.
The developing fetus receives nutrient rich blood through the
umbilical vein.
Which of the following urine solutes is in a greater concentration in urine than the plasma?
urea
Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the
urethr
Urine is temporarily stored in the
urinary bladder.q
The dangling process that aids in keeping food out of the nasopharynx is known as the
uvula
Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the ________ nerve(s).
vagus
The tenth cranial nerve is the __________.
vagus nerve
The antigen-binding sites are found in the __________.
variable segments
The ________ is a capillary bed that parallels the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
vasa recta
Which of the following is normally the greatest source acting against blood flow?
vascular resistance
Venae cavae are the largest of what type of vessel?
vein
Blood pressure is lowest in the
veins
The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called
veins
What vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply?
veins
Venules feed blood into
veins.
Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?
venous
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greatest in
venous blood.
The amount of blood returning to the heart is the
venous return
Suppose that you feel something brushing against your abdomen. The sensory information would be carried to the spinal cord over a(n) ________ ramus.
ventral
Which of these are NOT part of the afferent division of the nervous system?
ventral roots
Chambers within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid are called
ventricles
Passive refilling of the heart occurs during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
ventricular diastole
The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by a band of cortex called the
vermis
Neurotransmitters ready for release are stored in synaptic
vesicles
The formal term for the sense of balance and equilibrium is the ________ sense.
vestibular
Mechanoreceptors might detect which of the following sensations?
vibration touch muscle length pressure
A reflex that leads to secretion of saliva is a(n) __________ reflex.
visceral
The heart muscle is a ________ effector.
visceral
Someone who suffers peritonitis because of a puncture wound that pierced part of his or her stomach suffered damage to what structure?
visceral peritoneum serous membranes parietal peritoneum
Each of the following is a characteristic of whole blood, except a
viscosity about the same as water.
If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's
vital capacity.
Eileen is a strict vegan and therefore eats no animal products. She develops an anemia that her doctor thinks is caused by a nutritional deficiency. Which of the following is the likeliest candidate?
vitamin B12 deficiency
Vitamins are organic molecules that are cofactors in many metabolic pathways. One of the important functions of the bacteria in the large intestine is to generate three vitamins: biotin and B12, which are both water-soluble, and a third fat-soluble vitamin that is especially important in blood clotting. What is the fat-soluble vitamin produced by the bacteria in the colon?
vitamin k
What is primarily responsible for the brief hyperpolarization near the end of the action potential?
voltage-gated potassium channels taking some time to close in response to the negative membrane potential Although both types of voltage-gated channels open and close in response to changes in membrane voltage, the voltage-gated potassium channels open and close much more slowly than the voltage-gated sodium channels. This slowness means that voltage-gated potassium channels do not immediately close after the resting potential (-70 mV) is reached. Instead, they drag the membrane potential briefly towards the potassium equilibrium potential (-90 mV).
Motor commands that innervate skeletal muscle tissue are part of the SNS. Therefore, the SNS is responsible for ______________ movement.
voluntary
The pyramidal system provides
voluntary control over skeletal muscles.
In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low IgG anti-mumps titer. This would indicate the person
was recently infected with mumps.
The most abundant component of plasma is (are)
water
Which of the following symptoms would you associate with damage to the spinal accessory nerve?
weakness of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Regions of the CNS with an abundance of myelinated axons constitute the ________ matter.
white matter
Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes?
white pulp of the spleen
The preganglionic fibers that connect a spinal nerve with an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord and carries visceral motor fibers that are myelinated form the
white rami communicantes.
Where are the parasympathetic ganglionic synapses for the heart located?
within the heart itself
---------------------------Chapter 15 Study Area--------------------
---------------------------Chapter 15 Study Area--------------------
The Kupffer cells of the liver
- are phagocytic. - present antigens. - destroy damaged RBCs. - destroy bacteria.
--
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----------------------------------------Chapter 18----------------------------
----------------------------------------Chapter 18----------------------------
-----------------------------------Chapter 23---------------------------------
-----------------------------------Chapter 23---------------------------------
---------------------------------Chapter 20-----------------------------------
---------------------------------Chapter 20-----------------------------------
--------------------------------Chapter 21------------------------------------
--------------------------------Chapter 21------------------------------------
-------------------------------Chapter 22-------------------------------------
-------------------------------Chapter 22-------------------------------------
------------------------------Lab 5b--------------------------------------------
------------------------------Lab 5b--------------------------------------------
------------------------------Chapter 15--------------------------------------
-----------------------------Chapter 15---------------------------------------
The following is a list of the steps that occur in the production of an auditory sensation. What is the proper sequence for these steps? 1. The pressure wave distorts the basilar membrane on its way to the round window. 2. Movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the malleus. 3. Displacement of the stereocilia stimulates sensory neurons of the cochlear nerve. 4. Movement of the malleus causes movement of the incus and stapes. 5. Distortion of the basilar membrane forces the hair cells of the organ of Corti to vibrate against the tectorial membrane 6. Movement of the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of the vestibular duct
2, 4, 6, 1, 5, 3
Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur: 1.Endosome fuses with lysozome 2. Dendritic cell engulfs Rhinovirus 3. Epitopes are attached to MHC-II 4. Digestion of the Rhinovirus 5. MHC-II plus the attached epitope move to the outside of the dendritic cell
2,1,4,3,5
Correctly order the steps involved cellular immunity: 1. The Tc recognizes the infected host cell 2. The Tc interacts with epitope presented by MHC-I on the dendritic cell 3. The Tc secretes perforin and granzyme, causing apoptosis 4. The helper T cell activates the Tc cell
2,4,1,3
The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages.
2.5 cm; 15-25
What percentage of the transport of carbon dioxide molecules is bound to hemoglobin?
23 percent
________ pair(s) of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity.
3
At a resting membrane potential of -70 mV, K+ tends to leak out of the cell and Na+ tends to leak into the cell. The Na+/K+ pump stops this leakage. How many sodium and potassium ions are moved, and in what direction do they move (in or out)?
3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in
At the normal resting potential of a typical neuron, its sodium-potassium exchange pump transports
3 intracellular sodium ions for 2 extracellular potassium ions.
Put the following structures in order: 1. bronchiole 2. respiratory bronchiole 3. primary bronchus 4. tertiary bronchus 5. secondary bronchus 6. alveoli
3-5-4-1-2-6
The spinal cord consists of four regions and ________ segments.
31
Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary?
34 mm Hg Yes, HPc (35 mm Hg) - HPI (1 mm Hg) = 34 mm Hg, which is the net hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is much higher at the arterial end of the capillary, thus favoring filtration.
Fever is the maintenance of body temperature greater than
37.2°C (99°F)
If the disulfide bonds in IgG were broken, how many peptide chains would be set free?
4
The average life span of a red blood cell is
4 months.
What is the proper order for the structures of the renal corpuscle through which a substance passes during filtration? 1. filtration slit (slit pore) 2. capsular space 3. dense layer 4. capillary endothelium
4, 3, 1, 2
In what order would excitation move through the conducting system of the heart? 1. Purkinje fibers 2. AV bundle 3. AV node 4. SA node 5. bundle branches
4, 3, 2, 5, 1
The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential. 1. Sodium channels are inactivated. 2. Voltage-gated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization. 3. Sodium channels regain their normal properties. 4. A graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold. 5. A temporary hyperpolarization occurs. 6. Sodium channel activation occurs. 7. Sodium ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs. What is the proper sequence of these events?
4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5
What is the correct order for the sequence of blood vessels that blood would travel in the systemic circuit, starting at the aorta? 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries
4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6
Vital capacity in males averages __________.
4.8 liters
Which of the following is a part of the upper respiratory system?
All of the listed responses are correct.
The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation? 1. right atrium 2. left atrium 3. right ventricle 4. left ventricle 5. venae cavae 6. aorta 7. pulmonary trunk 8. pulmonary veins
5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6
Total lung volume in males averages __________.
6.0 liters
Blood volume represents about ________ percent of a person's body weight.
7
What is one atmosphere of pressure?
760 mm Hg
Which of the following relationships best describes Dalton's Law?
A gas will contribute to the total pressure in proportion to its abundance.
Basically, what occurs in the countercurrent multiplier process?
A higher sodium concentration is produced in the kidney medulla tissue that osmotically draws out water, reducing it within the tubules and the urine.
Which of the following statements about the limbic system is FALSE?
A major part of the limbic system is the reticular formation, composed of the cerebral nuclei and centered in the lower cerebrum.
We are constantly bombarded by a variety of stimuli inside and outside of our bodies. Why are we not overwhelmed by sensory information?
A very tiny percentage of incoming sensory information is received by the cerebral cortex.
Identify the blood cell designated by letter "A".
A- Nuetrophil B-Eosinophil C-Basophil D-Monocyte E-Lymphocyte
Which of these hormones exerts a strong effect on adrenal steroid production?
ACTH
A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except
ACTH levels.
What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?
ADH (vasopressin)
Which of the following diseases is caused by a retrovirus that targets helper T cells and is contracted by intimate contact with the body fluids of infected individuals?
AIDS
Which of the following is NOT a step that ultimately leads to antibody production?
Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells
Which of the following statements is true?
Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity.
The ________ division of the peripheral nervous system brings sensory information to the central nervous system.
Afferent
Peripheral Nervous System
All neural tissue outside CNS. Delivers information to CNS
Baroreceptors are located in the __________.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Innate defenses include __________.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Respiratory reflexes are modified by __________.
All of the listed responses are correct.
The antigen-antibody complex may result in __________.
All of the listed responses are correct.
The brachiocephalic vein results from the fusion of the __________.
All of the listed responses are correct.
The cycling of water from the capillaries, through the peripheral tissues, through the lymphatic system, and then back to the bloodstream __________.
All of the listed responses are correct.
The pyramidal system includes which of the following?
All of the listed responses are correct.
Tissue blood flow is regulated by __________.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Which of the following are characteristics of free macrophages and microphages?
All of the listed responses are correct.
Excess plasma lipids in the form of cholesterol contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques within blood vessel walls. Which of the following is NOT a likely consequence of such plaques?
Excess plasma lipids in the form of cholesterol contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques within blood vessel walls. Which of the following is NOT a likely consequence of such plaques? increased pressure due to a loss of elasticity in the vessel wall turbulent blood flow around the plaque more resistance to flow due to a decrease in blood vessel diameter
________ involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements and calls on accessory muscles to assist with inhalation, while exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and sometimes abdominal muscles, too.
Forced breathing
Which of the following best describes the passive force that creates filtrate?
GHP
Which statement best describes the location and organization of parasympathetic ganglia and ganglionic neurons?
Ganglia are located in or near to their target organ, and both the pre- and postganglionic neurons use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter.
Which of the following statements accurately reflects a difference between ganglia in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
Ganglia of the sympathetic division are located near the spinal cord, but ganglia of the parasympathetic division are located in or near the target organ.
Which of the following statements is descriptive NOT of the medulla oblongata but of the spinal cord?
Gray matter in this area is organized into posterior, lateral, and anterior horns.
A new recruit in the armed forces stands at attention on a hot afternoon. He decides to lock his knees, thinking it will make the standing easier. After a short while, he faints. What has occurred?
He did not use muscular compression to help return blood to the heart; thus, his brain did not receive enough oxygenated blood, causing him to pass out.
Which of the following statements about the sensory homunculus is FALSE?
Hearing from the left ear is processed in the right sensory homunculus.
What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response?
Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells. Helper T cells activate B cells that are displaying antigen, causing clonal expansion. Helper T cells also activate cytotoxic T cells, which will search for and destroy infected host cells.
HIV-infected individuals experience many more opportunistic infections of otherwise nonthreatening microbes because of a severe lack of functioning helper T cells and an associated immunosuppression. Which of the following statements about helper T cells is incorrect?
Helper T cells secrete perforin and lymphotoxins to actively combat infected cells.
The physiological effects of nitrogen in the human body are not fully understood as of yet except during decompression sickness. Decompression sickness occurs when the partial pressure of nitrogen drops, and nitrogen no longer stays in solution but forms bubbles, causing tremendous pain in joints. This relationship between partial pressure and solubility is explained in __________.
Henry's law
What is the relationship between high blood pressure and edema?
High blood pressure leads to increased CHP and thus filtration exceeds reabsorption.
The axon is connected to the soma at the
Hillock
________ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
Hormones
Brain dopamine levels are important in all of these EXCEPT __________.
Huntington's disease
The cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are
III, IV, and VI.
Bipolar
Identify the neuron type labeled "B"
lateral white column
Identify the structure labeled "A"
sclera
Identify the structure labeled "A".
epineurium
Identify the structure labeled "B".
palpebra
Identify the structure labeled "C"
Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are
IgE
A fetus gains most of its immunity from __________.
IgG antibodies that cross the placenta from its mother
Both ways of inducing active immunity (vaccines and direct environmental exposure to an antigen) will ultimately result in the production of antibodies. Which class of the five classes of antibodies is the first to be secreted during the primary response after the initial exposure to the antigen?
IgM
Which of the following is true regarding an epidural block?
It affects only the spinal nerves in the immediate area of the injection. It can provide sensory and motor anesthesia, depending on the anesthetic selected. It is commonly used as a method of pain control during labor and delivery. It can provide mainly sensory anesthesia, depending on the anesthetic selected
Which role does the medulla play in somatic motor control?
It balances reflexes and respiratory reflexes.
Which statement about the respiratory membrane is true?
It contains the fused basement membranes of an alveolus and capillary.
Which of the following statements about adaptation is FALSE?
It is a feature of tonic receptors but not of phasic receptors.
Which of the following statements about cerebrospinal fluid is FALSE?
It is absorbed into arterial circulation at arachnoid granulations.
What happens to acetylcholine (ACh) when it dissociates from its receptor?
It is broken down by an enzyme.
Which of these statements about the pineal gland is FALSE?
It is controlled by the adenohypophysis.
Which of these is NOT a property of fast pain?
It is fast-adapting.
Which of the following is a property of the blood-brain barrier?
It is generally permeable to lipid-soluble compounds. The capillary endothelial cells are interconnected by tight junctions. It is absent in portions of the hypothalamus. Astrocytes surround the CNS capillaries.
Which of these statements about the detrusor muscle is FALSE?
It moves urine through the urethra by peristalsis.
Which anatomical description is TRUE of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
Its innervation originates mainly in the thoracic segment of the spinal cord.
Identify the letter of the brain structure responsible for coordination of complex motor skills.
K
What ion causes repolarization of the neuron during an action potential?
K+ (potassium) The exit of potassium from the cell causes the cell to become more negative, repolarizing the membrane. The exit of potassium ions through open channels is caused by the large concentration of potassium ions inside the neuron compared to the concentration of potassium ions outside the neuron (the chemical gradient for potassium). Even though the transmembrane potential during most of the repolarization phase is negative, this small electrical gradient (tending to pull potassium ions inward) is not enough to change the overall outward direction of the potassium electrochemical gradient.
________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver.
Kupffer cells
In an adult, the conus medullaris is found at about
L1
Body cells that respond to insulin include
Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.
What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?
Liver cells.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is also known as_______________.
Lou Gehrig's disease
________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.
Memory
Tactile discs are to ________ as tactile corpuscles are to ________.
Merkel; Meissner
Which of these values would you expect to DECREASE in an individual with asthma or pneumonia?
More than one of these choices would be affected by asthma or pneumonia.
Acetylcholine (ACh) binds to cholinergic receptors. Name the type of cholinergic receptor found in the heart and describe the effect on heart rate when ACh binds to this receptor.
Muscarinic receptor; slows heart rate
Tuberculosis results from an infection by the bacterium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
In which type of axon will velocity of action potential conduction be the fastest?
Myelinated axons with the largest diameter
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells?
NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane.
Resting membrane potentials
Na+ out of the cell K+ into the cell
The action potential is a transient change in the resting membrane potential from -70 mV to +30 mV, then back to -70 mV. This change is caused by the opening of first _____ then _____ voltage-gated channels.
Na+ then K+
Some patients with kidney failure regularly undergo a procedure called hemodialysis to cleanse their blood. This procedure thus effectively replaces which of the following kidney components.
Nephrons
Which of these cranial nerves does NOT carry motor impulses to the eyes?
Nerve II
The sodium-potassium exchange pump transports potassium and sodium ions in which direction(s)?
Sodium ions are transported out of the cell. Potassium ions are transported into the cell.
Identify the heart structure labeled "B".
Superior Vena Cava
Which of the choices below best describes the autonomic mechanism for regulating GFR?
Sympathetic fibers override local controls to decrease the GFR.
Which of the following statements concerning the cardiovascular response to hemorrhaging is INCORRECT?
Sympathetic stimulation of blood vessels reduces vasomotor tone.
Ventricular repolarization is represented on an electrocardiogram by the
T Wave
If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of
T cells
If the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?
TSH, ACTH, PRL
The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is
TSH.
Several distinct abnormalities of cardiac electric activity characterize cardiac arrhythmias. Which of the following is NOT one of these abnormalities?
Tachycardia with a heart rate of less than 60 bpm
When you take a pain reliever, which of the following best describes, in general terms, how this affects the threshold of neurons?
Taking a pain reliever increases the threshold.
A liver cell responds to insulin by
Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.
What is the last spot where CSF circulates before being resorbed by the circulatory system?
The arachnoid villi
What happens during atrial systole?
The chambers contract and push blood into the ventricles.
The continual movement of fluid through the interstitial spaces produced by capillary filtration serves which of the following functions?
The continual movement of fluid through the interstitial spaces produced by capillary filtration serves which of the following functions? helps carry toxins and bacteria to cells of the immune system assists the transport of insoluble substances that cannot enter the capillaries accelerates the distribution of nutrients and hormones flushes hormones and wastes from the interstitial spaces
The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right; the left ventricle pumps more blood than the right. Are these two statements true or false?
The first is true; the second is false.
Which of the following is NOT a reason why gas exchange at the respiratory membrane is efficient?
The gases are water soluble.
Besides being very painful, a blockage in a ureter due to kidney stones or external pressure is serious because it leads to an increase in capsular hydrostatic pressure. What is the consequence of this increase in pressure?
The glomerular filtration rate decreases because the net filtration pressure is a negative value.
Which of the following statements about the hypothalamus is INCORRECT?
The hypothalamus controls voluntary somatic motor activity.
We study three types of immune disorders: immunodeficiency disorders, autoimmune disorders, and allergies. AIDS is an example of an immunodeficiency disorder. How is it different from a severe allergy or an autoimmune disorder, such as diabetes 1?
The immune system of AIDS patients lacks the necessary coordination between cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity and is thus virtually nonfunctional.
Why does regeneration of the action potential occur in one direction, rather than in two directions?
The inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close in the node, or segment, that has just fired an action potential.
Tim has suffered a vasovagal loss of consciousness, commonly known as fainting. Environmental triggers, including the smell of the anatomy lab and the sight of the cadaver, caused a momentary malfunction of his autonomic nervous system (ANS). How is the structural organization of the ANS different from or similar to that of the somatic nervous system (SNS)?
They are different. In the ANS, motor neurons of the central nervous system do not directly control visceral effectors. They synapse with visceral motor neurons in ganglia, and the ganglionic neurons control the visceral effectors.
Which of the following statements is true about general senses?
They are distributed all over the body.
Which of the following is a result of blood leaving the right ventricle and directly entering the aorta?
Transposition of the great vessels
Triglycerides _______.
Triglycerides _______. are fats are lipids dissolve poorly in water are digested by lipase
Which of the following cardiac arrhythmias is associated with immediate, life-threatening danger?
Ventricular fibrillation
Which of the following congenital heart problems does not usually involve an open shunt from the aorta to the pulmonary trunk?
Ventricular septal defect
At the end of the depolarization phase, what voltage-gated channels open to help restore the resting membrane potential?
Voltage-gated K+ channels
What opens first in response to a threshold stimulus?
Voltage-gated Na+ channels
What is the first change to occur in response to a threshold stimulus?
Voltage-gated Na+ channels change shape, and their activation gates open.
What channels in the presynaptic membrane open in response to an action potential?
Voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels
During an action potential, after the membrane potential reaches +30 mV, which event(s) primarily affect(s) the membrane potential?
Voltage-gated sodium channels begin to inactivate (close) and voltage-gated potassium channels begin to open. The repolarization phase of the action potential involves decreasing sodium influx via inactivation of sodium channels and increasing potassium efflux (exit) via opening potassium channels. Both of these processes begin near the peak of the action potential.
The general interpretive area of the brain which plays an essential role in your personality by integrating sensory information and coordinating access to complex visual and auditory memories?
Wernicke's area
thalamus
Which of the following is NOT a component of the spinocerebellar pathway?
C
Which of the following is a serial processing neural circuit?
epinephrine
Yes, epinephrine is part of the immediate or rapid response to stress. Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla as a result of the increase in the sympathetic nervous system. In fact, the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla act like modified postganglionic neurons.
Because of various factors - your weight gain over the last 5 years, your hereditary predisposition to heart disease that runs in your family, and an interest in getting "back to nature" - you decide to go on a vegan diet, totally restricting your intake of all meat and dairy. Because you dislike taking pills of any sort, you depend upon your vegetable intake as the source for all nutrients for your body. When explaining this to your doctor beforehand, she cautions you about the possibility of low lysine and methionine levels. What is the problem?
You may be at risk for deficiency of certain essential amino acids.
Unlike cerebral palsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive disorder affecting voluntary motor control. The degenerating motor neurons are part of tracts within the spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebral hemispheres. Which of the following tracts is NOT affected by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
anterior spinocerebellar tract
The spinal tract that relays information concerning crude touch and pressure to the CNS is the
anterior spinothalamic.
The body's innate defenses include all of the following except
antibodies
Which of the following is not one of the formed elements of blood?
antibodies
Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis?
antibodies and complement proteins
The inferior point of the heart is called the
apex.
A disorder affecting the ability to speak, called __________, results from damage to the __________ area of the brain.
aphasia; general interpretive
Both sneezing and coughing are examples of protective reflexes triggered by irritation. Sneezing and coughing both involve a disruption in respiration. What is the formal name for the period when respiration is suspended?
apnea
A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the
appendix
The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching array called the
arbor vitae.
Lymphoid tissues __________.
are dominated by lymphocytes and lack a distinct boundary
Muscarinic receptors
are normally activated by acetylcholine.
All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they
are produced by the suprarenal medulla.
Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they
are smaller in diameter.
CD4 and CD8 markers __________.
are used in the process of costimulation, a necessary activity for the activation of T cells
What feature allows the blood supply to the heart muscle to remain relatively constant regardless of the pressure changes in the coronary arteries due to heartbeats?
arterial anastomoses
What vessels contain elastic fibers in the walls that are stretched during systole?
arteries
Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the
arterioles dilate
In the condition known as ________, the wall of an artery becomes thicker and stiffer.
arteriosclerosis
In what vessel is blood pressure the highest?
artery
Immunity that results from vaccination against influenza is classified as __________.
artificially induced active immunity
Immunizations against infectious diseases are one of the most successful medical advancements in the history of public health. A vaccine, containing weakened or dead forms of the antigen, is administered orally, intranasally, subcutaneously, or intramuscularly. The antigens are not virulent enough to cause the disease, but they provoke the adaptive immune response in the body. A vaccine is an example of which type of adaptive immunity?
artificially induced active immunity
Many American children of the 1950s suffered terribly from the polio virus until the Salk and Sabin vaccines were developed. These vaccines introduced inactivated viruses into the bodies of the vaccine recipients. The type of immunity conferred through this method is called __________.
artificially induced active immunity
Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her cord is likely to be compressed?
ascending tracts
Your patient with liver failure has a firm, rounded abdomen due to accumulation of fluid. This is known clinically as
ascites.
Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called ________ areas.
association
The neuroglial cells that participate in maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the
astrocytes
When a person has a stroke, blood leaks into the brain tissue. Which type of neuroglia cells would repair the damage?
astrocytes
The cerebellum can be permanently damaged by stroke or temporarily affected by drugs or alcohol. The resulting disturbance in motor control is known as
ataxia
Damage to the cerebellum could be diagnosed by observing __________.
ataxia, or loss of balance
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood into the __________, and the semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the __________.
atria; ventricles
The vibrations received by the tympanic membrane are transferred to the oval window by the
auditory ossicles.
A disorder in which the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues is known as an __________.
autoimmune disease
When the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, a(n) ________ develops.
autoimmune disease
The property of heart muscle to contract in the absence of neural or hormonal stimulation is called
automaticity.
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited respiratory disorder in which the mucus escalator no longer functions because of the presence of excessively dense and viscous mucus. Which of the following components of the respiratory system are affected by cystic fibrosis?
goblet cells lungs cilia
Ovaries and testes receive a blood supply from the ________ arteries.
gonadal
A typical spinal nerve has a __________ ramus communicans consisting of unmyelinated axons that innervate smooth muscles.
gray
Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the
gray commissures.
The postganglionic fibers that connect an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic or lumbar region with the spinal nerve and contain postganglionic fibers that innervate glands in the body wall or smooth muscles in limbs are
gray rami communicantes.
Taste buds are clusters of individual
gustatory receptors
Elevated ridges on the surface of the brain are called __________.
gyri
The elevated ridges of the cerebrum are called
gyri
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by all of the following except that it
has a clear genetic basis.
Which of these is NOT a property of the somatic nervous system?
has control of cardiac muscle
Which sensation(s) does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry?
hearing and equilibrium
________ is when the heart can't maintain adequate cardiac output.
heart failure
Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?
heart palpitations
If the pacemaker cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions, the
heart rate will decrease and cells will hyperpolarize.
The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their
heavy-chain constant segments.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ________ cells.
helper T
A new virus, C75AP, is identified that can suppress the immune response for certain types of lymphocytes by infecting them. If infected, the loss of function for which lymphocyte would have the greatest impact on subsequent immune response?
helper T cells
Which cell is needed to activate B cells?
helper T cells
The vitreous body
helps to stabilize the eye and holds the retina up against the eyewall.
The waste product bilirubin is produced from
heme molecules lacking iron.
Mary is tested for the amount of hemoglobin in her blood. The test results indicate that her hemoglobin level is 16 g/dL of blood. This value indicates that
her hemoglobin level is normal.
Color blindness is a(n)
hereditary disease involving a lack of certain cones.
Tina is singing a song. At a certain point in the song, she forces a large volume of air out of the glottis and at the same time increases the tension on her vocal cords. The sound that she produces is
high pitched and loud.
The ________ is important in storage and recall of new long-term memories.
hippocampus
Which of the following is essential for memory consolidation?
hippocampus
The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called
homeostasis
B lymphocytes are responsible for __________.
humoral immunity
What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?
humoral immunity
Parietal cells secrete
hydrochloric acid
After an action potential, the membrane becomes more negative than -70 mV. This period is called:
hyperpolarization
A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of tongue movement. Which cranial nerve is affected?
hypoglassal
A patient walks into the emergency room and is having difficulty speaking and moving his tongue. Which of the cranial nerves would you suspect has been damaged?
hypoglossal (XII)
Emotions and behavioral drives are associated with the
hypothalamus
The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.
hypothalamus
Where is the headquarters of the autonomic nervous system?
hypothalamus
Which of the following brain components is NOT considered part of the brain stem?
hypothalamus
From the list below, choose the response that lists the structures that produce the following hormones in correct order for signaling to their respective organs: GHRH, GH, somatomedins, target tissue
hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, liver, skeletal muscle
The pineal gland connects to hypothalamus via the
infundibulum
The purpose of the fecal transplant is to get healthy bacteria inside the digestive tract so they can colonize the large intestine. After the fecal transplant is deposited into the stomach, it must pass through the small intestine before reaching its target. What is the name of the last part of the small intestine before it connects to the large intestine?
ileum
Lymphocytes provide an adaptive or specific defense known as the
immune response
Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the
immunoglobulins.
Under which condition would the release of neurotransmitter by photoreceptors be greatest?
in a pitch-black room after 30 minutes
The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow
in one direction only.
Fenestrated capillaries are found __________.
in the choroid plexus and kidneys
The accumulation of blood during an epidural or subdural hemorrhage creates debilitating pressure on the brain and, without help, death is imminent. Where exactly is blood accumulating in a subdural hemorrhage?
in the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
Over the past year, George has noticed an obvious negative change in his grandfather's behavior. Now, his grandfather is diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Which of the following behavioral changes is NOT necessarily associated with Alzheimer's disease?
inability to button a shirt due to tremors
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to
increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.
Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following except
increase the glomerular filtration rate.
Circular folds and intestinal villi
increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine.
If you __________ the pressure of a gas, __________ of those gas molecules can enter into a liquid.
increase; more
Stimulation of the aortic baroreceptors reflexively results in
increased activity by the parasympathetic nervous system.
Which of the following is NOT a long-term process used to restore blood volume?
increased cardiac output and neural vasoconstriction as a result of carotid and aortic reflexes
Stimulation of the reticular activating system results in
increased consciousness
Jennifer is at a stoplight and begins to accelerate into traffic when the light turns green, but she stops suddenly as a semitrailer runs the red light only a few inches away from her front Which of the following effects would you NOT expect to find in Jennifer's body?
increased digestive activity
Elderly individuals are more prone than younger individuals to have all of the following, except
increased elasticity of vessel walls.
Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function?
increased heart rate when you see a person you fear
Which of the following factors CANNOT cause local vasodilation?
increased levels of oxygen at a tissue
During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion,
increased production of gastric juice occurs.
Don has had a long day at work. He comes home, eats dinner, relaxes on the couch, and watches a few television programs. What type of response would you NOT expect to find in Don's body during this relaxation period?
increased respiratory activity
Which of the following is not an age-related change in respiratory performance?
increased respiratory minute volume
Changes that occur in the urinary system with aging include all of the following except
increased sensitivity to ADH.
Fear can result in
increased stimulation of the cardioaccelerator center by higher brain centers.
Which of these would NOT occur under sympathetic stimulation
increased storage of lipid and glycogen
Which of these would NOT occur under sympathetic stimulation?
increased storage of lipid and glycogen
Which of these changes will DECREASE the effectiveness of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane?
increased thickness of the respiratory membrane
The main action of antidiuretic hormone is
increased water conservation by kidneys.
Parathyroid hormone __________.
increases calcium ion concentrations in the blood
Adding bile to triglycerides _______.
increases surface area
A patient has suffered repeated upper respiratory infections. The patient is now complaining of ear pain, muffled sound, and crackling noises. The patient does NOT exhibit any signs of equilibrium problems. What is the probable cause of these symptoms?
infection of the middle ear
the medulla oblongata relays auditory information to the
inferior colliculi.
Which of the following INCORRECTLY pairs centers of somatic motor control with their activities?
inferior medulla oblongata—coordinates complex motor patterns
Each of the following vessels is a tributary of the hepatic portal vein EXCEPT __________.
inferior vena cava
The two common iliac veins form the
inferior vena cava.
The ________, a narrow stalk, connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.
infundibulum
In patients with emphysema, the alveolar surface area decreases, thereby decreasing the area available for gas exchange. In addition, vascularity declines, making it harder still to transport adequate amounts of oxygen. Which of the following would help an emphysema patient bind as much oxygen as possible with the limited heme units available?
inhaling oxygen at higher partial pressures
Some neurons within the basal nuclei are known to
inhibit neurons with GABA and stimulate neurons with acetylcholine.
Homeostatic mechanisms in response to blood loss include all of the following except
inhibition of EPO secretion.
Which of the following is not an action of TSH?
inhibits T3 and T4 secretion
In what part of the neuron does the action potential typically initiate?
inital segment
where do most action potentials originate
initial segment
Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.
innate
Reflexes based on synapses formed during development are ________ reflexes.
innate
Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system?
innate external defenses
Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system?
innate internal defenses
Which of these hormones is NOT derived from an amino acid?
insulin
Mammillary bodies function to
integrates sensory information and influences emotional states
Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication?
interferons
Cytokines that make a cell and its neighbors resistant to virus infection are called
interferons.
Hormones that regulate the activity of B cells and T cells and enhance nonspecific defense are called
interleukins.
The brain requires a substantial blood supply. The vessels that deliver blood to the brain are the
internal carotid and vertebral arteries.
What are the major arteries supplying the brain?
internal carotids and vertebrals
Blood that drains from the brain into the transverse sinus flows into the __________.
internal jugulars
The most abundant category of neurons is __________.
interneurons
The most complicated spinal reflexes are called
intersegmental reflex arcs.
As the axon hillock depolarizes, Voltage-gated Na+ channels open and Na+ moves (into or out of) __________ the cell causing further (depolarization or repolarization) __________.
into; depolarization
A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John
intolerance
Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is
inversely proportional to the volume of its container.
The part of the eye that determines eye color is the
iris
What structure regulates the amount of light that passes to the photoreceptors of the eye?
iris
The oropharynx __________.
is a conduit for air and food that extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue
The presence of reducing sugars _______.
is detected using Benedict's reagent
The tidal volume __________.
is equal to about 500 mL AND is the total amount of air moving into or out of the lungs when at rest within a single respiratory cycle
The plantar reflex (negative Babinski reflex) is
is pathological in both adults and infants
The second response to a single antigen __________ the first response.
is stronger and longer-lasting than
Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because
it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.
According to the Clinical Note "Alzheimer's disease", which is NOT true concerning early-onset Alzheimer's?
it can be caused by long-term aspirin use
The hypothalamus is a key player in the endocrine system because
it controls the pituitary gland directly underneath it.
What occurred when pepsin was boiled?
it was inactivated
If a nerve impulse was transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS) on a C fiber, __________.
it would lead to a slow sensation of pain
Tom has hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in Tom?
jaundice
Identify the star-labeled intestinal structure.
jejunum
The middle segment of the small intestine is called the
jejunum.
Rabies illustrates a negative consequence to otherwise healthy retrograde flow within axons. Which of the following components will not be involved in retrograde flow?
kinesin
The collection of blood vessels supplying the protective connective tissue layers surrounding the brain may hemorrhage during severe head trauma. This is the case in epidural and subdural hemorrhages. Which of the following names sounds most appropriate for this collection of blood vessels?
meningeal blood vessels
Inflammation of digestive organs is a common occurrence. Which of the following inflammatory diseases is not associated with the digestive system?
meningtitus
The corpora quadrigemina are part of the __________.
mesencephalon
Which of these does NOT correctly link developing areas of the brain?
mesencephalon to metencephalon
The ________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.
mesenteries
Transferrin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?
metalloprotein
Small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called
microglia
Identify the brain structure labeled "C"
midbrain
________ are teeth with flattened crowns and prominent ridges that are adapted for crushing and grinding.
molars
________ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells.
monocytes
Prior to lipase digestion of triglycerides, the solution would be _______.
more basic
If bile ducts are blocked,
more bilirubin appears in the plasma.
Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in
more intense inhalation.
The peripheral chemoreceptors are __________.
more sensitive to a decrease in PCO2 than to a decrease in PO2
Because the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs is greater than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the lungs, __________ oxygen should dissolve in the blood __________.
more; more rapidly
Which of the following combinations may result in the hemolytic disease of the newborn?
mother Rh negative, baby Rh positive
Descending tracts in the spinal cord relay ________ information.
motor
Broca's area is __________.
motor speech area
The condition known as hirsutism can result from too
much androgen production.
Cells that are rapidly undergoing mitosis constantly repair and renew the lining of the pharynx and the esophagus, which is particularly vulnerable to abrasion associated with swallowing. Which of the following terms best describes this lining?
mucosa
Goblet cells produce __________.
mucus
The __________ carries trapped particles and mucus toward the pharynx.
mucus escalator
What is the name of the disease in which the myelin sheaths of central nervous system axons are destroyed?
multiple sclerosis
Abnormal heart sounds caused by turbulent flow through faulty valves are called
murmurs
Sweat glands contain ________ receptors.
muscarinic cholinergic
Proprioceptors signal all BUT __________.
muscle temperature
The brachial and femoral arteries are examples of which type of artery?
muscular
Contraction of the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds.
muscularis mucosa
Which of the following nerves is not part of the sensory innervation in the hand?
musculocutaneous nerve
Which of these is absent in the gray matter of the spinal cord?
myelinated axons
The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly
myelinated axons.
What ion is responsible for the depolarization of the neuron during an action potential?
na+ The influx of sodium ions causes the rapid depolarization during the action potential. The influx of sodium ions through open channels is favored by two factors. (1) The sodium concentration inside the neuron is only about 10% of the sodium concentration outside the neuron. (2) Most of the time, the interior of the cell is electrically negative, which is attractive for the positively charged sodium ions.
What is the name of the structures projecting from the lateral surfaces of the nasal cavity that function to create turbulence and help humidify and warm the incoming air?
nasal conchae
The auditory tubes open into the
nasopharynx
The superior region of the pharynx is called the
nasopharynx.
Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.
naturally acquired passive
Which of the following description applies to the term myopia?
nearsightedness
Which of the following terms describes the degeneration of tissue cells that have been damaged or destroyed by injury?
necrosis
The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the
nephron loop (loop of Henle).
Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary?
net osmotic pressure
The gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly
neuron cell bodies.
A patient has an infected puncture wound to her foot. Which type of white blood cell would you expect to be elevated in a differential white cell count?
neutrophils
Which of the following is NOT a class of lymphocyte?
neutrophils
Non-specific immunity, such as phagocytosis, is a function of which blood cells?
neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of
neutrophils.
The most numerous WBCs in a differential count of a healthy individual are
neutrophils.
Decompression sickness is a painful condition that develops when a person is exposed to a sudden drop in atmospheric pressure. Bubbles of ________ gas are responsible for the problem.
nitrogen
Tina falls while climbing a tree and lands on her back. Her frightened parents take her to the emergency room, where she is examined. Her knee-jerk reflex is normal and she exhibits a plantar reflex (negative Babinski reflex). These results suggest that Tina has
no injury
Which of these is NOT a type of mechanoreceptor?
nociceptor
A sensory receptor characterized peripherally as a free nerve ending which centrally uses glutamate and/or substance P as neurotransmitters would most likely be a
nociceptor.
Endorphins can reduce perception of sensations initiated by
nociceptors
Pain receptors located in the epidermis are called _______________.
nociceptors
Which receptors are common in superficial portions of the skin, in joint capsules, within the periostea of bones, and around the walls of blood vessels?
nociceptors
Pain is to ________ as cold is to ________.
nociceptors; thermoreceptors
The tiny gaps between adjacent Schwann cells are called
nodes of ravidier
Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter
norepinephrine.
The regulation of awake-asleep cycles appears to involve an interplay between brain stem nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. The one that favors alertness is ________ and the other promoting deep sleep is ________.
norepinephrine; serotonin
Which of the following is a function of tears?
nourish the cornea and conjunctiva wash away debris provide oxygen lubricate the eye
Memory loss is one of the most common characteristics associated with Alzheimer's disease. Researchers have identified the amygdala and hippocampus as regions involved in memory consolidation, as well as the __________, which still plays an uncertain role.
nucleus basalis
What is stored in the synaptic vesicle?
nuerotransmitter
Abnormal jumpy eye movements that may appear after brain stem or inner ear damage are called
nystagmus.
After suffering a blow to the back of the head, Phil loses his vision. The blow probably caused damage to the
occipital lobe
The visual association area is located in the __________.
occipital lobe
Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the
right atrium
With the force of the head-on collision, the patient's chest collided with the steering wheel, causing fractures of the anterior chest wall, including the sternum and ribs. The heart itself, located just deep to the sternum, was injured and began bleeding into the pericardial cavity. What is normally found in the pericardial cavity?
pericardial fluid The pericardial cavity normally contains 15-50 mL of pericardial fluid, which acts as a lubricant, reducing friction between the opposing surfaces as the heart beats.
The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the
perineurium
The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.
peritubular
Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are
peritubular capillaries.
Surgical removal of the stomach could cause
pernicious anemia.
Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called
pertalisis
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the
phagocytes
Which muscle(s) are responsible for pushing the bolus towards the esophagus?
pharyngeal constrictors
The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems.
pharynx
Which of the following organs or structures is (are) uppermost in the respiratory system?
pharynx
Sensory neurons that adapt quickly are called ________ receptors.
phasic
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces
phonation.
A kinase is an enzyme that performs
phosphorylation
The brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves except the
phrenic.
The inner meninx adhering to the tissues of the brain is the __________.
pia mater
List the meningeal layers from deep to superficial
pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
The layer of the meninges that closely follows every gyrus and sulcus is the
pia mater.
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is confined between the __________ and the __________.
pia mater; arachnoid mater
Areas in a vessel wall where large quantities of lipid accumulate are called
plaques
The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells.
plasma
What cells make antibodies?
plasma B cells
The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is
plasmin
The resulting pain and inflammation when pleural fluid is unable to prevent friction between the opposing pleural surfaces is known as
pleuris
The term ________ describes the result from an injury that permits air to leak into the intrapleural space.
pneumothorax
The enzyme amylase digests
polysaccharides.
A(n) ________ reflex has at least one interneuron placed between the sensory and motor neurons.
polysynaptic
The term used to describe excess production of urine is
polyuria.
The space between the iris and ciliary body and the lens is the
posterior chamber
A neuron that receives neurotransmitter from another neuron is called
postsynaptic
Neurotransmitters bind to receptors located on the:
postsynaptic membrane
What is the major cation inside the cell?
potassium
Which ion causes repolarization of the neuron during an action potential?
potassium
What causes repolarization of the membrane potential during the action potential of a neuron?
potassium efflux Positively charged potassium ions flowing out of the cell makes the transmembrane potential more negative, repolarizing the membrane towards the resting potential.
During repolarization of a neuron
potassium ions move out of the cell.
The most abundant intracellular cation is __________ while the most abundant extracellular anion is __________.
potassium, chloride
Repolarization is caused by the movement of what ion (sodium or potassium), in what direction (into or out of the cell)?
potassium, out of the cell
The separation of positive and negative charges across the membrane creates a ________ difference, or voltage.
potential
Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the
precapillary sphincter.
The region of the brain responsible for predicting the consequence of events or actions is the
prefrontal cerebral cortex
The structure of the respiratory epithelium changes along the respiratory tract. In addition to mucous cells, what other type of cells are found lining the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and the superior portion (trachea and bronchi) of the lower respiratory system?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells
Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a clot or similar obstruction is
pulmonary embolism
What is the name of the structure that connects the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine?
pyloric sphincter
The corticospinal system is often referred to as the
pyramidal system.
Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called
pyramids.
The condition in which a person loses all feeling and movement of the arms and legs due to spinal cord injury is termed
quadriplegia.
What is the function of glucagon?
raises blood glucose levels
The white ramus and the gray ramus collectively are called the
rami communicantes.
After acetylcholinesterase acts, the synaptic terminal
reabsorbs the choline
The blood colloid osmotic pressure drives the process of __________.
reabsorption
Functions of the large intestine include
reabsorption of water and compaction of feces.
The ________ is the area monitored by a single receptor cell.
receptive field
The site of red blood cell production in an adult is the __________.
red bone marrow
Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the
red bone marrow.
Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the
red bone marrow.
Damage to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus leads to which problem?
reduced ability to regulate body temperature
_____________ pain is occurring if the part of the body where the pain is felt is different than the part of the body where the painful stimulus is being applied is.
referred
Feeling pain in the left arm during a heart attack is an example of ________ pain.
reffered
Clenching the fists often enhances the knee jerk reflex. This is an example of __________.
reinforcement
As blood flows toward the alveoli, it is directed toward lobules in which the PO2 is __________.
relatively high
Which of the following is NOT a function of the medulla oblongata?
relaying sensory and motor information to the cerebellum
In the event of a severe increase in systemic blood pressure, what mechanism would increase GFR?
release of ANP and BNP
Endocrine cells
release their secretions directly into body fluids such as blood.
Lymph nodes do all of the following except
remove excess nutrients from the lymph.
The spleen __________.
removes abnormal red blood cells from circulation and initiates the immune responses by B cells and T cells in response to circulating antigens
The ________ is the kidney's sole blood supply.
renal artery
During an analysis of renal blood flow, clinicians look for an administered compound called para-aminohippuric acid (PAH). In a healthy kidney, this compound is filtered by the nephrons and ends up in urine. In which part of the nephron does filtration occur?
renal corpuscle
Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the
renal corpuscle.
Identify the renal structure labeled "B"
renal papilla
Which of the following GFR-regulating mechanisms is initiated by cells of the juxtaglomerular complex?
renin-angiotensin system
Complex motor activities such as riding a bicycle
require the coordinated activity of several regions of the brain.
If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
resistance
Which phase of the General Adaptation System is illustrated in this image?
resistance phase
As air moves through the lower respiratory tract, which of the following is the correct order of structures the air would pass on its way to the respiratory membrane?
respiratory bronchiole; alveolar duct; alveolar sac; alveolus
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the
respiratory membranes of the alveoli.
The mesencephalon contains the headquarters of the ________, a specialized component of the reticular formation that controls alertness and attention.
reticular activating system
Which of the following would you expect to see in increased numbers in a peripheral blood sample after donating a unit of blood?
reticulocytes
The rabies virus travels to the CNS via
retrograde axoplasmic transport.
In response to the hormone secretin, the pancreas secretes a fluid
rich in bicarbonate ion.
Dr. Jim knew this victim was suffering from cardiac tamponade due to blood in the pericardial space. The blood in the pericardial cavity compressed the heart, squeezing the atria and ventricles so the atria could not fill. What vessels fill the right atria?
superior and inferior vena cava
Each of the following arteries contributes to the cerebral arterial circle EXCEPT __________.
superior cerebellar artery
Three of these choices are exceptions to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the CNS. Which choice maintains the BBB?
superior sagittal sinus and arachnoid villi
The lining of the alveolus is coated with an oily secretion called __________.
surfactant
Which of these organs does NOT receive dual innervation?
sweat glands
The ________ nervous system stimulates the arrector pili muscles and gives you "goosebumps."
sympathetic
The pattern of blood flow through a capillary bed is influenced by __________.
sympathetic innervation
Postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs are
sympathetic nerves.
A doctor places drops in the eyes to dilate the pupils for an examination. The type of drug that is used is a(n) ________ drug.
sympathomimetic, adrenergic activating
The site of intercellular communication between a neuron and another cell is the
synapse
When two hormones have additive effects, we say they are __________.
synergistic
Two hormones that have additive effects are called
synergists.
Cirrhosis is a type of liver disease in which lobules turn fibrous and thus nonfunctioning. Which of the following functions is not impaired by cirrhosis?
synthesis of amylases
The ________ circuit carries blood from the aorta to the right ventricle.
systemic
The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is called
systole
The phase in the cardiac cycle when the mitral valve is closed and the aortic valve is open is the
systolic ejection phase.
A tactile receptor composed of highly coiled dendrites that are surrounded by modified Schwann cells and a fibrous capsule is a
tactile (Meissner) corpuscle.
A highly sensitive tactile receptor composed of dendritic processes of a single myelinated fiber that makes contact with specialized cells of the stratum germinativum (basale) is a
tactile (Merkel) disc.
Identify the tactile receptor labeled "C".
tactile disks
Assessing spinal nerve damage may involve the use of a vibration fork that is tapped along segments of the spinal nerve pathway. Which type of sensory receptor detects vibrations?
tactile receptor
In the large intestine the wall has three strips of longitudinal muscle called the
taenia coli.
Adaptive responses __________.
target a specific antigen each time it is activated
The medial pathway that controls involuntary movements of head, neck, and arm position in response to sudden visual and auditory stimuli is the ________ tract.
tectospinal
The cerebrum develops from which portion of the embryonic brain?
telencephalon
Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as
telondendria
Carbon monoxide poisoning is possible because carbon monoxide binds readily with heme at very low partial pressures compared to those of oxygen. Besides partial pressure, what else determines the affinity of oxygen molecules for heme?
temperature pH levels BPG concentration
Which of the following factors does NOT affect the pitch of the sound produced by the vocal cords?
temperature of the vocal cords
The auditory cortex is located in the
temporal lobe
The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the ________ reflex.
tendon
The fold that separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum is formed by the __________.
tentorium cerebelli
Long-term memories that are with you for a lifetime are called ________ memories.
tertiary
As a result of the long refractory period in the cardiac action potential, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit
tetany.
Which of the following kinds of information do fine-touch and light-pressure mechanoreceptors provide?
texture of the stimulus location of the stimulus movement of the stimulus shape of the stimulus
Which of the following is NOT part of the brain stem?
thalamus
Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the
thalamus.
When Tim fainted, the sympathetic division of the ANS failed him, while the parasympathetic division went into overdrive. Parasympathetic stimulation of the vagus nerve caused Tim's heart rate to slow, the force of contractions to decrease, and his blood pressure to drop. As a result, blood flow to the brain decreased, causing the fainting episode. Which part of the brain is critical for maintaining consciousness through its interactions with the cortex?
the reticular activating system
Which of the labeled valves will open during ventricular systole to allow the flow of blood to the lungs?
the semilunar valve labeled B
The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in
the sinoatrial node.
In a neuron, sodium and potassium concentrations are maintained by the sodium-potassium exchange pump such that __________.
the sodium concentration is higher outside the cell than inside the cell and the potassium concentration is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.
The areas of Michael's brain that were injured during his birth affected his control over his voluntary movements. Which part of the nervous system distributes motor commands to skeletal muscles?
the somatic nervous system
Sensory information from all parts of the body is routed to
the somatosensory cortex.
Sensory encoding of the perceived location of a stimulus depends on
the specific location of the cortical neuron that is stimulated.
In which of the structures does reabsorption of organic substrates occur?
the structure labeled A, proximal convoluted tubule
What is the electrochemical gradient of an ion?
the sum
If a deficit in the auditory association area can produce retrograde amnesia regarding sounds, then a deficit in the somatosensory association area can produce retrograde amnesia regarding __________.
the texture and shape of an object
During an action potential of a neuron, what directly causes the different channels to open and close?
the transmembrane potential (voltage) Changes in transmembrane potential directly cause voltage-gated channel proteins to change shape and allow the flow of ions across the cell membrane. The tiny electrical current associated with a single channel opening can actually be measured with sensitive recording techniques.
Which part of the blood vessel wall is dominated by smooth muscle?
the tunica media
Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by
the ureters.
Which descending pathway is found in the anterior white column and carries impulses relating to equilibrium and balance?
the vestibulospinal tract
Which principle descending motor pathway primarily controls muscle tone and balance?
the vestibulospinal tract of the medial pathway
Damage to the medulla oblongata can result in death because
the vital centers for blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are located there.
Which of the choices below best describes the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute
Henry's law states that
the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.
People with type O blood are considered "universal donors" for transfusions because __________.
their red blood cells lack A and B surface antigens
The optic disc is a blind spot because
there are no photoreceptors in that area.
When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that
they are equal.
Shingles that manifest themselves in close proximity to the umbilical region stem from an infection within spinal nerves emerging from which spinal segments?
thoracic
The majority of lymph fluid in the body returns to the venous circulation via the __________.
thoracic duct
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the
thoracic duct.
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following?
thoracolumbar division
How many major motor pathways are there?
three
Sensory information requires __________ neuron(s) to reach the thalamus.
three
There are __________ major sensory pathways.
three
There are __________ pairs of nasal conchae.
three
What is the minimum number of synapses that must be crossed before an afferent nerve impulse becomes a perception?
three
There are __________ lobes in the right lung and __________ lobes in the left lung.
three; two
If depolarization reaches -55 mV, an action potential will be generated. What is this -55 mV trigger point called?
threshold
The hormones that are important for coordinating the immune response are
thymosins.
T cells develop from stem cells in the
thymus
T cells originate and complete their development in the __________.
thymus
There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline?
thymus
A common site to place a tracheostomy tube is through the ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the ________ cartilage.
thyroid