Chapter 2: Human Body in Health & Disease
congenital disorder
abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
dysplasia
abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
adenosclerosis
abnormal hardening of a gland
adenomalacia
abnormal softening of a gland
infectious disease
an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses
idiopathic disorder
an illness without known cause
pandemic
an outbreak of a disease occuring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwidw
vertical plane
an up-and-down plane that is a right angle to the horizon
communicable disease
any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or by indirect contact with contaminated objects
adenosis
any disease or condition of a gland
premature birth
birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development, breathing or heart problems are common
genome
complete set of genetic information of an organism
atresia
congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular.
birth injuries
congenital disorders that were not present before the events surrounding the time of birth ie: cerebral palsy
abdominopelvic cavity
contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities
nerve tissue
contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses
abdominal cavity
contains primarily the major organs of digestion
anomaly
deviation from what is regarded as normal
pathogen
disease producing microorganism (Transmission=spread of disease) (Contamination=pathogen is possibly present)
quadrant
divided into four, abdomen has RUQ, LUQ,RLQ, LLQ (rt upper/lower, and lft upper/lower)
inguinal
entire lower area of the abdomen or groin
Food-borne and waterborne transmision
fecal-oral transmission. caused n=by eatting or drinking contaminated food/water that has not been properly treated to remove or kill pothogens present
hospitalist
focus is the general medical care of hospitalized patients
Epithelial tissues
form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body
chromosomes
genetic structures located withinthe nucleus of each cell
endocrine gland
gland produces hormones that are secreted into the bloodstream, DO NOT have ducts
exocrine gland
gland that secretes its product to a surface or cavity through ducts
body plane
imaginary vetical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections
dorsal cavity
includes the head and backside of the body (cranial and spinal cavities)
adenitis
inflammation of a gland
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
dominant gene
is inhehrited from only one parent, offspring will have that genetic condition or characteristic
hypogastric region
located BELOW the stomach
right and left iliac region
located OVER the hip bone
epigastric region
located above the stomach
ventral cavity
located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that maintain homeostasis
retroperitoneal
located behind the peritoneum
right and left lumbar region
located near the inward curve of the spine
cranial cavity
located within the skull, surrounds/protects the brain
spinal cavity
located within the spinal column, surrounds/protects spinal cord
inferior
lowermost, below, or toward the Feet
homeostasis
maintaining a constant internal environment
developmental disorder
may result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe at birth
cytoplasm
meterial within the cell membrane that is NOT part of the nucleus
diaphragm
muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities
postmortem or autopsy
occurring or done after death; usually related to an examination of the body after it is dead
airborne transmission
occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze ie: tuberculosis, flu, colds, measels
gene
physical and functional unit of herdity. controls disorders and all physicla traits ie: hair, skin, and eye color
geriatrician or gerontologist
physician who specializes in the care of older people
organic disorder
produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body ie: chicken pox, rash caused by a virus
functional disorder
produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified
indirect contact transmission
refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface
dorsal
refers to the back of the organ or body
endemic
refers to the ongoing presence of disease within a specific population group or area
umbilical region
region of the navel or umbilicus
distal
situated FARthest from point of attachment or origin, as of a limb or bone
proximal
situated NEARest the midline or beginning of a body structure
posterior
situated in the BACK, or back part of an organ
anterior
situated in the FRONT, or forward part of an organ
fetal alcohol syndrome
sometimes the result in a child of the mother's excessive drinking while pregnant, characterized by low birth weight, facial abnormalities, mental retardation
body cavities
spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs
cytologist
specialist in study and analysis cells
muscle tissue
specialized ability to contract and relax
pathology
study of disease: the nature/cause as well as the produced changes in structure/function
etiology
study of the cause of disease
connective tissues
support and connect organs and other body tissues
adenectomy
surgical removal of a gland
nucleus
surrounded by nuclear membrane,, structure within the cell. controls the cells ACTIVITIES, helps cell DIVIDE
thoracic cavity
surrounds and protects the heart and lungs (chest cavity/thorax)
right and left hypochondriac regions
the area beneath and just below the ribs.
cells
the basic structural and functional units of the body, specialized and grouped together to form tissues/organs
aplasia
the defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue
ventral
the front, or belly side, of the organ or body
aging
the gradual decline in the body's ability to maintain and restore homeostasis
hyperplasia
the increased production and growth of normal cells in a tissue or organ, resulting in an abnormal increase in size of the tissue or organ
visceral peritoneum
the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
prenatal influences
the mother's health, behavior, and the prenatal medical care she does, or does not, receive before delivery (ie:rubella viral infection, causes birth defects)
parietal peritoneum
the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
lumbar
the region of the lower back between the ribs and pelvis
pelvic cavity
the space formed by the hip bones; contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
bloodborne transmission
the spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood ie: HIV, HepB, most STD's
vector-borne transmission
the spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector ie: mites, flies, fleas, ticks, rats, dogs, mosquitos
cytology
the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell
physiology
the study of the functions of the structures of the body
geriatrics or gerontology
the study of the medical problems and treatment/care of the elderly
anatomy
the study of the structure of the body
histology
the study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues. specialist - histologist
cell membrane
tissue that surrounds/protects the contents of the cell by seperating them from its external enviroment
medial
toward or nearer the MIDline
cephalic
toward the head
caudal
toward the lower part of the body
lateral
toward, or nearer the SIDE of the body
adult stem cells
undifferentiated cells whose role is to maintain/repair the tissue in which they are found
iatrogenic
unfavorable repsonse due to prescribed medical treament. ie: burns from radiation therapy
stem cell
unspecialized cells that can renew themselves for long periods of time by cell dividion
superior
uppermost, above, or toward the HEAD
adenoma
BENIGN tumor that arises in, or resembles, glandular tissue
hypoplasia
Incomplete development of an organ or tissue
adenocarcinoma
MALIGNANT tumor originating in glandular tissue. (malignant means harmful, capable of spreading, possible life threatening)
genetics
The science that studies how characteristics get passed from parent to offspring
PKU phenylketonuria
When the hepatic enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (which controls the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine is absent.) This results in the buildup of phenylalanine in the bloodstream which delays brain development.
anaplasia
a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other
genetic mutation
a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule
organ
a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
nosocomial infection
a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting
genetic disorders
a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically 1- cystic fibrosis-affects respitory and digestive systems. 2- down syndrome-facial, learning disabilities,heart valve. 3- hemophilia-missing blood clotting factor 4- huntington's disease-nerve degenration, mental abilities 5- muscular dystrophy-degeneration of skeletal muscles. 6- phenylketonuria- (PKU)essential digestive enzyme is missing (phenylalanine hydroxylase) 7-tay sachs disease-fatty buildup in tissue/nerve cells
horizontal plane
a flat crosswise plane, such as the horizon
mesentery
a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
hypertrophy
a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues
tissue
a group of similar cells that carry out a similar function
transverse plane
a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
peritoneum
a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
general practitioner (GP)
a physician involved in ongoing or general medical care for patients of all ages ( family practice physician)
internist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems
pediatrician
a physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of children
geneticist
a specialist in the field of genetics
epidemiologist
a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group
anatomical position
a standard position, body is facing forward, the feet parallel to each other, arms are at the sides with the palms facing forward
epidemic
a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area
frontal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
sagittal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions