Chapter 2: Human Body in Health & Disease

congenital disorder

abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth

dysplasia

abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs

adenosclerosis

abnormal hardening of a gland

adenomalacia

abnormal softening of a gland

infectious disease

an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses

idiopathic disorder

an illness without known cause

pandemic

an outbreak of a disease occuring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwidw

vertical plane

an up-and-down plane that is a right angle to the horizon

communicable disease

any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or by indirect contact with contaminated objects

adenosis

any disease or condition of a gland

premature birth

birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development, breathing or heart problems are common

genome

complete set of genetic information of an organism

atresia

congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular.

birth injuries

congenital disorders that were not present before the events surrounding the time of birth ie: cerebral palsy

abdominopelvic cavity

contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities

nerve tissue

contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses

abdominal cavity

contains primarily the major organs of digestion

anomaly

deviation from what is regarded as normal

pathogen

disease producing microorganism (Transmission=spread of disease) (Contamination=pathogen is possibly present)

quadrant

divided into four, abdomen has RUQ, LUQ,RLQ, LLQ (rt upper/lower, and lft upper/lower)

inguinal

entire lower area of the abdomen or groin

Food-borne and waterborne transmision

fecal-oral transmission. caused n=by eatting or drinking contaminated food/water that has not been properly treated to remove or kill pothogens present

hospitalist

focus is the general medical care of hospitalized patients

Epithelial tissues

form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body

chromosomes

genetic structures located withinthe nucleus of each cell

endocrine gland

gland produces hormones that are secreted into the bloodstream, DO NOT have ducts

exocrine gland

gland that secretes its product to a surface or cavity through ducts

body plane

imaginary vetical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections

dorsal cavity

includes the head and backside of the body (cranial and spinal cavities)

adenitis

inflammation of a gland

peritonitis

inflammation of the peritoneum

dominant gene

is inhehrited from only one parent, offspring will have that genetic condition or characteristic

hypogastric region

located BELOW the stomach

right and left iliac region

located OVER the hip bone

epigastric region

located above the stomach

ventral cavity

located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that maintain homeostasis

retroperitoneal

located behind the peritoneum

right and left lumbar region

located near the inward curve of the spine

cranial cavity

located within the skull, surrounds/protects the brain

spinal cavity

located within the spinal column, surrounds/protects spinal cord

inferior

lowermost, below, or toward the Feet

homeostasis

maintaining a constant internal environment

developmental disorder

may result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe at birth

cytoplasm

meterial within the cell membrane that is NOT part of the nucleus

diaphragm

muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities

postmortem or autopsy

occurring or done after death; usually related to an examination of the body after it is dead

airborne transmission

occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze ie: tuberculosis, flu, colds, measels

gene

physical and functional unit of herdity. controls disorders and all physicla traits ie: hair, skin, and eye color

geriatrician or gerontologist

physician who specializes in the care of older people

organic disorder

produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body ie: chicken pox, rash caused by a virus

functional disorder

produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified

indirect contact transmission

refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface

dorsal

refers to the back of the organ or body

endemic

refers to the ongoing presence of disease within a specific population group or area

umbilical region

region of the navel or umbilicus

distal

situated FARthest from point of attachment or origin, as of a limb or bone

proximal

situated NEARest the midline or beginning of a body structure

posterior

situated in the BACK, or back part of an organ

anterior

situated in the FRONT, or forward part of an organ

fetal alcohol syndrome

sometimes the result in a child of the mother's excessive drinking while pregnant, characterized by low birth weight, facial abnormalities, mental retardation

body cavities

spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs

cytologist

specialist in study and analysis cells

muscle tissue

specialized ability to contract and relax

pathology

study of disease: the nature/cause as well as the produced changes in structure/function

etiology

study of the cause of disease

connective tissues

support and connect organs and other body tissues

adenectomy

surgical removal of a gland

nucleus

surrounded by nuclear membrane,, structure within the cell. controls the cells ACTIVITIES, helps cell DIVIDE

thoracic cavity

surrounds and protects the heart and lungs (chest cavity/thorax)

right and left hypochondriac regions

the area beneath and just below the ribs.

cells

the basic structural and functional units of the body, specialized and grouped together to form tissues/organs

aplasia

the defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue

ventral

the front, or belly side, of the organ or body

aging

the gradual decline in the body's ability to maintain and restore homeostasis

hyperplasia

the increased production and growth of normal cells in a tissue or organ, resulting in an abnormal increase in size of the tissue or organ

visceral peritoneum

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

prenatal influences

the mother's health, behavior, and the prenatal medical care she does, or does not, receive before delivery (ie:rubella viral infection, causes birth defects)

parietal peritoneum

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

lumbar

the region of the lower back between the ribs and pelvis

pelvic cavity

the space formed by the hip bones; contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems

bloodborne transmission

the spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood ie: HIV, HepB, most STD's

vector-borne transmission

the spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector ie: mites, flies, fleas, ticks, rats, dogs, mosquitos

cytology

the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell

physiology

the study of the functions of the structures of the body

geriatrics or gerontology

the study of the medical problems and treatment/care of the elderly

anatomy

the study of the structure of the body

histology

the study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues. specialist - histologist

cell membrane

tissue that surrounds/protects the contents of the cell by seperating them from its external enviroment

medial

toward or nearer the MIDline

cephalic

toward the head

caudal

toward the lower part of the body

lateral

toward, or nearer the SIDE of the body

adult stem cells

undifferentiated cells whose role is to maintain/repair the tissue in which they are found

iatrogenic

unfavorable repsonse due to prescribed medical treament. ie: burns from radiation therapy

stem cell

unspecialized cells that can renew themselves for long periods of time by cell dividion

superior

uppermost, above, or toward the HEAD

adenoma

BENIGN tumor that arises in, or resembles, glandular tissue

hypoplasia

Incomplete development of an organ or tissue

adenocarcinoma

MALIGNANT tumor originating in glandular tissue. (malignant means harmful, capable of spreading, possible life threatening)

genetics

The science that studies how characteristics get passed from parent to offspring

PKU phenylketonuria

When the hepatic enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (which controls the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine is absent.) This results in the buildup of phenylalanine in the bloodstream which delays brain development.

anaplasia

a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other

genetic mutation

a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule

organ

a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

nosocomial infection

a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting

genetic disorders

a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically 1- cystic fibrosis-affects respitory and digestive systems. 2- down syndrome-facial, learning disabilities,heart valve. 3- hemophilia-missing blood clotting factor 4- huntington's disease-nerve degenration, mental abilities 5- muscular dystrophy-degeneration of skeletal muscles. 6- phenylketonuria- (PKU)essential digestive enzyme is missing (phenylalanine hydroxylase) 7-tay sachs disease-fatty buildup in tissue/nerve cells

horizontal plane

a flat crosswise plane, such as the horizon

mesentery

a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

hypertrophy

a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues

tissue

a group of similar cells that carry out a similar function

transverse plane

a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

peritoneum

a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

general practitioner (GP)

a physician involved in ongoing or general medical care for patients of all ages ( family practice physician)

internist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems

pediatrician

a physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of children

geneticist

a specialist in the field of genetics

epidemiologist

a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group

anatomical position

a standard position, body is facing forward, the feet parallel to each other, arms are at the sides with the palms facing forward

epidemic

a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area

frontal plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

sagittal plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions