anatomy chapter 12 nervous system

BLANK are large cells that ensheath many different axons

oligodendrocyte are large cells that ensheath many different axons

primary CNS tumor typically originate in tissues that can undergo mitosis like which of the following

primary CNS tumor typically originate in tissues that can undergo mitosis like glial cells, and meninges

receptors detect changes in the external or internal environment. These changes are called BLANK

receptors detect changes in the external or internal environment. These changes are called stimuli

match the states of the sodium channel with their correct descriptions

resting - entry of sodium is prevented, activation gate is close activation- sodium moves into the cell through the open channel inactivation- entry of sodium is prevented activation gate is open

BLANK help regulate fluid composition including the exchange of nutrients and waste in the nervous system

satellite cells help regulate fluid composition including the exchange of nutrients and waste in the nervous system

sensory BLANK neurons carry information BLANK the central nervous system

sensory afferent neurons carry information toward the central nervous system

BLANK nerves always relay information to the CNS

sensory nerves always relay information to the CNS

sensory nerves carry information BLANK

sensory nerves carry information to the central nervous system

which of the following are considered types of effectors

skeletal muscle, glands, cardiac muscle are considered types of effectors

slow axonal transport results from the flow of BLANK

slow axonal transport results from the flow of axoplasm

what are the properties of the nerve TYPE C

slowest conduction velocity

which of the following membrane transporters are present throughout the membrane of a neuron?

sodium leak channels Na+ K+ pumps potassium leak channels

synapses are classified as BLANK

synapses are classified as -electrical synapses -chemical synapses

synapses occur where axons contact which of the following

synapses occur where axons contact muscle cells, gland cells, and other neurons

synaptic knobs are also called BLANK

synaptic knobs are also called -end bulbs -terminal boutons

the "E" in EPSP stands for ______, meaning that the potential makes the inside of the postsynaptic cell more ______

the "E" in EPSP stands for excitatory, meaning that the potential makes the inside of the postsynaptic cell more positive

the "I" in IPSP stands for BLANK, meaning that the potential makes the inside of the postsynaptic cell more BLANK

the "I" in IPSP stands for inhibitory, meaning that the potential makes the inside of the postsynaptic cell more negative

the ability to alter a response of neurons to neurotransmitters is known as BLANK

the ability to alter a response of neurons to neurotransmitters is known as neuromodulation

the all or none law refers to the fact that action potentials will only occur if the initial segment reaches BLANK

the all or none law refers to the fact that action potentials will only occur if the initial segment reaches threshold

the autonomic division of the nervous system is part of the BLANK nervous system

the autonomic division of the nervous system is part of the motor nervous system

is the autonomic nervous system involuntary or voluntary

the autonomic nervous system is involuntary

the blood-brain barrier helps protect the brain from BLANK

the blood-brain barrier helps protect the brain from toxins

the BLANK is the structural division of the nervous system that contains the brain

the central nervous system is the structural division of the nervous system that contains the brain

the choroid plexus is made from capillaries and BLANK

the choroid plexus is made from capillaries and ependymal cells

the components of the somatic sensory division are BLANK

the components of the somatic sensory division are -taste -hearing -joints and muscles

describe axoplasm

the cytoplasm of the axon

the BLANK receive impulses from the motor neurons

the effectors receive impulses from the motor neurons

the electrical gradient in a resting neuron is such that the BLANK of the cell is negative relative to the BLANK

the electrical gradient in a resting neuron is such that the inside of the cell is negative relative to the outside

the electrochemical gradient is formed from a combination of the BLANK gradient and the BLANK gradient

the electrochemical gradient is formed from a combination of the electrical gradient and the chemical gradient

the functions of astrocytes are to BLANK

the functions of astrocytes are to: -regulate the composition of interstitial fluid -help form the blood-brain barrier -assist neuronal development

the intermediate filaments of a neuron are called BLANK

the intermediate filaments of a neuron are called neurofilaments

the BLANK consists of all axons that transmit a nerve impulse from the CNS to a muscle or gland

the motor nervous system consists of all axons that transmit a nerve impulse from the CNS to a muscle or gland

is the motor nervous system is responsible for input or output

the motor nervous system is responsible for output

the movement of charged particles can be harnessed to do BLANK

the movement of charged particles can be harnessed to do work

the myelin sheath covers BLANK

the myelin sheath covers the axon

the nervous system is composed of the BLANK

the nervous system is composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia

the neuron cell body houses both the BLANK and the cytoplasm

the neuron cell body houses both the nucleus and the cytoplasm

the opposition to the movement of electrical charge is known as

the opposition to the movement of electrical charge is known as resistance

the period following an action potential in which an action potential can be initiated with a larger stimulus is known as the BLANK

the period following an action potential in which an action potential can be initiated with a larger stimulus is known as the relative refractory

the plasma membrane of an axon is called the BLANK

the plasma membrane of an axon is called the axolemma

the postsynaptic potential immediately follows the binding of neurotransmitter molecules that can BLANK

the postsynaptic potential immediately follows the binding of neurotransmitter molecules that can be both excitatory and inhibitory

the presence of a BLANK sheath increases the rate of impulse conduction

the presence of a myelin sheath increases the rate of impulse conduction

the process by which postsynaptic potentials are added together at the initial segment is known as BLANK

the process by which postsynaptic potentials are added together at the initial segment is known as summation

the resting membrane potential is measured in BLANK

the resting membrane potential is measured in millivolts

the sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels is followed by the sequential opening of voltage gated BLANK channels

the sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels is followed by the sequential opening of voltage gated potassium channels

the somatic sensory division detects stimuli that are consciously or unconsciously detected

the somatic sensory division detects stimuli that are consciously detected

the somatic BLANK division of the nervous system receives information from the eyes, ears and skin

the somatic sensory division of the nervous system receives information from the eyes, ears and skin

identify all the components of the central nervous system

the spinal cord and the brain are components of the central nervous system

which terms are used for the structural classification of nerves?

the terms spinal and cranial are used for the structural classification of nerves

the total length of the axon is called the BLANK segment

the total length of the axon is called the conductive segment

the two factors that affect PNS regeneration are BLANK

the two factors that affect PNS regeneration are -the distance between injury and the effector organ -the amount of damage

the BLANK division of the nervous system detects nerve impulses from blood vessels and internal organs

the visceral sensory division of the nervous system detects nerve impulses from blood vessels and internal organs

the voltage-gated sodium channels are BLANK during repolarization

the voltage-gated sodium channels are inactivated during repolarization

what are the two structural examples of sensory neurons

unipolar and bi polar are two structural examples of sensory neurons

BLANK neurons have a single, short neuron process that emerges from the cell body and branches like a T

unipolar neurons have a single, short neuron process that emerges from the cell body and branches like a T

which two are divisions of the sensory nervous system

visceral division and somatic division are divisions of the sensory nervous system

voltage is measure of relative BLANK energy

voltage is measure of relative potential energy

voltage-gated calcium channels are found mostly in the BLANK segment

voltage-gated calcium channels are found mostly in the transmissive segment

when chemically or voltage gated channels open, there is a change in ion ______ across a membrane

when chemically or voltage gated channels open, there is a change in ion flow across a membrane

when sodium ions flow into a cell through a leak channel they make the membrane potential more BLANK

when sodium ions flow into a cell through a leak channel they make the membrane potential more positive

when the inactivation gate of a voltage-gated sodium channel closes, the activation gate is BLANK

when the inactivation gate of a voltage-gated sodium channel closes, the activation gate is open

which of the following are true of neurolemmocytes

which of the following are true of neurolemmocytes -They are also called Schwann cells -They create the myelin sheath in the PNS

which of the following pumps can you find in the plasma membrane

you can find Ca2+ and Na+/K+ pumps in the plasma membrane

which of the following are reasons for the very limited regeneration of damaged axons in the central nervous system

-Astrocytes create scar tissue inhibiting growth. -Axons are crowded in the CNS.

match the property of a neuron to concepts of electrical currents

-charged particles : ions -voltage: membrane potential -resistance: plasma membrane -current: flow of ions through ions channels

which of the following are among the general characteristics of graded potentials

-degree of change in membrane potential is dependent of the stimulus magnitude - can either be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing -decrease intensity with distance traveled along membrane

place the events of synaptic transmission from earliest to latest

1. Action potential reaches synaptic knob 2. Voltage gated calcium channels open 3. Calcium enters the synaptic knob 4. Calcium triggers exocytosis of vesicles 5. Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft 6. Neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors

Place the events of an EPSP in order

1. excitatory neurotransmitter binds to receptor Na+ channel 2. Na+ enters the postsynaptic cell 3. The inside of the cell becomes more positive 4. The local current of Na+ becomes weaker as it moves towards the axon hillock

A BLANK transmits an impulse through it axon toward the synapse

A presynaptic neuron transmits an impulse through it axon toward the synapse

which of the following is used for fast axonal transport

ATP, microtubules and motor proteins are used for fast axonal transport

Bipolar neurons have one axon and BLANK dendrite

Bipolar neurons have one axon and one dendrite

Chromatophillic substance and Nissl bodies are both types of

Chromatophillic substance and Nissl bodies are both types of ribosomes

BLANK occurs when the inside of a cell becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential

HYPERpolarization occurs when the inside of a cell becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential

which of the following ions have leak channels on the plasma membrane

K+ and Na+ are ions that both have leak channels on the plasma membrane

BLANK help return the membrane potential to the resting state following hyper polarization

Na/K pumps restore gradients and voltage gated potassium channels close, help return the membrane potential to the resting state following hyper polarization

BLANK are membrane molecules that use the energy of ATP to move ions against a concentration gradient

PUMPS are membrane molecules that use the energy of ATP to move ions against a concentration gradient

true or false: Most voltage-gated ion channels are closed until the electrical potential across a membrane changes

TRUE : Most voltage-gated ion channels are closed until the electrical potential across a membrane changes

The nerve impulse that jumps from node to node is called ___ conduction

The nerve impulse that jumps from node to node is called saltatory conduction

The synaptic knob is found BLANK

The synaptic knob is found at the extreme tips of the axon

True or false: Neurons far outnumber glial cells

True or false: FALSE Neurons DO NOT outnumber glial cells

a cluster of neuron cell bodies found along a peripheral nerve is known as a(n)

a cluster of neuron cell bodies found along a peripheral nerve is known as a(n) ganglia

a fascicle is a bundle of BLANK

a fascicle is a bundle of axons

a flow of electrical current called a(n) BLANK is generated within the initial segment of a neuron

a flow of electrical current called a(n) action potential is generated within the initial segment of a neuron

a BLANK is a temporary change in membrane potential which lasts only as long as the stimulus that causes it and can very in size

a graded potential is a temporary change in membrane potential which lasts only as long as the stimulus that causes it and can very in size

a graded potential that occurs in a postsynaptic neuron is known as a BLANK

a graded potential that occurs in a postsynaptic neuron is known as a postsynaptic potential

a myelinated axon has a BLANK conduction velocity than an unmyelinated axon

a myelinated axon has a faster conduction velocity than an unmyelinated axon

a nerve is a bundle of parallel BLANK

a nerve is a bundle of parallel axons

a positive change in the membrane potential is called BLANK

a positive change in the membrane potential is called depolarization

a return of the membrane potential towards the resting membrane potential immediately following depolarization is called BLANK

a return of the membrane potential towards the resting membrane potential immediately following depolarization is called repolarization

a BLANK neuron transmits stimuli to the interneuron

a sensory neuron transmits stimuli to the interneuron

a substance synthesized at the cell body must undergo BLANK transport to reach the synaptic knobs

a substance synthesized at the cell body must undergo anterograde transport to reach the synaptic knobs

a unipolar neuron has one extension. A bipolar neuron has BLANK extensions

a unipolar neuron has one extension. A bipolar neuron has TWO extensions

a(n) BLANK is a cluster of neuron cell bodies with the peripheral nervous system

a(n) ganglion is a cluster of neuron cell bodies with the peripheral nervous system

according to ohms law , current is directly related to BLANK and inversely directed to BLANK

according to ohms law , current is directly related to voltage and inversely directed to resistance

define the term afferent

afferent means to bring to

describe the neurotransmitter amino acids

amino acids are building blocks of proteins secreted as neurotransmitters

describe an axon

an axon conducts information AWAY from the cell body

an entire nerve is surrounded by a connective tissue covering called the BLANK

an entire nerve is surrounded by a connective tissue covering called the epineurium

an individual axon is wrapped in a connective tissue covering called the BLANK

an individual axon is wrapped in a connective tissue covering called the Endoneurium

describe axon hillock

axon hillock is a triangular region connecting the axon to the cell body

which of the following are characteristics of neurons?

characteristics of neurons include: -extreme longevity -conductivity -excitability -secretion -amitotic

what are the properties of the nerve TYPE A

conduction velocity up to 150 meters per second

creating and transmitting BLANK currents is central to the function of neuron physiology

creating and transmitting electrical currents is central to the function of neuron physiology

describe dendrites

dendrites conduct information to thecell body

dendrites transfer information toward or away from the cell body

dendrites transfer information TOWARDS the cell body

which of the following processes are occurring during the synaptic delay

diffusion of neurotransmitter binding of neurotransmitter to receptors release of neurotransmitter

during the BLANK an axon is either incapable of generating an action potential or requires a larger than normal stimulus

during the refractory period an axon is either incapable of generating an action potential or requires a larger than normal stimulus

ependymal cells produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid. the BLANK helps circulate the CSF

ependymal cells produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid. the cilia helps circulate the CSF

glial cells are both BLANK and neurons and capable of BLANK

glial cells are both smaller and neurons and capable of mitosis

which diseases are affected by destruction of the myelin sheath

gullain-barre syndrome and multiple sclerosis are both diseases affected by the destruction of the myelin sheath

gullain-barre syndrome is a disorder of the BLANK nervous system

gullain-barre syndrome is a disorder of the peripheral nervous system

if several EPSPs occur at a synapse over a short period of time, they undergo ______ at the initial segment

if several EPSPs occur at a synapse over a short period of time, they undergo temporal summation at the initial segment

if several EPSPs occur at a synapse over a shot period of time, they undergo ______ at the initial segment

if several EPSPs occur at a synapse over a shot period of time, they undergo spatial summation at the initial segment

if several EPSPs occur at different synapses, they undergo BLANK at the initial segment

if several EPSPs occur at different synapses, they undergo spatial summation at the initial segment

if you were moving across a neuron's membrane from the receptive segment toward the transmissive segment, in the BLANK is where would you first encounter large numbers of voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels

if you were moving across a neuron's membrane from the receptive segment toward the transmissive segment, in the INITIAL SEGMENT is where would you first encounter large numbers of voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels

in neurons, most chemically gated ion channels open in response to the binding of a(n) BLANK

in neurons, most chemically gated ion channels open in response to the binding of a(n) neurotransmitter

in the initial segment, an action potential is generated if the membrane potential reaches the BLANK

in the initial segment, an action potential is generated if the membrane potential reaches the threshold value

in the myelinated portion of the axon there are BLANK so that there are very little movement of ions

in the myelinated portion of the axon there are limited ion channels so that there are very little movement of ions

interneurons facilitate communication between BLANK neurons and BLANK neurons

interneurons facilitate communication between sensory neurons and motor neurons

which of the following are functional classes of neurons?

interneurons, motor neurons, sensory neurons are functional classes of neurons

BLANK channels allow ungated flow of specific ions form regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration

leak channels allow ungated flow of specific ions form regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration

local BLANK like lidocaine work by inhibiting impulse propagation along nerves

local anesthetics like lidocaine work by inhibiting impulse propagation along nerves

what are the properties of the nerve TYPE B

medium conduction velocity

BLANK act as a phagocyte

microglial cells act as a phagocyte

BLANK nerves contain both sensory and motor neurons

mixed nerves contain both sensory and motor neurons

describe the neurotransmitter monoamine

monoamine are derived from certain amino acids

which of the following conditions can make a PSP larger?

more transmitter is releases more postsynaptic channels open, can make a PSP largers

most channels have BLANK gates but a sodium channel has BLANK gates

most channels have two gates but a sodium channel has three gates

most motor neurons are BLANK

most motor neurons are multipolar

motor neurons are classified as BLANK neurons

motor neurons are classified as efferent neurons

what is the disease multiple sclerosis

multiple sclerosis is caused by the destruction of oligondendrocytes

nervous tissue is composed of glial cells and BLANK

nervous tissue is composed of glial cells and neurons

BLANK are intermediate filaments that aggregate to form bundles called neurofibrils

neurofilaments are intermediate filaments that aggregate to form bundles called neurofibrils

BLANK is/are considered "nerve glue"

neuroglial cells is/are considered "nerve glue"

neuronal pools are also called BLANK

neuronal pools are also called neuronal circuits and pathways

BLANK are excitable cells that initiate and transmit electrical signals

neurons are excitable cells that initiate and transmit electrical signals

describe the neurotransmitter neuropeptide

neuropeptide are a chain of amino acids secreted as neurotransmitter

BLANK are chemicals released from synaptic knobs and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membranes

neurotransmitter are chemicals released from synaptic knobs and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membranes

choose which of the following can be the mechanism by which neurotoxins may do harm

-interfere with transmission of action potentials -induce detrimental structural change to a neuron -after events that occur at a synapse

which of the following would be likely to cause hyper polarization of a neuron

-opening of a voltage gated potassium channel -opening of a chemically gated chloride channel

the voltage gated sodium channels undergo changes in activity during the depolarization phase of an action potential. Place these in order from first to last

1) A graded potential depolarizes the initial segment 2) Voltage gated sodium channels open 3) Sodium flows into the neuron at the initial segment 4) Further depolarization of the initial segment occurs 5) Sodium channels enter the inactive state

place the events of a chloride-based IPSP in order from earliest to latest

1) Inhibitory neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic chemically gated chloride channels 2) Chloride moves from outside the cell to the inside 3) The inside of the postsynaptic cell becomes more negative 4) The local chloride current becomes weaker as it moves towards the axon hillock