anatomy chapter 12 nervous system
BLANK are large cells that ensheath many different axons
oligodendrocyte are large cells that ensheath many different axons
primary CNS tumor typically originate in tissues that can undergo mitosis like which of the following
primary CNS tumor typically originate in tissues that can undergo mitosis like glial cells, and meninges
receptors detect changes in the external or internal environment. These changes are called BLANK
receptors detect changes in the external or internal environment. These changes are called stimuli
match the states of the sodium channel with their correct descriptions
resting - entry of sodium is prevented, activation gate is close activation- sodium moves into the cell through the open channel inactivation- entry of sodium is prevented activation gate is open
BLANK help regulate fluid composition including the exchange of nutrients and waste in the nervous system
satellite cells help regulate fluid composition including the exchange of nutrients and waste in the nervous system
sensory BLANK neurons carry information BLANK the central nervous system
sensory afferent neurons carry information toward the central nervous system
BLANK nerves always relay information to the CNS
sensory nerves always relay information to the CNS
sensory nerves carry information BLANK
sensory nerves carry information to the central nervous system
which of the following are considered types of effectors
skeletal muscle, glands, cardiac muscle are considered types of effectors
slow axonal transport results from the flow of BLANK
slow axonal transport results from the flow of axoplasm
what are the properties of the nerve TYPE C
slowest conduction velocity
which of the following membrane transporters are present throughout the membrane of a neuron?
sodium leak channels Na+ K+ pumps potassium leak channels
synapses are classified as BLANK
synapses are classified as -electrical synapses -chemical synapses
synapses occur where axons contact which of the following
synapses occur where axons contact muscle cells, gland cells, and other neurons
synaptic knobs are also called BLANK
synaptic knobs are also called -end bulbs -terminal boutons
the "E" in EPSP stands for ______, meaning that the potential makes the inside of the postsynaptic cell more ______
the "E" in EPSP stands for excitatory, meaning that the potential makes the inside of the postsynaptic cell more positive
the "I" in IPSP stands for BLANK, meaning that the potential makes the inside of the postsynaptic cell more BLANK
the "I" in IPSP stands for inhibitory, meaning that the potential makes the inside of the postsynaptic cell more negative
the ability to alter a response of neurons to neurotransmitters is known as BLANK
the ability to alter a response of neurons to neurotransmitters is known as neuromodulation
the all or none law refers to the fact that action potentials will only occur if the initial segment reaches BLANK
the all or none law refers to the fact that action potentials will only occur if the initial segment reaches threshold
the autonomic division of the nervous system is part of the BLANK nervous system
the autonomic division of the nervous system is part of the motor nervous system
is the autonomic nervous system involuntary or voluntary
the autonomic nervous system is involuntary
the blood-brain barrier helps protect the brain from BLANK
the blood-brain barrier helps protect the brain from toxins
the BLANK is the structural division of the nervous system that contains the brain
the central nervous system is the structural division of the nervous system that contains the brain
the choroid plexus is made from capillaries and BLANK
the choroid plexus is made from capillaries and ependymal cells
the components of the somatic sensory division are BLANK
the components of the somatic sensory division are -taste -hearing -joints and muscles
describe axoplasm
the cytoplasm of the axon
the BLANK receive impulses from the motor neurons
the effectors receive impulses from the motor neurons
the electrical gradient in a resting neuron is such that the BLANK of the cell is negative relative to the BLANK
the electrical gradient in a resting neuron is such that the inside of the cell is negative relative to the outside
the electrochemical gradient is formed from a combination of the BLANK gradient and the BLANK gradient
the electrochemical gradient is formed from a combination of the electrical gradient and the chemical gradient
the functions of astrocytes are to BLANK
the functions of astrocytes are to: -regulate the composition of interstitial fluid -help form the blood-brain barrier -assist neuronal development
the intermediate filaments of a neuron are called BLANK
the intermediate filaments of a neuron are called neurofilaments
the BLANK consists of all axons that transmit a nerve impulse from the CNS to a muscle or gland
the motor nervous system consists of all axons that transmit a nerve impulse from the CNS to a muscle or gland
is the motor nervous system is responsible for input or output
the motor nervous system is responsible for output
the movement of charged particles can be harnessed to do BLANK
the movement of charged particles can be harnessed to do work
the myelin sheath covers BLANK
the myelin sheath covers the axon
the nervous system is composed of the BLANK
the nervous system is composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia
the neuron cell body houses both the BLANK and the cytoplasm
the neuron cell body houses both the nucleus and the cytoplasm
the opposition to the movement of electrical charge is known as
the opposition to the movement of electrical charge is known as resistance
the period following an action potential in which an action potential can be initiated with a larger stimulus is known as the BLANK
the period following an action potential in which an action potential can be initiated with a larger stimulus is known as the relative refractory
the plasma membrane of an axon is called the BLANK
the plasma membrane of an axon is called the axolemma
the postsynaptic potential immediately follows the binding of neurotransmitter molecules that can BLANK
the postsynaptic potential immediately follows the binding of neurotransmitter molecules that can be both excitatory and inhibitory
the presence of a BLANK sheath increases the rate of impulse conduction
the presence of a myelin sheath increases the rate of impulse conduction
the process by which postsynaptic potentials are added together at the initial segment is known as BLANK
the process by which postsynaptic potentials are added together at the initial segment is known as summation
the resting membrane potential is measured in BLANK
the resting membrane potential is measured in millivolts
the sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels is followed by the sequential opening of voltage gated BLANK channels
the sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels is followed by the sequential opening of voltage gated potassium channels
the somatic sensory division detects stimuli that are consciously or unconsciously detected
the somatic sensory division detects stimuli that are consciously detected
the somatic BLANK division of the nervous system receives information from the eyes, ears and skin
the somatic sensory division of the nervous system receives information from the eyes, ears and skin
identify all the components of the central nervous system
the spinal cord and the brain are components of the central nervous system
which terms are used for the structural classification of nerves?
the terms spinal and cranial are used for the structural classification of nerves
the total length of the axon is called the BLANK segment
the total length of the axon is called the conductive segment
the two factors that affect PNS regeneration are BLANK
the two factors that affect PNS regeneration are -the distance between injury and the effector organ -the amount of damage
the BLANK division of the nervous system detects nerve impulses from blood vessels and internal organs
the visceral sensory division of the nervous system detects nerve impulses from blood vessels and internal organs
the voltage-gated sodium channels are BLANK during repolarization
the voltage-gated sodium channels are inactivated during repolarization
what are the two structural examples of sensory neurons
unipolar and bi polar are two structural examples of sensory neurons
BLANK neurons have a single, short neuron process that emerges from the cell body and branches like a T
unipolar neurons have a single, short neuron process that emerges from the cell body and branches like a T
which two are divisions of the sensory nervous system
visceral division and somatic division are divisions of the sensory nervous system
voltage is measure of relative BLANK energy
voltage is measure of relative potential energy
voltage-gated calcium channels are found mostly in the BLANK segment
voltage-gated calcium channels are found mostly in the transmissive segment
when chemically or voltage gated channels open, there is a change in ion ______ across a membrane
when chemically or voltage gated channels open, there is a change in ion flow across a membrane
when sodium ions flow into a cell through a leak channel they make the membrane potential more BLANK
when sodium ions flow into a cell through a leak channel they make the membrane potential more positive
when the inactivation gate of a voltage-gated sodium channel closes, the activation gate is BLANK
when the inactivation gate of a voltage-gated sodium channel closes, the activation gate is open
which of the following are true of neurolemmocytes
which of the following are true of neurolemmocytes -They are also called Schwann cells -They create the myelin sheath in the PNS
which of the following pumps can you find in the plasma membrane
you can find Ca2+ and Na+/K+ pumps in the plasma membrane
which of the following are reasons for the very limited regeneration of damaged axons in the central nervous system
-Astrocytes create scar tissue inhibiting growth. -Axons are crowded in the CNS.
match the property of a neuron to concepts of electrical currents
-charged particles : ions -voltage: membrane potential -resistance: plasma membrane -current: flow of ions through ions channels
which of the following are among the general characteristics of graded potentials
-degree of change in membrane potential is dependent of the stimulus magnitude - can either be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing -decrease intensity with distance traveled along membrane
place the events of synaptic transmission from earliest to latest
1. Action potential reaches synaptic knob 2. Voltage gated calcium channels open 3. Calcium enters the synaptic knob 4. Calcium triggers exocytosis of vesicles 5. Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft 6. Neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors
Place the events of an EPSP in order
1. excitatory neurotransmitter binds to receptor Na+ channel 2. Na+ enters the postsynaptic cell 3. The inside of the cell becomes more positive 4. The local current of Na+ becomes weaker as it moves towards the axon hillock
A BLANK transmits an impulse through it axon toward the synapse
A presynaptic neuron transmits an impulse through it axon toward the synapse
which of the following is used for fast axonal transport
ATP, microtubules and motor proteins are used for fast axonal transport
Bipolar neurons have one axon and BLANK dendrite
Bipolar neurons have one axon and one dendrite
Chromatophillic substance and Nissl bodies are both types of
Chromatophillic substance and Nissl bodies are both types of ribosomes
BLANK occurs when the inside of a cell becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential
HYPERpolarization occurs when the inside of a cell becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential
which of the following ions have leak channels on the plasma membrane
K+ and Na+ are ions that both have leak channels on the plasma membrane
BLANK help return the membrane potential to the resting state following hyper polarization
Na/K pumps restore gradients and voltage gated potassium channels close, help return the membrane potential to the resting state following hyper polarization
BLANK are membrane molecules that use the energy of ATP to move ions against a concentration gradient
PUMPS are membrane molecules that use the energy of ATP to move ions against a concentration gradient
true or false: Most voltage-gated ion channels are closed until the electrical potential across a membrane changes
TRUE : Most voltage-gated ion channels are closed until the electrical potential across a membrane changes
The nerve impulse that jumps from node to node is called ___ conduction
The nerve impulse that jumps from node to node is called saltatory conduction
The synaptic knob is found BLANK
The synaptic knob is found at the extreme tips of the axon
True or false: Neurons far outnumber glial cells
True or false: FALSE Neurons DO NOT outnumber glial cells
a cluster of neuron cell bodies found along a peripheral nerve is known as a(n)
a cluster of neuron cell bodies found along a peripheral nerve is known as a(n) ganglia
a fascicle is a bundle of BLANK
a fascicle is a bundle of axons
a flow of electrical current called a(n) BLANK is generated within the initial segment of a neuron
a flow of electrical current called a(n) action potential is generated within the initial segment of a neuron
a BLANK is a temporary change in membrane potential which lasts only as long as the stimulus that causes it and can very in size
a graded potential is a temporary change in membrane potential which lasts only as long as the stimulus that causes it and can very in size
a graded potential that occurs in a postsynaptic neuron is known as a BLANK
a graded potential that occurs in a postsynaptic neuron is known as a postsynaptic potential
a myelinated axon has a BLANK conduction velocity than an unmyelinated axon
a myelinated axon has a faster conduction velocity than an unmyelinated axon
a nerve is a bundle of parallel BLANK
a nerve is a bundle of parallel axons
a positive change in the membrane potential is called BLANK
a positive change in the membrane potential is called depolarization
a return of the membrane potential towards the resting membrane potential immediately following depolarization is called BLANK
a return of the membrane potential towards the resting membrane potential immediately following depolarization is called repolarization
a BLANK neuron transmits stimuli to the interneuron
a sensory neuron transmits stimuli to the interneuron
a substance synthesized at the cell body must undergo BLANK transport to reach the synaptic knobs
a substance synthesized at the cell body must undergo anterograde transport to reach the synaptic knobs
a unipolar neuron has one extension. A bipolar neuron has BLANK extensions
a unipolar neuron has one extension. A bipolar neuron has TWO extensions
a(n) BLANK is a cluster of neuron cell bodies with the peripheral nervous system
a(n) ganglion is a cluster of neuron cell bodies with the peripheral nervous system
according to ohms law , current is directly related to BLANK and inversely directed to BLANK
according to ohms law , current is directly related to voltage and inversely directed to resistance
define the term afferent
afferent means to bring to
describe the neurotransmitter amino acids
amino acids are building blocks of proteins secreted as neurotransmitters
describe an axon
an axon conducts information AWAY from the cell body
an entire nerve is surrounded by a connective tissue covering called the BLANK
an entire nerve is surrounded by a connective tissue covering called the epineurium
an individual axon is wrapped in a connective tissue covering called the BLANK
an individual axon is wrapped in a connective tissue covering called the Endoneurium
describe axon hillock
axon hillock is a triangular region connecting the axon to the cell body
which of the following are characteristics of neurons?
characteristics of neurons include: -extreme longevity -conductivity -excitability -secretion -amitotic
what are the properties of the nerve TYPE A
conduction velocity up to 150 meters per second
creating and transmitting BLANK currents is central to the function of neuron physiology
creating and transmitting electrical currents is central to the function of neuron physiology
describe dendrites
dendrites conduct information to thecell body
dendrites transfer information toward or away from the cell body
dendrites transfer information TOWARDS the cell body
which of the following processes are occurring during the synaptic delay
diffusion of neurotransmitter binding of neurotransmitter to receptors release of neurotransmitter
during the BLANK an axon is either incapable of generating an action potential or requires a larger than normal stimulus
during the refractory period an axon is either incapable of generating an action potential or requires a larger than normal stimulus
ependymal cells produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid. the BLANK helps circulate the CSF
ependymal cells produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid. the cilia helps circulate the CSF
glial cells are both BLANK and neurons and capable of BLANK
glial cells are both smaller and neurons and capable of mitosis
which diseases are affected by destruction of the myelin sheath
gullain-barre syndrome and multiple sclerosis are both diseases affected by the destruction of the myelin sheath
gullain-barre syndrome is a disorder of the BLANK nervous system
gullain-barre syndrome is a disorder of the peripheral nervous system
if several EPSPs occur at a synapse over a short period of time, they undergo ______ at the initial segment
if several EPSPs occur at a synapse over a short period of time, they undergo temporal summation at the initial segment
if several EPSPs occur at a synapse over a shot period of time, they undergo ______ at the initial segment
if several EPSPs occur at a synapse over a shot period of time, they undergo spatial summation at the initial segment
if several EPSPs occur at different synapses, they undergo BLANK at the initial segment
if several EPSPs occur at different synapses, they undergo spatial summation at the initial segment
if you were moving across a neuron's membrane from the receptive segment toward the transmissive segment, in the BLANK is where would you first encounter large numbers of voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels
if you were moving across a neuron's membrane from the receptive segment toward the transmissive segment, in the INITIAL SEGMENT is where would you first encounter large numbers of voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels
in neurons, most chemically gated ion channels open in response to the binding of a(n) BLANK
in neurons, most chemically gated ion channels open in response to the binding of a(n) neurotransmitter
in the initial segment, an action potential is generated if the membrane potential reaches the BLANK
in the initial segment, an action potential is generated if the membrane potential reaches the threshold value
in the myelinated portion of the axon there are BLANK so that there are very little movement of ions
in the myelinated portion of the axon there are limited ion channels so that there are very little movement of ions
interneurons facilitate communication between BLANK neurons and BLANK neurons
interneurons facilitate communication between sensory neurons and motor neurons
which of the following are functional classes of neurons?
interneurons, motor neurons, sensory neurons are functional classes of neurons
BLANK channels allow ungated flow of specific ions form regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration
leak channels allow ungated flow of specific ions form regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration
local BLANK like lidocaine work by inhibiting impulse propagation along nerves
local anesthetics like lidocaine work by inhibiting impulse propagation along nerves
what are the properties of the nerve TYPE B
medium conduction velocity
BLANK act as a phagocyte
microglial cells act as a phagocyte
BLANK nerves contain both sensory and motor neurons
mixed nerves contain both sensory and motor neurons
describe the neurotransmitter monoamine
monoamine are derived from certain amino acids
which of the following conditions can make a PSP larger?
more transmitter is releases more postsynaptic channels open, can make a PSP largers
most channels have BLANK gates but a sodium channel has BLANK gates
most channels have two gates but a sodium channel has three gates
most motor neurons are BLANK
most motor neurons are multipolar
motor neurons are classified as BLANK neurons
motor neurons are classified as efferent neurons
what is the disease multiple sclerosis
multiple sclerosis is caused by the destruction of oligondendrocytes
nervous tissue is composed of glial cells and BLANK
nervous tissue is composed of glial cells and neurons
BLANK are intermediate filaments that aggregate to form bundles called neurofibrils
neurofilaments are intermediate filaments that aggregate to form bundles called neurofibrils
BLANK is/are considered "nerve glue"
neuroglial cells is/are considered "nerve glue"
neuronal pools are also called BLANK
neuronal pools are also called neuronal circuits and pathways
BLANK are excitable cells that initiate and transmit electrical signals
neurons are excitable cells that initiate and transmit electrical signals
describe the neurotransmitter neuropeptide
neuropeptide are a chain of amino acids secreted as neurotransmitter
BLANK are chemicals released from synaptic knobs and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membranes
neurotransmitter are chemicals released from synaptic knobs and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membranes
choose which of the following can be the mechanism by which neurotoxins may do harm
-interfere with transmission of action potentials -induce detrimental structural change to a neuron -after events that occur at a synapse
which of the following would be likely to cause hyper polarization of a neuron
-opening of a voltage gated potassium channel -opening of a chemically gated chloride channel
the voltage gated sodium channels undergo changes in activity during the depolarization phase of an action potential. Place these in order from first to last
1) A graded potential depolarizes the initial segment 2) Voltage gated sodium channels open 3) Sodium flows into the neuron at the initial segment 4) Further depolarization of the initial segment occurs 5) Sodium channels enter the inactive state
place the events of a chloride-based IPSP in order from earliest to latest
1) Inhibitory neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic chemically gated chloride channels 2) Chloride moves from outside the cell to the inside 3) The inside of the postsynaptic cell becomes more negative 4) The local chloride current becomes weaker as it moves towards the axon hillock