Anatomy chapter 19

Basophils

1. granules contain histamine 2. granules contain heparin 3. attract other defense cells 4. constitute about 1 percent of WBCs

What is true about platelets?

1. platelets clump together at a site of injury 2. platelets are not cells 3. the spleen is a storage organ for a large platelet population 4. platelets live for less than two weeks

When a person who lives at sea level vacation in the Rocky Mountains, you would expect

1. the release of erythropoietin 2.a drop in atmospheric oxygen levels 3. a rise in hematocrit 4. an increase in red blood cell production

What are some of the formed elements that make up blood?

1.lymphocytes 2.RBCs 3. basophils 4. platelets

The formed elements of blood consist of________.

1.platelets 2. WBCs 3.RBCs

Functions of blood

1.transport of nutrients and wastes 2.transport of gases 3.transport of body heat 4.defense against toxins and pathogens.

What is the typical lifespan of healthy RBCs?

120 days

The average life span of a red blood cell is

4 months

Formed elements make up about what percentage of blood?

45 percent

_________ is a condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.

Anemia

A person with a type A positive blood can safely receive blood from all of these donors EXCEPT_________.

B positive

Patients with sickle cell anemia are told to avoid strenuous activity. WHY?

Strenuous activity requires more ATP, but the sickled red blood cells cannot supply the extra oxygen needed.

The disease sickle cell anemia is an example of what can happen if

a gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal

Whole blood for testing in a clinical laboratory is usually collected from

a superficial vein

The common pathway of coagulation begins with the

activation of Factor X, production of prothrombin activator

The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the

activation of Factor Xll by platelet factors

The clumping of red blood cells, when the specific antibody against the antigen on the cells is added, is called

agglutination

Antigens of the surface of red blood cells are also called ________ and antibodies in the blood plasma are also called _________.

agglutinogens;agglutinins

The most abundant plasma protein

albumin

Which plasma protein transports fatty acids and some hormones?

albumin

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are

albumins

When checking the efficiency of gas exchange, it may be necessary to draw a blood sample from

an artery

Soon after donating 0.5 liters of blood, one would expect

an increased reticulocyte count

Type A blood has _______ antibodies in the blood plasma.

anti-B

Jane has been taking the antibiotic chloramphenicol for a few weeks as treatment for a serious bacterial infection. There is a possibility that a future side effect of long term antibiotic therapy could cause her to develop problems in blood cell count. The result is

aplastic anemia

Antihistamines would work best against which type of WBC?

basophil

White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are

basophils

Blood type is identified primarily by

both the ABO and Rh blood groups

The function of red blood cells is to

carry oxygen to the cells and then carry away carbon dioxide

A substance that activates plasminogen might be useful to

cause clot dissolution to proceed faster

The phase of hemostasis that involved clotting of blood is called

coagulation

_______ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

coagulation

How would removal of calcium ions from a blood sample affect coagulation?

coagulation would be prevented

Platelets are

cytoplasmic fragments of large cells

Eosinophils function in

destroying antibody-labeled antigens

B lymphocytes...

develop into plasma cells

A moving blood clot is called an

embolus

White blood cells that are increased in allergic individuals are the

eosinophils

The process of red blood cell production is called

erythopoiesis

Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone

erythropoietin

A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is

fibrinogen

The plasma protein involved in blood clotting is

fibrinogen

Approximately 45 percent of blood volume is composed of the

formed elements

A hematocrit provides information on

formed elements abundance

Jane has Type A blood; therefore she

has antibodies to B agglutinogens

The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the

hematocrit

Some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the livers ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would die of

hemorrhage

Excess iron is stored in the liver and spleen as

hemosiderin and ferritin

Thyroid binding globulin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?

hormone-binding

What are colony stimulating factors

hormones that regulate white blood cell formation

A person who has a low blood volume is said to be

hypovolemic

Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the

immunoglobulins

Proteins in the blood for defense are called

immunoglobulins

Pernicious anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor is specifically treated by

injections of vitamin B12

Plasma is closest in composition to

interstitial fluid

Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of

iron

Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?

liver

A digestive disorder that impairs a persons ability to absorb vitamin K will result in

low levels of Factor X low levels of thromboplastin low levels of prothrombin prolonged bleeding

To produce platelets, myeloid stem cells have to differentiate into what kind of cell?

megakaryocyte

Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleate cells in the bone marrow called

megakaryocytes

Transferrin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?

metalloprotein

__________ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells

monocytes

Which of the following combinations may result in the hemolytic disease of the newborn?

mother Rh negative, baby Rh positive.

During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of

neutrophils

The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the

neutrophils

The white blood cell type that most rapidly increases in numbers after a bacterial infection is the ________

neutrophils

Surgical removal of the stomach could cause

pernicious anemia

The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is

plasmin

The function of platelets is to assist in the

process called hemostasis

The chief difference between plasma and interstitial fluid involves the concentration of

proteins

An infected wound contains________.

pus cellular debris tissue fluid dead neutrophils

granulocytes form in

red blood marrow

In adults, the only site of red blood cell production, and the primary site of white blood cell formation, is the

red bone marrow

Neutrophils...

1. granular leukocytes 2. also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes 3. phagocytic 4. active in fighting bacterial infections

The most abundant component of plasma is

water

The combination of plasma and formed elements is called

whole blood

A blood smear prepared after a venipuncture shows a preponderance of a very grainy white blood cells. Which of the following formed elements is not part of the "grainy" group?

Monocytes

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the

release of tissue factor (Factor lll) by damaged endothelium

Aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by macrophages in the

spleen, liver and bone marrow

In adults, red bone marrow is located in the

sternum and ribs iliac crest body of vertebrae proximal epiphysis of long bones

a bruise appears as greenish spot in the skin because

the heme group in the hemoglobin has broken down into biliverdin

People with type O blood are considered "universal donors" for transfusions because _________.

their red blood cells lack A and B surface antigens.

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by the enzyme

thrombin