Anatomy Chapter 7 Study Guide

Osteoclasts: ______________________ of bone to release minerals as needed

erosion

larger and mature chondrocytes receive lipids, glycogen, and other nutrients and cause matrix to calcify (longitudinal growth)

maturation

bone is composed of ___ to ___% organic matrix

20, 40

bone is composed of ___ to ___% mineral

50, 70

___________________ growth occurs when chondroblasts secrete new matrix along existing surfaces and this causes the cartilage to expand and widen

Appositional

Storage of mineral and energy reserves •_______________ - muscle contraction, blood clotting, neurotransmitter from nerve cells •Phosphate- structural component of ATP, ____________________, ____________________, plasma membrane

Calcium, nucleotides, phospholipids

____________________ lamellae - partially reabsorbed osteons

Interstitial

___________________ - small spaces housing an osteocyte

Lacunae

dead chondrocytes penetrated by capillaries and osteoblasts secrete more bone matrix

Mineralization

Large, multinuclear, phagocytic cells

Osteoclasts

__________________ - mature bone cells between lamellae

Osteocytes

basic functional and structural unit of mature compact bone

Osteons

bone becoming thinner weaker - insufficient ossification

Osteopenia

loss of bone mass

Osteoporosis

continuous mitosis

Proliferation

______________ cartilage: joint surface

articular

Red bone marrow develops ________ cells and adipocytes

blood

Osteoblasts synthesize and secrete a semisolid organic form of ________ matrix - Osteoid

bone

Cartilage: made of protein fibers (_____________) made by chondrocytes

collagen

hormones which influence bone growth

calcitonin and calcitrol (etc)

the body deposits ______________ in the bones when blood levels get too high

calcium

Short bones ex) ______________

carpals

Redbone marrow - ___________________ _______________ bone marrow - adult

children, yellow

two types of bone tissue

compact and spongy

purpose of ligaments

connect bone to bone

purpose of tendons.

connect muscle to bone

Hyaline cartilage

covers surface of bones

Diaphysis: _________________ shaft

cylindrical

_____________ cartilage: provides shape - ear, epiglottis

elastic

Bone growth happens at the __________________ line

epiphyseal

Fully bone remodeled - osteoclasts remove _____________ bony material from exterior and interior surfaces (may leave slight thickening)

excess

Ossification - ________________ of longitudinal channels, capillaries and osteoblasts

formation

______________ hematoma - torn blood vessels causes bleeding - forms clotted blood

fracture

Support and protection •Provide structural support •__________________ for the entire body •Protects delicate tissues and organs from injury and trauma

framework

The central (__________________) canal - blood vessels, nerves Osteocytes - mature bone cells between lamellae Lacunae - small spaces housing an osteocyte Canaliculi - interconnecting channel between lacunae

haversian

Medullary cavity: ____________ space in the shaft

hollow

two types of cartilage

hyaline and fibrocartilage

__________________ cartilage - stop mitosis, cells enlarge in size

hypertrophic

Parathyroid hormone - _____________ blood calcium level

increase

Spongy bone •Blood supply and _______________________ of bone

innervation

_____________________ growth, chondrocytes secrete new matrix within the cartilage and this causes it to grow in length.

interstitial

Concentric _______________ - rings of bone connective tissue

lamellae

_____________ for movement •Attachment sites for skeletal muscles, soft tissues, and organs •Muscles pull on a skeleton - system of lever

levers

________ bones •most common bone ex) femur

long

4 major bone types

long, short, flat, irregular

the body releases calcium when blood levels drop too _______

low

Osteocytes maintain bone matrix and detect ____________________ stress on a bone (occupy lacunae)

mechanical

Stem cells derived from _____________________

mesenchyme

endochondral __________________ is the method of forming a bone through a cartilage intermediate

ossification

four major types of cells found in bones

osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation - regenerated blood capillaries infiltrate the fracture hematoma - forms fibrocartilaginous callus from _______________ (soft connective tissue)

procallus

external compact bone is composed of ___________________

periosteum

Osteoblasts produces alkaline ______________________

phosphatase

Osteoclasts produce tartrate resistant acid ____________________ (TRAP or TRAPase)

phosphotase

spongy bone

porous, 20% of total bone mass

Periosteum Fibrous layer - Outside • ____________ the bone from surrounding structures •Anchors blood vessels and nerves to the surface of the bone •Attachment sites for __________________ and __________________ Cellular layer - Inside

protects, ligaments, tendons

Fibrocartilage •Intervertebral discs •________ symphysis •Cartilage pads (meniscus)

pubic

Proliferating cartilage - _________ mitotic cell division

rapid

Calcitonin - ____________ blood calcium level

reduce

______________ cartilage - joins the epiphysis to the shaft

resting

5 microscopic zones of epiphyseal plate

resting, proliferating, hypertrophic, calcified, ossification

compact bone

rigid, white, smooth, solid

The patella is an example of a(n) ________________ bone.

sesamoid

Flat bones •Compact bone sandwiching spongy bone ex) _________

skull

role of tendons and ligaments: provides __________________ to bones and muscles, helping them move and work in a functional way

stability

Costal cartilage - _______________ to rib __________________ cartilage - ends of some bones Epiphyseal plates - growth plates

sternum, articular

five homeostatic functions of bone

support, protection, movement, mineral storage, hemopoiesis

Irregular bones •Elaborate complex shapes •Shapes are related to their function ex) __________________, pelvic bones

vertebrae

Fibrocartilage

weight-bearing cartilage - withstands compression