Anatomy Chapter 7 Study Guide
Osteoclasts: ______________________ of bone to release minerals as needed
erosion
larger and mature chondrocytes receive lipids, glycogen, and other nutrients and cause matrix to calcify (longitudinal growth)
maturation
bone is composed of ___ to ___% organic matrix
20, 40
bone is composed of ___ to ___% mineral
50, 70
___________________ growth occurs when chondroblasts secrete new matrix along existing surfaces and this causes the cartilage to expand and widen
Appositional
Storage of mineral and energy reserves •_______________ - muscle contraction, blood clotting, neurotransmitter from nerve cells •Phosphate- structural component of ATP, ____________________, ____________________, plasma membrane
Calcium, nucleotides, phospholipids
____________________ lamellae - partially reabsorbed osteons
Interstitial
___________________ - small spaces housing an osteocyte
Lacunae
dead chondrocytes penetrated by capillaries and osteoblasts secrete more bone matrix
Mineralization
Large, multinuclear, phagocytic cells
Osteoclasts
__________________ - mature bone cells between lamellae
Osteocytes
basic functional and structural unit of mature compact bone
Osteons
bone becoming thinner weaker - insufficient ossification
Osteopenia
loss of bone mass
Osteoporosis
continuous mitosis
Proliferation
______________ cartilage: joint surface
articular
Red bone marrow develops ________ cells and adipocytes
blood
Osteoblasts synthesize and secrete a semisolid organic form of ________ matrix - Osteoid
bone
Cartilage: made of protein fibers (_____________) made by chondrocytes
collagen
hormones which influence bone growth
calcitonin and calcitrol (etc)
the body deposits ______________ in the bones when blood levels get too high
calcium
Short bones ex) ______________
carpals
Redbone marrow - ___________________ _______________ bone marrow - adult
children, yellow
two types of bone tissue
compact and spongy
purpose of ligaments
connect bone to bone
purpose of tendons.
connect muscle to bone
Hyaline cartilage
covers surface of bones
Diaphysis: _________________ shaft
cylindrical
_____________ cartilage: provides shape - ear, epiglottis
elastic
Bone growth happens at the __________________ line
epiphyseal
Fully bone remodeled - osteoclasts remove _____________ bony material from exterior and interior surfaces (may leave slight thickening)
excess
Ossification - ________________ of longitudinal channels, capillaries and osteoblasts
formation
______________ hematoma - torn blood vessels causes bleeding - forms clotted blood
fracture
Support and protection •Provide structural support •__________________ for the entire body •Protects delicate tissues and organs from injury and trauma
framework
The central (__________________) canal - blood vessels, nerves Osteocytes - mature bone cells between lamellae Lacunae - small spaces housing an osteocyte Canaliculi - interconnecting channel between lacunae
haversian
Medullary cavity: ____________ space in the shaft
hollow
two types of cartilage
hyaline and fibrocartilage
__________________ cartilage - stop mitosis, cells enlarge in size
hypertrophic
Parathyroid hormone - _____________ blood calcium level
increase
Spongy bone •Blood supply and _______________________ of bone
innervation
_____________________ growth, chondrocytes secrete new matrix within the cartilage and this causes it to grow in length.
interstitial
Concentric _______________ - rings of bone connective tissue
lamellae
_____________ for movement •Attachment sites for skeletal muscles, soft tissues, and organs •Muscles pull on a skeleton - system of lever
levers
________ bones •most common bone ex) femur
long
4 major bone types
long, short, flat, irregular
the body releases calcium when blood levels drop too _______
low
Osteocytes maintain bone matrix and detect ____________________ stress on a bone (occupy lacunae)
mechanical
Stem cells derived from _____________________
mesenchyme
endochondral __________________ is the method of forming a bone through a cartilage intermediate
ossification
four major types of cells found in bones
osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation - regenerated blood capillaries infiltrate the fracture hematoma - forms fibrocartilaginous callus from _______________ (soft connective tissue)
procallus
external compact bone is composed of ___________________
periosteum
Osteoblasts produces alkaline ______________________
phosphatase
Osteoclasts produce tartrate resistant acid ____________________ (TRAP or TRAPase)
phosphotase
spongy bone
porous, 20% of total bone mass
Periosteum Fibrous layer - Outside • ____________ the bone from surrounding structures •Anchors blood vessels and nerves to the surface of the bone •Attachment sites for __________________ and __________________ Cellular layer - Inside
protects, ligaments, tendons
Fibrocartilage •Intervertebral discs •________ symphysis •Cartilage pads (meniscus)
pubic
Proliferating cartilage - _________ mitotic cell division
rapid
Calcitonin - ____________ blood calcium level
reduce
______________ cartilage - joins the epiphysis to the shaft
resting
5 microscopic zones of epiphyseal plate
resting, proliferating, hypertrophic, calcified, ossification
compact bone
rigid, white, smooth, solid
The patella is an example of a(n) ________________ bone.
sesamoid
Flat bones •Compact bone sandwiching spongy bone ex) _________
skull
role of tendons and ligaments: provides __________________ to bones and muscles, helping them move and work in a functional way
stability
Costal cartilage - _______________ to rib __________________ cartilage - ends of some bones Epiphyseal plates - growth plates
sternum, articular
five homeostatic functions of bone
support, protection, movement, mineral storage, hemopoiesis
Irregular bones •Elaborate complex shapes •Shapes are related to their function ex) __________________, pelvic bones
vertebrae
Fibrocartilage
weight-bearing cartilage - withstands compression
