Anatomy exam 2
what is involved in the reciprocal apparatus
SDF and peroneus tertius
where would you place the needle to perform a nerve block for pain associated with the plantar fetlock and proximal sesamoid bones?
a couple inches proximal to the fetlock joint over the DDF tendon at about the level of the buttons of the splint bones
what ligament prevents lateral kicking of the horse?
accessory ligament of the head of the femur
Damage to the femoral nerve would cause what?
animal to be unable to extend or "fix" the stifle joint highly reduced ability to flex the hip as well
where would you place the needle to perform a nerve block for pain associated with the suspensory ligament?
at the level of the distal tarsal joint and plantarly, just to either side of the DDF tendon
where would you place the needle to perform a nerve block for pain associated with the dorsal aspect of the fetlock?
at the level of the distal tip end of the splint bones
where can you see the tibial nerve?
between 2 heads of gastrocnemius running deep to calcanean tendon
Equine pt presents with mild lameness of the left hindlimb. Upon physical examination, you notice that there is what appears to be some swelling or enlargement at the hock joint on the medial side, under the cunean tendon. Radiographs reveal that the pt has some signs of arthritis in that joint. What is the name of this clinical condition, and what are you going to recommend to the owners as treatment?
bone spavin; cunean tenectomy (relieves clinical signs, does not fix the problem)
the cranial tibial artery runs with what nerve
branch of deep fibular nerve
what artery supplies the hamstring muscles?
caudal femoral artery
lateral saphenous vein empties directly into
caudal femoral vein
the caudal femoral artery runs along with what vein
caudal femoral vein
caudal gluteal artery runs with
caudal gluteal nerve
which tarsal bones are fused in ruminants?
central tarsal bone and 4th tarsal bone tarsal bones 2 +3
what nourishes the stratum medium
coronary corium
popliteal artery terminates as
cranial and caudal tibial artery
cranial gluteal artery runs with
cranial gluteal nerve
dorsal pedal artery is the continuation of
cranial tibial artery
which ligaments of the stifle joint function to limit craniocaudal movement of the femur and tibia
cruciate ligaments
medial branch of the tendon of insertion of the tibialis cranialis
cunean tendon
name the artery located between the large metatarsal and lateral splint bone
dorsal metatarsal artery III
what is the main supplier of blood to the pelvic limb digits in the horse
dorsal metatarsal artery III
what is the terminal branch of the femoral artery in ruminants?
dorsal pedal artery
which part of the hoof is non-vascular and non-neural?
epidermis
in general, all gluteal muscles have what action?
extend and abduct the hip joint
in general, what is the action of the craniolateral muscles of the distal hindlimb?
extend digits flex hock
what would occur with damage to the obturator nerve
failure to adequately adduct affected limb, especially noticeable on slippery surfaces
after the external iliac artery gives off the branch of the deep femoral artery, what does it continue as?
femoral artery
what innervates the quadriceps femoris?
femoral nerve
What causes the hip joint to not flex with the body weight of the horse when standing
fixation of the stifle joint
in general, what is the action of the caudal muscles of the distal hindlimb?
flex digits extend hock
the obturator nerve supplies what general group of muscles?
hip adductors
the suspensory apparatus of the fetlock joint serves to:
hold up the fetlock so it doesn't drop to the ground
proximal retinaculum does what
holds the extensor tendons down
What part of the hoof is the hardest part?
hoof wall
What is the major hip flexor muscle?
iliopsoas
where do you find the short digital extensor muscle?
in the "v" between the long and lateral digital extensor mm.
what muscles are considered "outward rotators" of the hip joint
internal obturator gemelli quadratus femoris external obturator
what muscle of the hip is absent in ruminants?
internal obturator m.
what replaces the internal obturator m. in ruminants?
intrapelvic part of external obturator
what would rupture of the peroneus tertius cause
it would allow for the horse to extend the hock while the stifle is flexed
what is the "sensitive lamina"
laminar corium
what nourishes the stratum internum
laminar corium
what artery supplies the quadriceps femoris m.?
lateral circumflex femoral a.
what nerve runs with the dorsal metatarsal artery III
lateral dorsal metatarsal nerve
what two nerves join to form the lateral dorsal digital nerve?
lateral dorsal metatarsal nerve + lateral plantar metatarsal nerve
what structures course through the tarsal canal
lateral head of DDF tibialis caudalis medial and lateral plantar nn.
the os malleolare bone in ruminants is equivalent to what in horses?
lateral malleolus of the fibula
the meniscofemoral ligament connects the intercondylar fossa of the femur to what?
lateral meniscus
distal retinaculum holds down what structures
long and lateral digital extensor muscle tendons
Which extensor muscle attaches to both digits of the ruminant?
long digital extensor
what originates at the extensor fossa of the femur in the horse
long digital extensor and peroneus tertius
dorsal metatarsal artery III branches into
medial and lateral plantar digital arteries
the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve branches into _____________ at the level of ________________
medial and lateral plantar metatarsal nerves; buttons of the splints
tibial nerve branches into:
medial and lateral plantar nerves
what artery supplies the obturator/adduction muscles
medial circumflex femoral artery
deep fibular nerve branches further into:
medial dorsal metatarsal nerve lateral dorsal metatarsal nerve
What treatment would you recommend for a horse that presented to you with straight legged conformation that you diagnosed with upward fixation of the patella? Why would it work?
medial patellar desmotomy; the ligament lengthens as it heals
what connective tissues make up the osteoligamentous loop?
medial patellar ligament med. parapatellar fibrocartilage middle patellar ligament
VAN in the distal hindlimb of horse
medial plantar digital a., v., n. lateral plantar digital a., v., n.
what two nerves join to form the medial dorsal digital nerve
medial plantar metatarsal nerve + medial dorsal metatarsal nerve
which ridge is larger on the distal end of the femur bone in horses?
medial ridge
where would you place the needle to perform a nerve block for pain associated with the navicular bone?
mid-pastern level over the plantar digital nerves, in the groove between the long pastern bone and the digital flexor tendons
what is unique about the distal extremity of the equine tibia?
oblique angles
what is responsible for "fixing" the stifle joint
osteoligamentous loop
common fibular nerve runs
over the lateral head of the gastrocnemius
what nourishes the stratum externum
perioplic corium
what flexor of the hock is absent in horses but present in ruminants?
peroneus longus
Pt (equine) presents with swelling along the distal, plantar aspect of the hock after running into a fence post the day prior that caused no superficial damage. Due to the location of the swelling and the history, what do you think is the source of the issue? Also, what is this condition called?
plantar tarsal ligament; curb
What is different about the check ligaments of the pelvic limb?
proximal check ligament is actually just the SDF tendinous attachment to the calcaneal tuber distal check ligament is not always present in every horse.
what is the main part of the stay apparatus in the hind limb at the level of the hock joint
reciprocal apparatus
where can you find the cranial gluteal artery?
running between middle and deep gluteal muscles
Where do you see the SDF muscle in the pelvic limb?
sandwiched between the two heads of the gastrocnemius
what artery runs with the saphenous nerve and medial saphenous vein?
saphenous artery
cranial and caudal borders of the vascular lacuna
sartorius m. pectineus m.
what nerve innervates the hamstring muscles in equines?
sciatic nerve + caudal gluteal nerve
what part of the hoof wall is specialized to bear weight?
sole border
three parts of the hoof wall
stratum externum stratum medium stratum internum
what is the "insensitive lamina"
stratum internum
Horse presents with severe hyperflexion of the tarsus that will occasionally hit the ventral aspect of the abdomen. What is this condition called and what do you recommend as treatment to the owners?
stringhalt; removal of the portion of the lateral digital extensor tendon that crosses over the tarsal joint through the lateral collateral ligament
superficial capped hock is caused by
subcutaneous calcaneal bursitis
deep capped hock caused by
subtendinous calcaneal bursitis
common fibular nerve branches into what
superficial and deep fibular nerves
What two muscles of the hip are combined in ruminants?
superficial gluteal and biceps femoris GLUTEOBICEPS M.
what does the caudal gluteal nerve supply in the horse?
superficial gluteal muscle and vertebral heads of hamstring in the horse
which tarsal bones are fused in equine?
tarsal bones 1+2
what produces the white line of the hoof
terminal papilla
what is the intertrochanteric crest located between in the horse?
the greater and 3rd trochanter of the femur
what is the intertrochanteric crest located between in the bovine?
the greater and lesser trochanters of the femur
what bone is the medial malleolus located on?
tibia
In general, what nerve innervates the plantar surface of the distal hindlimb?
tibial nerve
Dorsal surface of the foot in the horse is innervated by
tibial nerve and common fibular nerve
all 4 heads of the quadriceps femoris insert on the ___________ via the ____________
tibial tuberosity patellar ligament
In the horse, the peroneus tertius is
totally fibrous
Pt presents with straightening of the tarsus and knuckling over on dorsal surface of digits. What nerve do you suspect is damaged?
Common peroneal
middle retinaculum does what
forms a loop surrounding the long digital extensor muscle tendon that attaches to the calcaneus
which part of the hoof is the first part to touch the ground in a healthy foot?
frog
what muscles make up the common calcanean tendon?
gastrocnemius SDF biceps femoris semitendinosus gracilis
shortly after separating into medial and lateral plantar nerves, the lateral plantar nerve does what?
gives off deep branch of lateral plantar nerve
medial and lateral plantar nerves does what at the level of the fetlock joint?
gives off dorsal branch, then continues as medial/lateral plantar digital nerve
