Anatomy final
Submucosal layer of tracheobronchial tree
lamina propria
Most frequent cause of hearing loss in children
otitis media
PaO2 reflects
partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood
PaCO2
partial pressure of carbon dioxide
double walled sac that encloses the heart
pericardium
Male Hbg range
14-16
Normal anatomical shunt
2-3%
HC03- and H2C03 ratio to maintain ph
20:1
At what age do lung volumes and capacities decrease?
25
Normal vo2
250 ml/min
O2 consumption by tissues in 1min
250ml
CHF Shunt values
3-5%
Forcibly inhaled on top of normal inspiration (beyond VT)
Inspiration reserve volume
Max volume that can be inhaled from resting exhalation
Inspiratory capacity
Where do you put Macintosh blade?
Into vallecula
Hypoxia characterized by noraml PaO2 with either a low hemoglobin or a reduced oxygen carrying capacity of Hb?
Anemic
Air remaining in lungs at end of normal expiration
Functional residual volume
Most narrow point in adult airway
Glottis
Angioplasty catheter should be inserted where?
Groin
Most important factor affecting PFT values
Height
Electrical stimulation of sympathetic nervous system
Hypothalamus
Hypoxia that responds to 02 therapy
Hypoxic
Secondary stimulus of peripheral chemoreceptor
Increased H+ level
Blood loss causes
Increased vent-perfusion ratio low o2 transport to tissues.
Vessel associated with massive hemorrhage following tracheotomy
Innominate
Capillary shunt
caused by alveolar collapse, fluid, consolidation
Another name for eustachian tube
pharyngotympanic tube
Airway resistance
(Peak pressure-plateau pressure)/flow
When are peripheral chemoreceptors activated/suppressed
-Peripheral Chemoreceptors not activated until PaO2 reaches 60 torr. -Suppressed action when PaO2 falls below 30 torr
stimulation of cardioinhibitory center
-activates parasympathetic neurons -vagus (N X) is involved -heart rate decreases
Diameter of adult trachea
1.5-2.5
PAO2 in Alveoli
100 mmHg
capnography
A noninvasive method to quickly and efficiently provide information on a patient's ventilatory status, circulation, and metabolism; effectively measures the concentration of carbon dioxide in expired air over time.
The force against which the ventricles must work to pump blood
Afterload
Force exhale after normal VT
Expiratory reserve volume
CO2 is mostly transported as
Bicarbonate
Most accurate method for measuring RV
Body plethysmography
Panting test
Body plethysmography
Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shift to left
Ph increase, temp decrease, carbon dioxide decrease, BPG decrease.
Pulmonary surfactant cells
Type II
Rapid shallow breathing index formula
F/VT in liters if less than 100 pt can be weaned
Flow vol loop that is short and scooped out
COPD
Oxygen content equation
CaO2 = 1.34 x hgb x SaO2 + (PaO2 x 0.003)
Gas used for single breath test
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide and water in the body
Carbonic acid
What increases V/Q ratio
Cardiac arrest, pulmonary embolism, hypovolemia, chf, hemorrhage, pulmonary hypertension.
Inability for left ventricle to effectively pump blood
Cardiomyopathy or hypertrophy. Caused by age, diabetes, high Bp, and certain meds.
Biffurication of trachea
Carina
Peripheral chemoreceptors activated by?
Changes in partial pressure of o2 (increases in paCO2 levels)
Leaflets of tricuspid valve
Chordae tendineae
Decreases V'/Q ratio
Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma
Cartilagous airway
Conducting zone
Functions of the upper airway
Conduction, prevents foreign materials from entering lower airway, aid in speech and smell and warm, filter, humidify.
ERV + RV=
FRC
End tidal co2 point on graph
D
Restrictive lung disease does what to compliance
Decrease
Triggers peripheral chemoreceptors with uncontrolled diabetes
Decreased ph level and increased H+ level
What PFT asses status of alveolar capillary membrane?
Diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide
FEV/FVC (FEV1%) of 73% indicates?
Does not have obstructive but may still have restrictive.
Spoon shaped fibrocartilage structure
Epiglottis
Intubation etoc of zero
Esophagus
Most likely site for et tube to be misplaced
Esophagus
VO2 increases with
Exercise, seizures, shivering, hyperthermia
How many segmental bronchi are found in each lung
Left-8 right-10
Classified agranolocytes
Leukocytes
Max flow achieved during forced vital capacity
Maximal expiratory flow
PFT test that pt breaths fast and deep for 12 seconds
Maximal voluntary ventilation
Stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors
Medulla
Arterial Repolarization
Not shown, hidden by QRS
Fev1/fvc less than 70%
Obstructive lung disease CBABE
O2ER
Oxygen extraction ratio
V/Q varries with
PAO2
Abnormal collection of serous fluid in pleural space
Pleural effusion
EKG wave- ventricular depolarization
QRS
Pressure of a gas in a tube is directly proportional to all except?
Radius
Electrical difference across the fibers of the heart
Resting membrane potential
Corpulmonale
Right-Sided Heart Failure due to pulmonary hypertension caused by the accumulated effects of multiple small emboli in the lung`
Cardiac muscle fibers to shorten/contract with electrical stimulus
SA node
The hearts pacemaker
SA node
Upper airway obstruction from vent-perfusion ratio
Shunt
Small airway PFT test
Spirometry
GOLD scale for assessment of severity of COPD
Stage I - mild Stage II - moderate Stage III - severe Stage IV - very severe
The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the
Stroke volume
Sarcoidosis decreases what PFT
TLC, VC, DLCO
carotid sinus massage indications
Tachycardia, high bp
Peak flow of 40% asthmatic should?
Take medicine, and call 911 right away
Flow volume loop with pulmonary fibrosis
Tall, then curved with dip in middle
Automacity
The ability of the heart to generate and conduct electrical impulses on its own.
Alveolar minute ventilation
VA= dead space - tidal volume X RR
Decreases with asthma
VC, IC, IRV, VT, ERV
During nasotracheal suctioning the heart rate drops, what causes this?
Vagal nerve stimulation
Secondary function of larynx
Valsavas manuver
Inhaled and exhaled during one breath
Tidal volume
Largest volume or capacity for females
Total lung capacity
T/F as surface tension increases lung compliance decreases
True
T/F elastance is the reciprocal of compliance
True
Asthma action plan
Written plan for patients to manage their asthma; Green: Good control >80% personal best Take usual medications. Yellow: Caution 50-80% personal best Take short-acting inhaled β2-agonist right away. Talk to your provider. Red: Medical alert <50% personal best Take short-acting inhaled β2-agonist right away. Seek emergency care
stroke volume calculation
end diastolic volume - end systolic volume
Space between true vocal cords
glottis
Blood entering the left atrium
high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide, comes from pulmonary vein.
gas exchange between capillaries and cells
internal respiration
valve between left atrium and left ventricle
mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
muscle layer of the heart
myocardium
Structure vibrissae is found
nasal cavity
P50
the partial pressure of oxygen when hemoglobin is 50% saturated
perfusion without ventilation
shunting
Bradycardia
slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm)
Where is uvula attached
soft palate
top number of blood pressure
systolic
rhythmicity center
the area of the medulla oblongata that controls the rhythmic pattern of inspiration and expiration
total lung capacity
the sum of vital capacity and residual volume
inspiratory capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
max amount of air the lungs can contain
total lung capacity
carries blood to the heart
veins
