Anatomy final

Submucosal layer of tracheobronchial tree

lamina propria

Most frequent cause of hearing loss in children

otitis media

PaO2 reflects

partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood

PaCO2

partial pressure of carbon dioxide

double walled sac that encloses the heart

pericardium

Male Hbg range

14-16

Normal anatomical shunt

2-3%

HC03- and H2C03 ratio to maintain ph

20:1

At what age do lung volumes and capacities decrease?

25

Normal vo2

250 ml/min

O2 consumption by tissues in 1min

250ml

CHF Shunt values

3-5%

Forcibly inhaled on top of normal inspiration (beyond VT)

Inspiration reserve volume

Max volume that can be inhaled from resting exhalation

Inspiratory capacity

Where do you put Macintosh blade?

Into vallecula

Hypoxia characterized by noraml PaO2 with either a low hemoglobin or a reduced oxygen carrying capacity of Hb?

Anemic

Air remaining in lungs at end of normal expiration

Functional residual volume

Most narrow point in adult airway

Glottis

Angioplasty catheter should be inserted where?

Groin

Most important factor affecting PFT values

Height

Electrical stimulation of sympathetic nervous system

Hypothalamus

Hypoxia that responds to 02 therapy

Hypoxic

Secondary stimulus of peripheral chemoreceptor

Increased H+ level

Blood loss causes

Increased vent-perfusion ratio low o2 transport to tissues.

Vessel associated with massive hemorrhage following tracheotomy

Innominate

Capillary shunt

caused by alveolar collapse, fluid, consolidation

Another name for eustachian tube

pharyngotympanic tube

Airway resistance

(Peak pressure-plateau pressure)/flow

When are peripheral chemoreceptors activated/suppressed

-Peripheral Chemoreceptors not activated until PaO2 reaches 60 torr. -Suppressed action when PaO2 falls below 30 torr

stimulation of cardioinhibitory center

-activates parasympathetic neurons -vagus (N X) is involved -heart rate decreases

Diameter of adult trachea

1.5-2.5

PAO2 in Alveoli

100 mmHg

capnography

A noninvasive method to quickly and efficiently provide information on a patient's ventilatory status, circulation, and metabolism; effectively measures the concentration of carbon dioxide in expired air over time.

The force against which the ventricles must work to pump blood

Afterload

Force exhale after normal VT

Expiratory reserve volume

CO2 is mostly transported as

Bicarbonate

Most accurate method for measuring RV

Body plethysmography

Panting test

Body plethysmography

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shift to left

Ph increase, temp decrease, carbon dioxide decrease, BPG decrease.

Pulmonary surfactant cells

Type II

Rapid shallow breathing index formula

F/VT in liters if less than 100 pt can be weaned

Flow vol loop that is short and scooped out

COPD

Oxygen content equation

CaO2 = 1.34 x hgb x SaO2 + (PaO2 x 0.003)

Gas used for single breath test

Carbon monoxide

Carbon dioxide and water in the body

Carbonic acid

What increases V/Q ratio

Cardiac arrest, pulmonary embolism, hypovolemia, chf, hemorrhage, pulmonary hypertension.

Inability for left ventricle to effectively pump blood

Cardiomyopathy or hypertrophy. Caused by age, diabetes, high Bp, and certain meds.

Biffurication of trachea

Carina

Peripheral chemoreceptors activated by?

Changes in partial pressure of o2 (increases in paCO2 levels)

Leaflets of tricuspid valve

Chordae tendineae

Decreases V'/Q ratio

Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma

Cartilagous airway

Conducting zone

Functions of the upper airway

Conduction, prevents foreign materials from entering lower airway, aid in speech and smell and warm, filter, humidify.

ERV + RV=

FRC

End tidal co2 point on graph

D

Restrictive lung disease does what to compliance

Decrease

Triggers peripheral chemoreceptors with uncontrolled diabetes

Decreased ph level and increased H+ level

What PFT asses status of alveolar capillary membrane?

Diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide

FEV/FVC (FEV1%) of 73% indicates?

Does not have obstructive but may still have restrictive.

Spoon shaped fibrocartilage structure

Epiglottis

Intubation etoc of zero

Esophagus

Most likely site for et tube to be misplaced

Esophagus

VO2 increases with

Exercise, seizures, shivering, hyperthermia

How many segmental bronchi are found in each lung

Left-8 right-10

Classified agranolocytes

Leukocytes

Max flow achieved during forced vital capacity

Maximal expiratory flow

PFT test that pt breaths fast and deep for 12 seconds

Maximal voluntary ventilation

Stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors

Medulla

Arterial Repolarization

Not shown, hidden by QRS

Fev1/fvc less than 70%

Obstructive lung disease CBABE

O2ER

Oxygen extraction ratio

V/Q varries with

PAO2

Abnormal collection of serous fluid in pleural space

Pleural effusion

EKG wave- ventricular depolarization

QRS

Pressure of a gas in a tube is directly proportional to all except?

Radius

Electrical difference across the fibers of the heart

Resting membrane potential

Corpulmonale

Right-Sided Heart Failure due to pulmonary hypertension caused by the accumulated effects of multiple small emboli in the lung`

Cardiac muscle fibers to shorten/contract with electrical stimulus

SA node

The hearts pacemaker

SA node

Upper airway obstruction from vent-perfusion ratio

Shunt

Small airway PFT test

Spirometry

GOLD scale for assessment of severity of COPD

Stage I - mild Stage II - moderate Stage III - severe Stage IV - very severe

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the

Stroke volume

Sarcoidosis decreases what PFT

TLC, VC, DLCO

carotid sinus massage indications

Tachycardia, high bp

Peak flow of 40% asthmatic should?

Take medicine, and call 911 right away

Flow volume loop with pulmonary fibrosis

Tall, then curved with dip in middle

Automacity

The ability of the heart to generate and conduct electrical impulses on its own.

Alveolar minute ventilation

VA= dead space - tidal volume X RR

Decreases with asthma

VC, IC, IRV, VT, ERV

During nasotracheal suctioning the heart rate drops, what causes this?

Vagal nerve stimulation

Secondary function of larynx

Valsavas manuver

Inhaled and exhaled during one breath

Tidal volume

Largest volume or capacity for females

Total lung capacity

T/F as surface tension increases lung compliance decreases

True

T/F elastance is the reciprocal of compliance

True

Asthma action plan

Written plan for patients to manage their asthma; Green: Good control >80% personal best Take usual medications. Yellow: Caution 50-80% personal best Take short-acting inhaled β2-agonist right away. Talk to your provider. Red: Medical alert <50% personal best Take short-acting inhaled β2-agonist right away. Seek emergency care

stroke volume calculation

end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

Space between true vocal cords

glottis

Blood entering the left atrium

high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide, comes from pulmonary vein.

gas exchange between capillaries and cells

internal respiration

valve between left atrium and left ventricle

mitral valve (bicuspid valve)

muscle layer of the heart

myocardium

Structure vibrissae is found

nasal cavity

P50

the partial pressure of oxygen when hemoglobin is 50% saturated

perfusion without ventilation

shunting

Bradycardia

slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm)

Where is uvula attached

soft palate

top number of blood pressure

systolic

rhythmicity center

the area of the medulla oblongata that controls the rhythmic pattern of inspiration and expiration

total lung capacity

the sum of vital capacity and residual volume

inspiratory capacity

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

max amount of air the lungs can contain

total lung capacity

carries blood to the heart

veins