Anatomy Final Study Guide

rugae

Internal folds of the stomach are called:

Periosteum

The outer covering of bone is known as:

hepatic portal vein

carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver

Which statement defines elasticity?

the ability of a muscle to rebound toward its original length after a contraction

liver

Production of bile is one of several important functions of the:

Posterior

Which cord is formed by all trunks?

cortex of the occipital lobe

Conscious perception of vision probably reflects activity in the:

tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus

Dorsiflexion of foot involves the:

visceral motor division

Nerves that directly control the motility of the stomach or rate of the heartbeat would belong to the:

Exocrine: secretes into duct; Endocrine: secretes into pancreas

The pancreas contains exocrine and endocrine glands. Where does each secrete, respectively?

stratum lucidum

Which epidermal layer is found only in thick skin?

bulbourethral gland

Which gland is responsible for neutralizing urinary acids coming from the urethra?

Scalenes

Which group of muscles flexes and rotates the neck?

Sarcomere

Which is the smallest functional unit of a skeletal muscle?

Mucosa

Which layer of the esophagus is exposed to the lumen?

corpus albicans

Which of the following exists only if the individual is not pregnant?

Rhomboid minor

Which of the following retracts the scapula?

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning blood circulation?

Nociceptors

Which of these types of receptors responds to pain stimuli?

aortic valve

Which structure prevents backflow into the left ventricle?

sensory adaptation

_________occurs when a receptor becomes so accustomed to the stimulation that it stops gathering impulses.

The gastrocnemius acts to do the following:

plantar flex the ankle and flex the knee

laryngeal prominence

A thick midline ridge in the thyroid cartilage that is sometimes referred to as the Adam's apple is technically named the:

All synovial joints are freely movable

In the classification of joints, which of the following is true?

clavicle and scapula

The 2 bones that form the pectoral girdle are the:

Granular cell layer

The axon of the Purkinje cells are located in the:

Langerhans cells

The epidermis consists of stratified squamous epithelium. Which cell type found within these layers are a type of macrophage?

denticulate ligaments

The following helps prevent lateral and inferior movement of the spinal cord:

Descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum

The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the:

Osteon

The functional unit of bone is known as an:

more difficult

The larger the receptive field, the __________ it is to localize the stimulus.

regulate intracellular calcium concentration

The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to:

head of the femur

The neck of the femur is lateral to the:

carina

The ridge found at the bifurcation of the trachea is called the:

reflex arc

When is it that an impulse does not have to reach the brain?

dentine

Which structure of the teeth is most similar to bone?

multipolar

Which type of neuron has a tract that goes from the spinal cord to the thalamus?

Cochlea

Receptors for hearing are located in the:

oropharynx

The ___________ is lined by squamous epithelium.

dura mater

The ____________ is the outermost meninx, and forms supportive and protective partitions between some portions of the brain.

fovea centralis

The area of the eye with the greatest visual acuity (sharpest vision) is the:

spinal cord

The cell body of a second order neuron will be located in the:

Purkinje cell layer

The cell body of the Purkinje cells are located in the:

Osteoblast

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the

posterior proximal part of the tibia

The head of the fibula articulates with the:

trapezius

The largest muscle of the upper back is the:

radial and axillary

The posterior cord gives rise to which nerves?

calcaneonavicular ligament

What is the name of the ligament that functions as a spring?

extensor carpi radialis brevis

A) extends and abducts the wrist and is short

Acetabulum

The head of the femur articulates with the:

They are father from his body and smooth because the muscles are relaxed.

Frank has been outside playing basketball in 101°F weather. Describe the appearance of his testicles from your understanding of their muscular anatomy.

Renal Pelvis

From the major calyx, the urine goes immediately into the :

unicellular gland

Goblet cells are an example of:

pectinate muscles

Blood is pushed out from the right atrium into the right ventricle (every last drop of it) by this muscle. Can you name the structure?

Ischiocavernosus muscle

Greg has had difficulty maintaining an erection and his doctor believes it may be a musculoskeletal abnormality. Which of the following could be implicated?

Connective

Having a matrix is a characteristic of which type of tissue?

parietal cells

Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach?

papillary layer

If a needle pokes your skin and results in instant bleeding, which skin layer has the needle reached?

the bone would have a decreased mineral content and, as a result, it would also be weaker

If osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity, how will the mass of the bone be affected?

esophagus

In which of the following structures can we find stratified squamous epithelium?

Inability to contract the muscles

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome is an autoimmune disease that attacks voltage-gated calcium channels in the nerve terminal. Calcium channels are unable to open and as a result neurotransmitter is not released. What is a likely symptom of this condition?

Support (framework) and isolate the neurons; Oligodendrocytes, Microglia and Ependymal Cells.

Neuroglia are ____________. Some examples of neuroglia in the CNS are _________.

Sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them

One functional characteristics of life is irritability,. This refers to

They regulate the temperature of the testes.

The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following is true about the role they play?

molecular layer

The dendrites of the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum are located in the:

thoracic and abdominal

The diaphragm separates which two cavities?

external iliac artery

The femoral artery originates from the:

in the presence of hydrochloric acid

The precursor substance pepsinogen is converted to pepsin:

depolarized

When the membrane potential of a cell membrane becomes more positive than the resting potential, one can say that the membrane has become:

Trapezium

Which carpal bone, based on its location, would articulate with the metacarpal of the thumb?

Accessory nerve - CN XI

Which cranial nerve has a cranial root and a spinal root?

accessory

Which cranial nerve innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid?

falciform ligament

Which mesentery attaches the liver to the diaphragm?

Deltoid

Which of the following abducts the arm?

the convex articular surface of one bone fits into a concave articular surface of another bone

Which of the following describes a hinge joint correctly?

AV valve

Which of the following is NOT part of the conduction system of the heart?

olfactory epithelium, olfactory nerve, olfactory tract, cerebral cortex

Which of the following is in the correct order of the olfactory pathway?

facial - CN VII

Which of the following is not a cranial nerve that innervate the eye?

pectoralis minor

Which of the following muscles were used to perform a punch if we are discussing movement at the level of the SHOULDER joint?

Acromion

Which of the following portion of the scapula is posterior?

aqueduct of the midbrain

Which of the following structures connects the third and fourth ventricles?

sella turcica

Which of these features is present in the sphenoid bone?

Tropomyosin

Which protein covers the active sites of the thin filaments, and therefore prevents muscle contraction?

Titin

Which protein holds the thick filaments in place?

the head of the myosin

Which structure binds to the active site of the thin filament to cause muscle contraction?

Connecting tubule

Which structure connects the collecting system to the nephron?

ureter

Which structure connects the kidney to the urinary bladder?

epidermal ridges

Which structure gives us the unique characteristics of fingerprints?

Talus

Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia?

perpendicular plate and vomer

Which two bones/bone features come together to form the nasal septum?

mechanoreceptors

Which type of general sense receptor detects pressure changes in walls of blood vessels and in portions of the digestive, reproductive and urinary tracts?

pseudounipolar

Which type of neuron has a tract that goes from the effector organ to the spinal cord?

A foramen is:

round passageway for blood vessels and nerves

merocrine sweat gland

A sweat gland whose duct reaches the surfaces of the skin is called?

7 weeks

At how many weeks do sex organs for each gender look the same?

Left Atrium

Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the:

semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, sartorius

Flexion at knee involves which muscles?

Nodes of Ranvier; for saltatory conduction and increased speed of action potential transmission

Gaps in the myelination of axons known as ______ are present ______.

closure of the heart valves

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?

papillary muscles

Small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the:

Flexion

The act of bending the wrist so that the palmar portion of the hand is moved closer to the forearm involves what movement?

occipital bone

The lambdoid suture joins the parietal bone to the:

erector spinae

The prime mover of spinal extension is the:

Autonomic; involuntary

The process of emission is under control of the _________ nervous system, because it is mainly ________ .

olfactory epithelium

The receptors of olfaction are found in the:

medulla

The renal pyramids are located within the _______________.

Radius

The styloid process of the ________ points to the thumb:

C5 and C6

The superior trunk originates from the branches of which cervical nerve?

Thumb

The term pollex refers to the

choroid

The vascular coat of the eyeball is called:

menses

This phase consists of the destruction of the endometrium. Arteries of the region will constrict blood flow and cause cells of endometrium to die. Which phase is it?

crus

This portion of the penis is attached to the ischium and roots it in place:

clitoris

This structure in females is homologous to the corpus cavernosum in males:

Blood pressure is lowest in veins so the valves help it to oppose the force of gravity

Veins need valves because:

resorption, deposition, osteocyte mineralization

What is the correct order of events for bone remodeling?

increase surface area by 20 times

What is the function of microvilli?

Dentin

What is the mineralized matrix, similar to bone but harder, that forms the primary mass of each tooth?

transitional epithelium

What type of epithelium allows for expansion of the ureters and bladder to accommodate urine and collapse when they are empty?

Intramembranous, endochondral, endochondral, Intramembranous

What type of ossification is involved in mandible, hip, limb and clavicle development?

Cerebellum

Where does the spinal cerebellar tract end?

cerebrum

Where the does spinothalamic tract end?

Flexion

Which action is performed by most of the muscles located on the anterior compartment of the forearm?

Tibia

Which of the following bone(s) articulates with the femur?

superior trunk, lateral cord, musculocutaneous nerve

Which of the following branched patterns of nerves is part of the brachial plexus?

secretes the enzyme amylase

Which of the following is true of the parotid salivary gland?

water

Which of the following makes up the greatest amount in terms of molecular composition of the human body?

interventricular foramen

Which structure communicates the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?

tricuspid valve

Which structure prevents backflow into the right atrium?

capitulum and trochlea

Which two bone features compose the condyle of the humerus?

foramen ovale

connects the two atria in the fetal heart

Ventricular systole happens:

in a wave that begins at the apex and spreads toward the base

Alveoli are located in the lungs and assist with gas exchange and diffusion. The tissue found in the alveoli are made up of _________.

simple squamous epithelium

The abducens nerve _________.

supplies innervation to the lateral rectus muscle of the eye.

Buccinator

A muscle that aids in chewing without moving the mandible is:

femur or coxal bone

A muscle that flexes the knee would originate on the:

Corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?

flexor carpi ulnaris & extensor carpi ulnaris

Adduction at the wrist involves contraction of the:

Larynx

Air and food are routed into the proper channels by the:

External iliac vein, common iliac vein, inferior vena cava

All blood being drained from the lower limb will take this pathway back to the heart:

Sphenoid

All of the facial bones are paired excepted one. Which of the following is the unpaired facial bone?

zygomaticus major

Dimples are an inheritable trait. Which muscle causes this effect?

The uterine tube of the female reproductive system is homologous to the in the male reproductive system

Ductus Deferens or Vas Deferens

Pseudostratified columnar

Epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane:

main pancreatic duct

Pancreatic amylase gets to the small intestine via the:

Nociceptors

Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by:

Turbulence in the blood when the AV valves close

The "lubb" sound heard with a stethoscope is caused by:

medial collateral ligament

The "unhappy triad" injury involves injury to the:

Select the correct statement about the heart valves.

The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that they do not blow back up into the atria during ventricular contraction

Oxytocin

The ________ hormone triggers the contraction of smooth muscles in the walls of lactiferous ducts & sinuses, which eject milks out of the nipple.

palate

The __________ separates the nasal and oral cavities.

dorsal

The back is _________ to the abdomen

3; hyaline

The larynx is composed of ______________ big pieces of ____________ cartilage.

vagus

The longest nerve that innervates the digestive system is the:

Medial tibial Condyle

The medial condyle of the femur articulates with the

Axon

The part of the neuron that normally receives stimuli is called:

anterior

The penis is ______________ to the gluteus.

Reaches diaphragm and innervates it.

The phrenic nerve ______________.

Popliteal

The posterior side of the patella would be called

Tibial

The posterior side of the thigh, leg, and foot is served by the ________ nerve.

conus medullaris

The spinal cord tapers at a conical tip called the:

radius; head of the ulnar

The ulnar notch is located in the __________ (bone) and articulates with the ___________.

capitis

The word _______ in a muscle name indicates a function related to the head.

parietal bone

What bone makes up the superior portion of the lateral side of the cranium?

Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Intermedius

What muscles make up the Quadriceps Femoris group?

Anterior

When the forearm is pronated, the radius is ____________ to the ulna.

oxyntic

Within the stomach lining, _______________ cells secrete hydrochloric acid

distal; lateral

Your hand is ____________ to your elbow, while your elbow is __________ to your chest.