Anatomy Final Test Chapters 13-17

Ascending and descending tracts can be found in which area(s) of the spinal cord?

1, 2, 3

Damage to which structure would lead to paralysis of limbs?

2

Identify the structure labeled "4."

4th ventricle

The adult human brain contains almost ________ of the body's neural tissue.

97 percent

Tactile receptors located in the reticular dermis that are tonic and show little if any adaptation are called

Bulbous corpuscles.

Which of the following is true about the cerebral cortex?

It is a superficial layer of gray matter.

Which of the following is not a property of the blood-brain barrier?

It is very permeable to many water and lipid-soluble compounds.

Which of the following is not true of meningitis?

It only affects spinal meninges.

The adult spinal cord typically ends between vertebrae

L1-L2.

Damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. This causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of

Parkinson's disease.

Which of the following is not a reason a reflex response may fail during a clinical exam?

The person may be elderly and no longer have any reflexes.

Which of the following is not true of polysynaptic reflexes?

They involve one muscle group.

The complex integration of sensory information with visual and auditory memories occurs in this area near the auditory cortex?

Wernicke's area

A person with a damaged visual association area may be

able to see letters but unable to associate them into words.

Which of the following is a progressive, degenerative disorder that affects upper and lower motor neurons causing skeletal muscle atrophy?

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Suppose that you feel something brushing against your abdomen. The sensory information would be carried to the spinal cord over a(n) ________ ramus.

anterior

Identify the structure labeled "9."

anterior gray commissure

All of the following are true of muscle spindles except they

are found in tendons.

Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her cord is likely to be compressed?

ascending tracts

In motor pathways, the only portion of the pathway that is outside of the CNS is the

axon of the lower motor neuron.

The anterior root of a spinal nerve contains

axons of motor neurons.

The posterior root of a spinal nerve contains

axons of sensory neurons

Hydrocephalus, or "water on the brain," may result from

blockage of CSF circulation or excessive CSF production. Previous Next

The choroid plexus is composed of

blood vessels

In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise?

brachial

All of the following are true of neural reflexes except that they

cannot be modified by the brain.

Nerve fiber bundles on the ventrolateral surface of the mesencephalon are the

cerebral peduncles.

Enlarged area of the spinal cord from which nerves to the shoulder and upper limbs arise.

cervical enlargement

Identify the structure labeled "1."

choroid plexus

The dura mater tapers inferiorly to form the

coccygeal ligament

In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as

columns

The white structure that connects the cerebral hemispheres is the

corpus callosum.

The ________ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles.

crossed extensor

The term used to describe the crossing over of a tract to the side of the nervous system opposite to where the axons originated is

decussation

Which EEG wave if seen in an awake adult may indicate a pathological condition?

delta

These structures extending from the pia mater through to the dura mater support the spinal cord by preventing lateral movement.

denticulate ligaments

The specific strip of skin that is innervated by a specific spinal nerve is called a

dermatome

The subdural space lies between

dura mater and arachnoid mater

A(n) ________ is a printed record of the brain's electrical activity over a period of time.

electroencephalogram

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the

endoneurium

The outermost connective tissue covering of nerves is the

epineurium

Identify the nerve labeled "12."

facial

Two large venous sinuses, the sagittal sinuses, lie within a dural fold called the

falx cerebri.

Stimulation of the ________ within the hypothalamus produces the sensation of hunger.

feeding center

Bob is struck on the left side of the head and is knocked unconscious. When he recovers consciousness, he can hear individual words but cannot understand the meaning of phrases or sentences. This implies damage to his

general interpretive area.

Difficulty in swallowing may be a sign of damage to which cranial nerve(s)?

glossopharyngeal and vagus

The rounded elevations of the cerebrum that increase its surface area are called

gyri

The motor homunculus shows larger structures in areas of the body that

have more motor units.

Which sensation(s) does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry?

hearing and balance

A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of tongue movement. Which cranial nerve is affected?

hypoglossal

The ________, a narrow stalk, connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

infundibulum

Central adaptation refers to

inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway.

The brain requires a substantial blood supply. The vessels that deliver blood to the brain are the

internal carotid and vertebral arteries.

Cerebrospinal fluid

is secreted by ependymal cells.

Male brains are typically ________ compared to female brains.

larger

Divisions of the cerebral hemispheres that are named after the overlying skull bones are

lobes

What loss would result from cutting through the medial lemniscus on the right side?

loss of fine touch sensation on the left side of the body

Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the

medulla oblongata.

Axons of the corticobulbar tract terminate in the

motor nuclei of cranial nerves.

The flexor reflex

moves a limb away from a painful stimulus

Which of the following nerves is purely sensory?

optic

Identify the structure labeled "1."

optic nerve

The cerebral lobe posterior to the central sulcus is the

parietal lobe.

Arrange the spinal meninges from innermost layer to outermost layer.

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the

pia mater.

Damage to the premotor cortex of the frontal lobe would interfere with the ability to

play the piano.

A complex, interwoven network of nerves is called a

plexus

Identify the structure labeled "4."

posterior gray horn

Identify the structure labeled "1."

posterior white column

Which of the following is a function of the thalamus?

process sensory information and relay it to the cerebrum

During development, three primary brain vesicles form. The three vesicles are the

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon.

The condition in which a person loses all feeling and movement of the arms and legs due to spinal cord injury is termed

quadriplegia

Using the two-point discrimination test you can fairly accurately determine whether you have been touched with one point or two because of the density of the

receptor fields.

The neural "wiring" of a single reflex is called a(n)

reflex arc.

The mesencephalon contains the headquarters of the ________, a specialized component of the reticular formation that controls alertness and attention.

reticular activating system

If the posterior root of a spinal nerve is severed,

sensory input would be blocked.

The wall between the lateral ventricles is called the

septum pellucidum.

In the condition ________, a virus infects posterior root ganglia, causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes.

shingles

You suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to

smell his food.

Ken has a herniated disc which is pinching the structure labeled "10". He is most likely experiencing impairment in which sensory pathway?

somatic and visceral sensory

What is the function of the structure labeled "11"?

somatic sensory receiving

The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the

spinal meninges.

Identify the structure labeled "8."

spinal nerve

Identify the structure labeled "6."

subarachnoid space

Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the

subarachnoid space.

Which of the following is not one of the thalamic nuclei?

superior nuclei

Which hypothalamic nucleus is responsible for regulating circadian rhythms?

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Identify the structure labeled "6."

sympathetic ganglion

Preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs are collectively called

sympathetic nerves.

The olfactory cortex is located in the

temporal lobe

Damage to the medulla oblongata can result in death because

the vital centers for the control of blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are located there.

The spinal cord consists of four regions and ________ pairs of spinal nerves.

thirty-one

Bundles of axons in the central nervous system are known as

tracts

Jean needs to have a tooth in her mandible filled. Her dentist injects a local anesthetic to block pain afferents in one of her cranial nerves. What cranial nerve does the dentist numb?

trigeminal

The cranial nerve that has three major branches is the

trigeminal

The patient has the following symptoms: change in vocal tone, problems swallowing, inability to control urination, erratic heart rate, and gastric problems. You would identify the problem as being related to the

vagus nerve.

The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by a band of cortex called the

vermis

Damage to the corpora quadrigemina would interfere with

visual and auditory reflex movements of the head and neck.

Damage to the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex would directly affect

voluntary motor activity.

Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the

white columns