Anatomy Final Test Chapters 13-17
Ascending and descending tracts can be found in which area(s) of the spinal cord?
1, 2, 3
Damage to which structure would lead to paralysis of limbs?
2
Identify the structure labeled "4."
4th ventricle
The adult human brain contains almost ________ of the body's neural tissue.
97 percent
Tactile receptors located in the reticular dermis that are tonic and show little if any adaptation are called
Bulbous corpuscles.
Which of the following is true about the cerebral cortex?
It is a superficial layer of gray matter.
Which of the following is not a property of the blood-brain barrier?
It is very permeable to many water and lipid-soluble compounds.
Which of the following is not true of meningitis?
It only affects spinal meninges.
The adult spinal cord typically ends between vertebrae
L1-L2.
Damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. This causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of
Parkinson's disease.
Which of the following is not a reason a reflex response may fail during a clinical exam?
The person may be elderly and no longer have any reflexes.
Which of the following is not true of polysynaptic reflexes?
They involve one muscle group.
The complex integration of sensory information with visual and auditory memories occurs in this area near the auditory cortex?
Wernicke's area
A person with a damaged visual association area may be
able to see letters but unable to associate them into words.
Which of the following is a progressive, degenerative disorder that affects upper and lower motor neurons causing skeletal muscle atrophy?
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Suppose that you feel something brushing against your abdomen. The sensory information would be carried to the spinal cord over a(n) ________ ramus.
anterior
Identify the structure labeled "9."
anterior gray commissure
All of the following are true of muscle spindles except they
are found in tendons.
Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her cord is likely to be compressed?
ascending tracts
In motor pathways, the only portion of the pathway that is outside of the CNS is the
axon of the lower motor neuron.
The anterior root of a spinal nerve contains
axons of motor neurons.
The posterior root of a spinal nerve contains
axons of sensory neurons
Hydrocephalus, or "water on the brain," may result from
blockage of CSF circulation or excessive CSF production. Previous Next
The choroid plexus is composed of
blood vessels
In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise?
brachial
All of the following are true of neural reflexes except that they
cannot be modified by the brain.
Nerve fiber bundles on the ventrolateral surface of the mesencephalon are the
cerebral peduncles.
Enlarged area of the spinal cord from which nerves to the shoulder and upper limbs arise.
cervical enlargement
Identify the structure labeled "1."
choroid plexus
The dura mater tapers inferiorly to form the
coccygeal ligament
In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as
columns
The white structure that connects the cerebral hemispheres is the
corpus callosum.
The ________ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles.
crossed extensor
The term used to describe the crossing over of a tract to the side of the nervous system opposite to where the axons originated is
decussation
Which EEG wave if seen in an awake adult may indicate a pathological condition?
delta
These structures extending from the pia mater through to the dura mater support the spinal cord by preventing lateral movement.
denticulate ligaments
The specific strip of skin that is innervated by a specific spinal nerve is called a
dermatome
The subdural space lies between
dura mater and arachnoid mater
A(n) ________ is a printed record of the brain's electrical activity over a period of time.
electroencephalogram
The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the
endoneurium
The outermost connective tissue covering of nerves is the
epineurium
Identify the nerve labeled "12."
facial
Two large venous sinuses, the sagittal sinuses, lie within a dural fold called the
falx cerebri.
Stimulation of the ________ within the hypothalamus produces the sensation of hunger.
feeding center
Bob is struck on the left side of the head and is knocked unconscious. When he recovers consciousness, he can hear individual words but cannot understand the meaning of phrases or sentences. This implies damage to his
general interpretive area.
Difficulty in swallowing may be a sign of damage to which cranial nerve(s)?
glossopharyngeal and vagus
The rounded elevations of the cerebrum that increase its surface area are called
gyri
The motor homunculus shows larger structures in areas of the body that
have more motor units.
Which sensation(s) does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry?
hearing and balance
A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of tongue movement. Which cranial nerve is affected?
hypoglossal
The ________, a narrow stalk, connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.
infundibulum
Central adaptation refers to
inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway.
The brain requires a substantial blood supply. The vessels that deliver blood to the brain are the
internal carotid and vertebral arteries.
Cerebrospinal fluid
is secreted by ependymal cells.
Male brains are typically ________ compared to female brains.
larger
Divisions of the cerebral hemispheres that are named after the overlying skull bones are
lobes
What loss would result from cutting through the medial lemniscus on the right side?
loss of fine touch sensation on the left side of the body
Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the
medulla oblongata.
Axons of the corticobulbar tract terminate in the
motor nuclei of cranial nerves.
The flexor reflex
moves a limb away from a painful stimulus
Which of the following nerves is purely sensory?
optic
Identify the structure labeled "1."
optic nerve
The cerebral lobe posterior to the central sulcus is the
parietal lobe.
Arrange the spinal meninges from innermost layer to outermost layer.
pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the
pia mater.
Damage to the premotor cortex of the frontal lobe would interfere with the ability to
play the piano.
A complex, interwoven network of nerves is called a
plexus
Identify the structure labeled "4."
posterior gray horn
Identify the structure labeled "1."
posterior white column
Which of the following is a function of the thalamus?
process sensory information and relay it to the cerebrum
During development, three primary brain vesicles form. The three vesicles are the
prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon.
The condition in which a person loses all feeling and movement of the arms and legs due to spinal cord injury is termed
quadriplegia
Using the two-point discrimination test you can fairly accurately determine whether you have been touched with one point or two because of the density of the
receptor fields.
The neural "wiring" of a single reflex is called a(n)
reflex arc.
The mesencephalon contains the headquarters of the ________, a specialized component of the reticular formation that controls alertness and attention.
reticular activating system
If the posterior root of a spinal nerve is severed,
sensory input would be blocked.
The wall between the lateral ventricles is called the
septum pellucidum.
In the condition ________, a virus infects posterior root ganglia, causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes.
shingles
You suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to
smell his food.
Ken has a herniated disc which is pinching the structure labeled "10". He is most likely experiencing impairment in which sensory pathway?
somatic and visceral sensory
What is the function of the structure labeled "11"?
somatic sensory receiving
The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the
spinal meninges.
Identify the structure labeled "8."
spinal nerve
Identify the structure labeled "6."
subarachnoid space
Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the
subarachnoid space.
Which of the following is not one of the thalamic nuclei?
superior nuclei
Which hypothalamic nucleus is responsible for regulating circadian rhythms?
suprachiasmatic nucleus
Identify the structure labeled "6."
sympathetic ganglion
Preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs are collectively called
sympathetic nerves.
The olfactory cortex is located in the
temporal lobe
Damage to the medulla oblongata can result in death because
the vital centers for the control of blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are located there.
The spinal cord consists of four regions and ________ pairs of spinal nerves.
thirty-one
Bundles of axons in the central nervous system are known as
tracts
Jean needs to have a tooth in her mandible filled. Her dentist injects a local anesthetic to block pain afferents in one of her cranial nerves. What cranial nerve does the dentist numb?
trigeminal
The cranial nerve that has three major branches is the
trigeminal
The patient has the following symptoms: change in vocal tone, problems swallowing, inability to control urination, erratic heart rate, and gastric problems. You would identify the problem as being related to the
vagus nerve.
The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by a band of cortex called the
vermis
Damage to the corpora quadrigemina would interfere with
visual and auditory reflex movements of the head and neck.
Damage to the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex would directly affect
voluntary motor activity.
Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the
white columns
