Anatomy First Exam Material

what shape does the secondary curvatures form?

S-shaped curvature

What specific body areas are in the Back (dorsal) region (posterior)

Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal

-spinal curvatures of the cervical and lumbar regions -develop after birth -form an S-shaped curvature as in adults

Secondary curvatures

what does appropriate stress do to bones?

-causes thickening and strengthening of bone -little stress on bones causes them to be weak and thin

The ________ cavity contains the lungs which are enfolded in the _______ A. thoracic; pleurae B. Thoracic; pericardium C. Thoracic; peritoneum D. Abdominopelvic; peritoneum

A. thoracic; pleurae

what kind of movement does a plane joint experience?

Biaxial

what shape curvature does the primary curvature form?

C-shaped curvature

you examine an articulated skeleton in the laboratory and determine the skeleton to be a female since_______. A. the angle of the female pubic arch is smaller than in a male B. the distance between the female ischial tuberosities is less than in a male C. the pelvic outlet is relatively broad in the female than in a male D. the female illiac bones are less flared than in a male

C. the pelvic outlet is relatively broader in the female than in a male

-holds up the head -articulates with the occipital condyles -allows for a specific "nodding yes" movement

C1 (atlas)

what vertebrae articulates with the occipital condyles

C1: Atlas

Differentiate between the atlas and the axis

C1: atlas: no body. no spine C2: axis: body and spine

-has a projection up towards the atlas, called the dens or odontoid process -allows for rotational "shaking the head no" movement

C2. axis

Proximal

Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

What are the two subdivisions of the Dorsal body

Cranial cavity Spinal cavity

The crista galli projects upward towards the brain and the inferior __________

Cribriform plate

How would you classify an articulation between two flat bones joint by short, collagenous fibers that allows little movement? A. as a syntosis B. As a symphysis C. as a gomphosis D. as a suture E. as a synchondrosis

D. as a suture

spongebob stubbed his toe while at the krusty krab and then tripped and hit his elbow on the door. what specific parts did he injure? A. hallux; acromion B. Pollex; olecranon C. tarsus; olecranon D. Hallux; olecranon

D. hallux; olecranon

What are the 12 organ systems?

Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Circulatory Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Male reproductive Female reproductive

what abdominopelvic region is the Diaphragm in?

Left hypochondriac region

what abdominopelvic region is the initial part of sigmoid colon in?

Left iliac (iguinal) region

what abdominopelvic region is the descending colon of the large intestine in?

Left lumbar region

abnormal anterior lumbar curvature

Lordosis (swayback)

Lateral angle, or head of the scapula, has the glenoid cavity which articulates with the ________ to form the shoulder joint

______ ______ divides the scapula into the supraspinous fossa and the infraspinous fossa

peritoneum

abdominal cavity

movement that moves away from the midline

abduction

the head of the femur articulates with the _______ of the coxal bone

acetabulum

movement that moves toward the midline

adduction

The medial trochlea extends from the _____ _____ to the ______ _____ (humerus)

coronoid fossa olecranon fossa

inferior lip of trochlear notch

coronoid process

the _______ runs along the inferior margin of the shaft

costal groove

What specific body areas are in the lower limb region (anterior)

coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular

-enclosed by cranium (braincase) (contains brain)

cranial cavity

-houses the brain -protected by the skull

cranial cavity

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

crest

projects upward toward the brain and the inferior cribriform plate

crista galli

thin flattened and usually curved. two thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of spongy bone

flat bones

movement that decreases joint angle

flexion

the last two pairs of ribs are _______

floating ribs

a rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves

foramen

round or oval opening through a bone

foramen

where does the spinal cord run through?

foramen magnum

a shallow depression

fossa

shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

fossa

what kind of joints are synovial joints?

freely movable/diarthroses

What specific body areas are in the cephalic region (anterior)

frontal orbital nasal buccal oral mental

two ways joints are classified

functionally and structurally

groove

furrow

fibrous joints are what kind of joints?

generally immovable/synarthroses

lateral angle, or head of the scapula, has the _______ _______ which articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint

glenoid cavity

joints between the teeth and the bony socket

gomphoses

rounded projection on the lateral surface of the head (humerus)

greater tubercle

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

head

part of the rib. is the point of origin of the rib on the vertebral column

head

the ___ of the humerus articulates with the scapula

head

occurs in the red marrow and results in increases in red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

hematopoiesis

What is red bone marrow?

hemopoietic tissue (blood forming tissue) both red and white blood cells are made here

what kind of joint is the knee joint

hinge joint

what bones make up the pelvis

hip bones, sacrum, and the coccyx

functions of joints

hold bones together allow for mobility

what bones does the upper limb contain?

humerus (Brachium) radius and ulna (antebrachium) wrist and hands (manus): carpals (8), metacarpals (5), phalanges (14)

what are examples of synchondroses?

hyaline cartilage epiphyseal plate first rib/sternum

does not articulate with other bones but is a sling for attachment of muscles related to swallowing and speech

hyoid bone

which bone does not articulate with other bones?

hyoid bone

what abdominopelvic region is the urinary bladder in?

hypogastric (pubic) region

If your hands are on your hips, what bone are you feeling?

iliac crest

the superior and the largest component of the hip

ilium

bony joints are what kind of joints?

immobile/syntosis

what kind of joint are cartilaginous joints?

immovable or slightly movable/amphiarthroses

the Navel is __________ to the breastbone

inferior

extends into the inferior nasal cavity

inferior nasal conchae

what specific body areas are in the pelvic region? (anterior)

inguinal (groin)

what is the joint cavity?

inner synovial membrane. produces synovial fluid lubricant resembling raw eggwhite

the collarbone is ________ ________ the breastbone and the shoulder

intermediate between

broad and thin ligament that separates the bones of the body

interosseous membrane (IM)

feature of the vertebrae. consists of a nucleus pulposus surrounded by the annulus fibrosis. they bind adjacent vertebrae, support weight, and absorb shock

intervertebral discs

features of vertebrae. the hole between the pedicles is formed when two vertebrae are joined. it provides a passageway for spinal nerves

intervertebral foramen

produces flat bones of skull and most of the clavicle bone develops in a fibrous sheet resembling the dermis

intramembranous ossification

two methods of ossification

intramembranous ossification endochondral ossification

movement where soles face medially

inversion

bones that dont fit into other categories

irregular bones

When you sit, what bone are you sitting on?

ischial tuberosity

which bone(s) supports the most body weight?

ischial tuberosity

the _____ has a rough projection and forms the inferoposterior portion of the hip bone

ischium

where two or more bones meet

joint

abnormal posterior thoracic curvature

kyphosis (hunchback)

forms part of the medial wall of the orbit and contain the _______ fossa

lacrimal bones lacrimal

overlapped suture

lap (squamous)

the arms are ________ to the chest

lateral

arch of the foot. heel to little toe

lateral longitudinal arch

lies anteriorly separated from the greater tubercle by the intertubercular groove (humerus)

lesser tubercle

holds bone to bone at joint

ligaments

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

line

what are the 4 bone classifications (shapes)

long short flat irregular

where is yellow bone marrow found in the body?

long bones of limbs

-vertebral body is larger, thicker, and more oval -has a massive, stumpy spinous process -has a bladelike transverse process

lumbar vertebrae

Prone

lying down, face down

supine

lying down, face up

houses the lower teeth and provides support for facial and chewing muscles.

mandible

only a _______ is attached by a freely movable joint

mandible

the mandible articulates with the skull at the ______________

mandibular fossa

the mandibular condyle articulates with the _______ of the temporal bone to form the __________

mandibular fossa temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

the superior part of the sternum

manubrium

what are the three parts of the sternum?

manubrium body xiphoid process

forms the anterior central portion of the face, part of the eye orbit, most of the hard palate, and floor of the nasal cavity. They form the upper jaw and hold the teeth

maxillae bone

a passageway through a bone

meatus

canal-like passageway

meatus

the heart is ________ to the arm

medial

Distally, the ______ and _______ _____ project to either side of the humerus

medial and lateral epicondyles

arch of the foot. heel to hallux

medial longitudinal arch

what are the three arches of the foot

medial longitudinal arch transverse arch lateral longitudinal arch

what kind of movement does a Hinge joint experience?

monaxial

what kind of movement does a Pivot joint experience?

monaxial

what kind of bone is the epiphysis made out of

mostly spongy bone enclosed by thin layer of compact bone covered with articular cartilage

what kind of movement does a Ball-and-socket joint experience?

multiaxial

bridge of the nose, formed by small bones

nasal bones

part of the rib: ribs 1-10 have a neck that connects the head to the tubercle

neck

What specific body areas are in the cephalic region (posterior)

occipital

Where does the vertebral column join with the cranium

occipital condyles

the atlas articulates with the skull at the ___________

occipital condyles

fractures that project through the skin

open (compound) fractures

supporting connective tissue. (bones)

osseous tissue

produce new bone through a process called ossification

osteoblasts

large cells that secrete acid and enzymes that break down the matrix

osteoclasts

mature cells that maintain bone structure by recycling calcium salts

osteocytes

stem cells found in the endosteum within the central canals

osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells

inadequate ossification that naturally occurs as part of the aging process.

osteopenia

loss of bone

osteopenia

loss of bone mass that impairs normal function and can lead to more fractures. more common in women and accelerates after menopause

osteoporosis

why does a baby have more bones than an adult?

over time as we grow bones will fuse together

examples of plane sutures

palatine bones

forms the posterior portion of the hard palate

palatine bones

forms the roof of the cranium

parietal bones

Outer layer between two layers is serous fluid to reduce friction

parietal pericardium

lines the internal body wall

parietal peritoneum

fracture that occurs in bone weakened by a disease such as osteoporosis

pathological fracture

connects upper limbs to axial skeleton

pectoral girdle

bones of the appendicular skeleton

pectoral girdle (clavicale, scapula) Upper limbs (humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, phalanges) Pelvic girdle (hip bone/ coxal bone) lower limbs (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, phalanges)

in bone remodeling in young adults:

remodeling is so rapid that about one-fifth of the skeletal mass is replaced each year

posterior movement

retraction

movement where bone spins on its long axis

rotation

runs down the posterior surface of the sacrum

sacral canal

on either side of median sacral crest

sacral foramina

the hips articulate with the ______ at the _______ ______ with the _______ at the ______

sacrum sacroiliac joints femur acetabulum

posterior, articulates with clavicle to form acromioclavicular joint and articulates with the humerus to form the glenohumeral joint

scapula

the round head of the humerus articulates with the _______

scapula

a broad triangular bone with superior, medial, and lateral borders

scapular

abnormal lateral curvature

scoliosis (spine curves to the side)

What specific body areas are in the pedal region? (anterior)

tarsal (ankle) Digital

What would happen if you didnt have gomphoses?

teeth would fill with bacteria

Ear structures are housed in the _______________

temporal bone

form the lower wall and part of the floor of the cranial cavity.

temporal bones

example of lap sutures

temporal suture sphenoid suture

attach muscles to bone

tendons

ribs 1-7 are the _____

true ribs

articulate via costal cartilage to the sternum

true ribs (1-7)

Small, rounded projection or process

tubercle

the coronoid process articulates with the ______ ______ of the humerus

coronoid fossa

Inferior

(Caudal) away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Ventral

(anterior) towards or at the front of the body; in front of

Superior

(cranial or cephalad) toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body; above

The nine abdominopelvic regions

(from left to right (patients right to left) and Top to bottom) -right hypochondriac region -Epigastric region -Left Hypochondriac region -Right lumbar region -umbilical region -left lumbar region -right iliac (inguinal) region -Hypogastric (pubic) region -Left iliac (inguinal) region

Dorsal

(posterior) Toward or at the backside of the body; behind

Pericardial Cavity of the Thoracic cavity

-contains the heart and is found in the mediastinum -defined by serous membrane, pericardium

Pleural cavities of the Thoracic cavity

-each lung is found within its own pleural cavity -serous membrane is the pleura

Abdominopelvic cavity

-inferior to the diaphragm -superior abdominal cavity: contains the stomach, liver, and other organs. protected only by trunk muscles -Inferior pelvic cavity: contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum. protected somewhat by bony pelvis -NO physical structures separates abdominal from pelvic cavities

For bone remodeling in adults:

-osteocytes in lacunae continuously remove and replace surrounding calcium salts -osteoblasts and osteoclasts remain active

what is included in bone remodeling?

-repairs microfractures, releases minerals into the blood. -absorption of old bone and deposition of new bone -reshapes bones in response to use and disuse

Thoracic cavity

-superior to the diaphragm -houses heart, lungs, and other organs -mediastinum, the central region, houses heart, trachea, and other organs

What are the 8 cranial bones?

1 frontal bone 1 occipital bone 1 ethmoid bone 1 sphenoid bone 2 parietal bones 2 temporal Bones

what are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

1. Synchondroses 2. Symphyses

what are the 5 parts of the synovial joints

1. articular cartilage 2. articular capsule 3. joint cavity 4. reinforcing ligaments/tendons 5. bursa

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

1. support (bones provide attachments for soft tissues and organs. the basic form of our vertebrae body is determined by bone) 2. storage/electrolyte balance (maintain reservoir for calcium and phosphate salts for body fluids) 3. Blood cell protection (hematopoiesis) 4. Protection ( provided to soft tissues and organs by surrounding them with the skeleton.) 5. Movement (in part a function of the skeletal system because the bones function as levers. when the skeletal muscles pull on the bones, movement occurs)

what two articulations form the elbow

1.trochlear notch of the ulna with the trochlea of the humerus 2. the head of the radius with the capitulum of the humerus

how many vertebrae are in the thoracic region?

12 (T1-T12)

what are the 14 facial bones

2 Maxillae 2 Zygomatics 2 Palantines 2 Nasals 2 Lacrimals 2 inferior nasal conchae 1 mandible 1 vomer

how many bones does the adult skeleton have?

206

how many vertebrae are in the coccygeal region

3-5 fused vertebrae in the coccyx

each upper limb has ______ bones

30

how many vertebrae are in the lumbar region?

5 (L1-L5)

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

7 (C1-C7)

How many cranial bones are there?

8 (some of which are paired)

What specific body areas are in the upper limb region (posterior)

Acromial Brachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm)

What specific body areas are in the upper limb region? (anterior)

Acromial Deltoid Brachial (arm) Antecubital Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist)

the study of the structure and shape of body parts and their relationships to one another

Anatomy

Pleura

Around the lungs

Levels of Human structure (least to most complex)

Atoms molecules organelles cells (smallest living unit) tissues organs organ systems organism (single complete individual)

The baseball pitcher from the lions arrives in your radiography office after injuring his pitching shoulder. which of the following surface markings will likely be in the x-ray you take? A. Manus B. Acromion C. olecranon D. carpus

B. acromion

if intramembranous ossification was interrupted, growth of which of the following bones would be most adversely affected: A. Rib B. Clavicle C. Maxilla D. Humerus

B. clavicle

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? A. storage of minerals B. generation of heat C. Support for muscle contraction D. production of cells for immunity E. protection of internal organs

B. generation of heat

Based on what you know about bone growth, why are newborns so much more flexible than adults? A. their ligaments have not fully developed B. their joints are still composed of cartilage C. Osteoclast activity is greated than osteoblast activity D. The epiphyseal plates are fused

B. their joints are still composed of cartilage

The knee is ________ to the thigh

Distal

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

forms the forehead and the roof of the eye orbit.

Frontal bone

Axial region

Head Neck Trunk (thoracic region, abdominal region)

indentation at the edge of a structure

Notch

defines the edge of the mediastinum and lines the inner surface of the chest wall

Parietal pleura

any extension of a bone making an angle with the rest of the structure

Ramus

what abdominopelvic region is the Gallbladder in?

Right hypochondriac region

what abdominopelvic region is the Liver in?

Right hypochondriac region

what abdominopelvic region is the Appendix in?

Right iliac (inguinal) region

what abdominopelvic region is the Ascending colon of the large intestine in?

Right lumbar region

What are the abdominopelvic quadrants

Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

what are the criteria for anatomical position?

Standing erect with feet flat arms at the sides (supinated) Palms, face, and eyes facing forward Provides a constant reference of body position

calvaria

The skull cap or dome of the cranium created by the frontal, parietal and occipital bones.

What are the two subdivisions of the ventral body?

Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity (cavities are separated by the diaphragm)

what abdominopelvic region is the Small intestine in?

Umbilical Region

what abdominopelvic region is the Transverse colon of large intestine in?

Umbilical region

Appendicular region

Upper limbs: -Brachial region (arm) -antebrachial region (forearm) -carpal region (wrist) -Manual region (hand) -Digits (fingers) Lower limbs: -Femoral region (thigh) -Crural region (leg) -Tarsal region (ankle) -Pedal region (foot) -digits (toes)

-Enclosed by vertebral column (backbone) (contains spinal cord)

Vertebral canal

slightly moveable joints

amphiarthroses

Standard body position used to avoid confusion. terminology refers to this position regardless of actual body position

anatomical position

part of the rib: ribs 2-10 have a sharp turn called the angle, where they curve anteriorly and swing in toward the sternum

angle

the breastbone is _________ to the spine

anterior

the narrow caudal area of the sacrum is the ____

apex

how many bones does a baby have

around 300

Pericardium

around the heart

encloses joint cavity. narrow fluid-filled space

articular capsule

covers facing surfaces of bones

articular cartilage

C1

atlas

what is the first vertebrae?

atlas

tiny malleus, incus, and stapes are middle ear bones buried deep in the temporal bone

auditory ossicles

Deep (internal)

away from the body surface; more internal

Lateral

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

What are the two major body regions?

axial and appendicular

C2

axis

superior surface of the sacrum is the ______

base

embryonic development of bone

begins at week 6 as a cartilaginous formation replaced with bone through ossification

Intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

when does osteopenia begin?

between ages 30 and 40

what kind of movement does a condylar joint experience?

biaxial

what kind of movement does a saddle joint experience?

biaxial

feature of the vertebrae. weight bearing portion of the vertebrae that consists of spongy bone covered with compact bone

body (centrum)

soft tissue located in medullary cavities of long bones, spaces within spongy bone, and large central canals within osteons

bone marrow

Parts of the skeletal system

bones joints cartilages ligaments tendons

packets of connective tissue containing synovial fluid

bursa

what specific body areas are in the pedal region (posterior)

calcaneal plantar

the ______ forms the roof and walls, whereas the base of the skull forms the floor of the ______

calvaria (skullcap) Cranial cavity

a duct or channel

canal

the ______ forms the lateral region of the condyle

capitulum

the radius articulates with the ________

capitulum

embryonic forerunner of most bones and covers many joint surfaces

cartilage

Peritoneal cavity

chamber within abdominopelvic cavity

movement where the distal end of a limb makes circles while the proximal end is stationary

circumduction

anterior, articulates with manubrium to form sternoclavicular joint

clavicle

s-shaped bone articulates with manubrium at sternal end and with the acromion process of the scapula

clavicle

what does the pectoral girdle include

clavicle and scapula

the manubrium articulates with the __________

clavicle of the appendicular skeleton

completely internal fractures

closed (simple) fractures

consists of four small vertebrae that fuse by the age of 20-30 yrs

coccyx

shatter the area into many smaller fragments

comminuted fractures

-dense, smooth, and homogeneous bone

compact (dense) bone

what are the two basic types of bone tissue?

compact (dense) bone spongy (canellous) bone

bone that can tolerate a lot of stress applied to either end of a long bone but cannot tolerate moderate stress applied to the side of the shaft

compact bone

covers all bone surfaces except for the articular surfaces

compact bone

dense, smooth, homogenous bone

compact bone

what kind of bone is the diaphysis made of?

compact bone

rounded articular projection

condyle

how are the true ribs connected

connected to sternum with costal cartilages

examples of serrate sutures

coronal suture lambdoid suture sagittal suture

the lungs are ______ to the rib cage

deep

the proximal shaft of the humerus is rounded with the _____ ____ along the lateral border

deltoid tuberosity

movement that lowers a body part

depression

-makes up most of bone's length -composed of compact bone -marrow cavity in the center filled with bone marrow

diaphysis

freely moveable joints

diarthroses

what specific body areas are in the manus region (anterior)

digital

Frontal or Coronal section

divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts

Median or midsagittal section

divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts

Sagittal Section

divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts

Transverse or Cross section

divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts

What are the two body cavities?

dorsal and ventral

movement where the foot elevates at ankle

dorsiflexion

movement that raises a body part

elevation

most bones develop this way bone develops from hyaline cartilage model

endochondral ossification

lines the marrow cavity

endosteum

Raised area on or above a condyle

epicondyle

what abdominopelvic region is the stomach in?

epigastric region

adult bones show evidence of the _________ where the cartilage once was

epiphyseal line

ends of bone

epiphysis

anterior to the sphenoid, forms part of the cranial floor

ethmoid bone

forms the medial surfaces of the orbits and is the roof and sides of the nasal cavity

ethmoid bone

movement where soles face laterally

eversion

movement that straightens joint angle?

extension

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

facet

ribs 8-10 are what kind of ribs

false ribs

articulate with the true ribs then connect to the sternum

false ribs (8-10)

what is yellow bone marrow

fat

_____ have a broader, lower pelvis, smoother, lighter, larger, pelvic outlet, and a broader pubic angle

females

What specific body areas are in the lower limb region? (posterior)

femoral (thigh) popliteal sural (calf) Fibular

heaviest, strongest bone in the body

femur

what are examples of symphyses

fibrocartilage pubic symphysis intervertebral discs

joints found where collagen fibers emerge from the matrix of one bone, cross a space, and penetrate the matrix of another bone

fibrous joints/synarthroses

what are the knee joint ligaments

fibular collateral and tibial collateral. anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate

an elongated cleft or slit

fissure

narrow, slitlike opening

fissure

what structure contains both portions of the appendicular and axial skeleton?

pelvis

-outer covering of bone -fibrous connective tissue membrane -perforating fibers secure it to the underlying bone

periosteum

What are the three specific serous membranes

peritoneum, pleura, pericardium

the study of how the body parts work or function

physiology

straight, nonoverlapped suture

plane (butt)

what are the six types of synovial joints?

plane joint hinge joint pivot joint condylar joint saddle joint ball-and-socket joint

movement wher foot points down at ankle

plantar flexion

olecranon

point of elbow

the ______ is the thumb

pollex

The heart is __________ to the breastbone

posterior

-spinal curvatures of the thoracic and sacral regions -present from birth -form a C-shaped curvature as in newborns

primary curvatures

any bony prominence

process

any projection or bump

process

movement that moves palm to face posteriorly (radius crosses ulna)

pronation

anterior movement

protraction

what do body cavities do?

provide varying degrees of protection to organs within them

the elbow is _______ to the wrist

proximal

the pubic bones articulate at the _____ _______

pubic symphysis

____ ____ is proximal to the capitulum (humerus)

radial fossa

____ ____ attaches biceps

radial tuberosity

what is the lateral bone of the forearm?

radius

armlike bar of bone

ramus

what are the types of bone marrow?

red and yellow

what is the function of synovial joints?

reduce friction and absorb shock

What does serous fluid allow the organs to do?

serous fluid allows the organs to slide easily across the cavity walls and one another without friction as they carry out their daily functions

interlocked suture

serrate

what are the three types of sutures

serrate lap plane

part of the rib: flat part of the rib that curves anteriorly

shaft

a chamber within a bone, normally filled with air

sinus

cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

sinus

what are some examples of flat bones?

skull ribs sternum

where is red bone marrow found in the body?

skull vertebrae sternum ribs part of the pelvic girdle proximal heads of humerus and femur

_________ forms part of the floor of the cranium. the bridge between the cranial bones and the facial bones

sphenoid bone

-houses the spinal cord -protected by the vertebrae

spinal cavity

the foramen magnum is where the ______ begins

spinal cord

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

spine

feature of the vertebrae. sticks out posteriorly and downwards

spinous process

produced by twisting stresses along the length of a bone

spiral fractures

-ends of bone are loosely organized -small needle-like pieces of bone -many open spaces

spongy (canellous) bone

small needle-like pieces of bone. many open spaces

spongy bone

what specific body areas are in the thoracic region? (anterior)

sternal Axillary

fracture caused by abnormal trauma

stress fracture

the _____ _______ of the radius articulates with the wrist

styloid process

a narrow groove

sulcus

The skin is ____ to the skeleton

superficial

the forehead is _________ to the nose

superior

feature of the vertebrae. meet with vertebrae above and below and form the joints between vertebrae

superior and inferior articular processes

movement that moves palm to face anteriorly

supination (radius and ulna become parallel)

scapular spine divides the scapula into the _______ _______ and the _______ _______

supraspinous fossa infraspinous fossa

bones are joined by _______

sutures

what are the three types of fibrous joints?

sutures gomphoses syndesmoses

immovable joints: fibrous

synarthroses

long collagen fibers that bind two bones. are slightly more mobile than either sutures or gomphoses

syndesmoses

articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity where fluid is found

synovial joint

immovable joints: bony

syntostosis

-has heart-shaped body -has a long, slender spinous process that points inferiorly -has costal facets that articulate with the ribs

thoracic vertebrae

what makes up the thoracic cage?

thoracic vertebrae, the ribs, and the sternum

Superficial (external)

toward or at the body surface

Medial

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

arch of the foot. includes the cuboid, cuneiform, and proximal heads of the metatarsals

transverse arch

break a shaft of bone across its long axis

transverse fracture

feature of the vertebrae. extends laterally

transverse process

very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

trochanter (only examples are on the femur)

part of the rib: is a prominent bump on the proximal part of ribs 1-10 that articulates with the transverse costal facet of the thoracic vertebrae

tubercle

Large, rounded projection; may be roughened

tuberosity

What is the medial bone of the forearm

ulna

What specific body areas are in the abdominal region? (anterior)

umbilical

what are some examples of irregular bones?

vertebrae hip bones

feature of the vertebrae. it consists of a lamina that extends posteriorly and a pedicle that attaches to the body

vertebral arch

feature of the vertebrae. a large opening near the body that provides passageway for the spinal cord

vertebral foramen

floating ribs are also called

vertebral ribs

false ribs are called ________

vertebrochondral ribs

what are the true ribs called

vertebrosternal ribs

Layer covering the heart

visceral pericardium

covers the organs

visceral peritoneum

Layer covering the lung

visceral pleura

forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum

vomer

when are cartilagenous joints formed?

when two bones are linked by cartilage

the inferior part of the sternum

xiphoid process

forms the lateral portion of the cheek, the lateral wall of the eye orbit, and part of the _______ arch

zygomatic bones zygomatic

an extension of the temporal bone forms part of the _________

zygomatic process