Anatomy II Review

Active/Adaptive immunity refers to:

A response that appears following exposure to an antigen

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (also known as erythroblastosis fetalis) is most likely to become a problem in Rh-negative mothers as:

A second Rh-positive fetus develops

The blood type that is considered the Universal Recipient is:

AB

Which type of nonspecific defense blocks the replication of viruses with antiviral proteins?

Interferons

Thyroid hormone contains the mineral:

Iodine

A hormone that helps regulate the sodium ion concentration of the blood as well as blood volume is:

Aldosterone

Which statement best describes arteries?

All carry blood away from the heart.

Blood flow peripheral resistance is created by: a. All of these are true b. Vessel length c. Turbulence in the blood d. Blood viscosity

All of these are true

The most important vitamin in the blood clotting process is Vitamin ________

K

The arteries that feed directly into the capillary beds are called:

Arterioles

Which of the following CANNOT be measured on an EKG/ECG

Atrial repolarization

Which immune system disorder results when the system that recognizes and ignores normal or self-antigens malfunctions?

Autoimmunity

Free hormones generally last in the blood stream for:

Less than an hour

Which type of hormones need transport proteins?

Lipid-soluble steroid hormones

White blood cells that are important in producing antibodies and fighting viruses are the:

Lymphocytes

The cardiovascular centers of the brain are located at the base of the brainstem in the:

Medulla oblongata

Platelets are formed from cells in the bone marrow called:

Megakaryocytes

The pineal gland produces ________ which controls ________ cycles

Melatonin...Sleep/Wake

Characteristics of a secondary immune response include:

More extensive and prolonged response than the initial response

The regurgitation of blood that is heard with a stethoscope is called a ________ while the heart abnormalities found with an ECG/EKG is called a ________

Murmur...Arrhythmia

Every blood cell (except lymphocytes) comes from the ________ stem cell

Myeloid

The type of lymphocyte involved in immunological surveillance that is on the lookout for virus infected cells and cancerous cells is:

Natural Killer cells

Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?

Right lymphatic duct

The correct sequence of parts that function to carry cardiac electrical impulses is:

S-A node, A-V node, A-V bundle, Purkinje fibers

The pacemaker cells of the heart are located in the:

SA node

The property of immunity that refers to a response to a certain antigen and only that antigen is:

Specificity

The two MOST important factors affecting blood pressure are:

Cardiac output and peripheral resistance

Which of the following can affect blood pressure?

Cardiac output, Peripheral resistance, Blood volume

The cusps of the atrioventricular valves are attached to papillary muscles by the:

Chordae tendineae

The normal heart sounds S1 and S2 are caused by which of the following events:

Closure of the heart valves

The hormone that is commonly called your "stress hormone" is:

Cortisol

Which type of Lymphocyte is involved in Cellular Immunity?

T-cells

An example of 2 hormones that have a synergistic effect are:

Testosterone and Estrogen

The Hypothalamus controls secretions of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland by way of:

The secretion of regulatory hormones (releasing/inhibiting hormones)

Which of the flowing statements about red blood cells is TRUE

Their shape is biconcave, They are specialized for carrying oxygen, They contain the pigment hemoglobin

Which of the flowing statements about red blood cells is FALSE:

They have a large multi-lobed nuclei

The portion of the spleen that is primarily lymphoid in nature is the ________ pulp

White

Which gland produces the "male" sex hormones (androgens) in women?

adrenal glands

Most hormones are classified as:

amino acid based

An abnormal reading on an EKG/ECG indicates the presence of:

arrhythmia

White blood cells that release histamine and heparin at the site of injury are:

basophils

The bicuspid or mitral valve is located:

between left atrium and left ventricle

What type of muscle tissue has intercalated discs?

cardiac muscle tissue

The function of hemoglobin is to:

carry oxygen

The process of fibrinolysis:

dissolves clots

Which of the following is insoluble in water (which allows it to clot blood)

fibrin

The plasma proteins that are necessary for blood clotting are the:

fibrinogens

The pancreatic hormone that raises your blood sugar in the fasted state (overnight or between meals) is:

glucagon

More than 95% of the protein in a red blood cell is:

hemoglobin

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses

hormones; neurotransmitters

The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow:

in one direction only

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called:

innate

The pancreatic hormone that lowers your blood sugar after a meal is:

insulin

Lymph is most similar to:

interstitial fluid

The pulmonary veins carry blood into the:

left atrium

The majority of the plasma proteins in your blood are produced by the ________

liver

The heart lies in the:

mediastinum

The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the:

neutrophils

B-Cells become ________ cells before they produce the antibodies involved in the humoral immune response

plasma cells

The hormone Oxytocin:

promotes uterine contractions

The pulmonary semilunar valve guards the entrance to the:

pulmonary trunk

If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)/Stress response system

resistance

Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the ________ from the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

right atrium

Memory T-cells and memory B-cells play a role in the ________ immune response

secondary

________ are capillary beds that have large gaps and need macrophages to monitor their openings

sinusoid

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a single contraction is called the:

stroke volume

Which type of cells inhibit the activation of T-cells?

suppressor T-cells/Regulatory T-cells

The adrenal gland is a part of the ________ division of the autonomic nervous system

sympathetic

________ is to contraction as ________ is to relaxation

systole; diastole

The class of antibody that is most important in allergic responses is:

IgE

Although all classes of antibodies are in breastmilk, what is the only class of antibody that crosses the placenta into the developing fetus?

IgG

Which class of antibody is the most numerous?

IgG

What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?

1. Right atrium 2. Tricuspid valve 3. Right ventricle 4. Pulmonary semilunar valve 5. Left atrium 6. Bicuspid/mitral valve 7. Left ventricle 8. Aortic semilunar valve

How long is the delay in the conducting system at the AV node?

100 milliseconds

The average lifespan of a red blood cell is:

120 days

The total blood volume in the body of a 170 pound man is approximately ________ liters

5-6q

The formed elements of the blood include:

Blood cells and cell fragments

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes:

Both Oxytocin and ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

White blood cells that increase in number during an allergic reaction or in response to parasitic infections are the:

Eosinophils

Which hormone (from the kidneys) assist parathyroid hormone in its duties?

Erythropoietin (EPO)????

Endocrine glands use ducts

False (exocrine)

The gonadotropin hormone that leads to an increase in estrogen production in women is called ________

Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH)

The hormones that are actually active are know as ________ hormones

Free

Most of the lymph fluid originates from:

Greater filtration at capillary beds than reabsorption

The hormone that has an effect on all human cells is:

Growth hormone

The type of T-cell that regulates the control of both T-cells and B-cells are:

Helper T-cells

The most common blood type in America is ________

O+

A person's blood type is determined by the:

Presence or absence of specific antigens on the cell membrane

After B-cells become plasma cells they:

Produce antibodies

The hormone responsible for the PRODUCTION of breast milk is __________

Prolactin

The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to:

Pump blood with greater pressure/force

Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on a electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG) by the:

QRS Complex

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for which of the following cardinal signs of inflammation?

Redness (rubor), Warmth/Heat (calor), Swelling (tumor)

The T-Wave on an EKG readout is measuring:

Ventricular repolarization

The lymphatic organ which gradually decreases in size after puberty and also becomes increasingly fibrous is the:

thymus

Functions of the blood include all of the following

transport of nutrients and waste products, Restricting fluid loss, Defense against pathogens

The drug that can prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn is called RhoGam

true

The blood type that is considered the Universal Donor is:

type O

A normal, healthy adult has more blood in their ________ system

venous

Blood plays a key role in the REGULATION of body temperature because it is slightly ________ than the rest of your body

warmer