Anatomy II Review
Active/Adaptive immunity refers to:
A response that appears following exposure to an antigen
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (also known as erythroblastosis fetalis) is most likely to become a problem in Rh-negative mothers as:
A second Rh-positive fetus develops
The blood type that is considered the Universal Recipient is:
AB
Which type of nonspecific defense blocks the replication of viruses with antiviral proteins?
Interferons
Thyroid hormone contains the mineral:
Iodine
A hormone that helps regulate the sodium ion concentration of the blood as well as blood volume is:
Aldosterone
Which statement best describes arteries?
All carry blood away from the heart.
Blood flow peripheral resistance is created by: a. All of these are true b. Vessel length c. Turbulence in the blood d. Blood viscosity
All of these are true
The most important vitamin in the blood clotting process is Vitamin ________
K
The arteries that feed directly into the capillary beds are called:
Arterioles
Which of the following CANNOT be measured on an EKG/ECG
Atrial repolarization
Which immune system disorder results when the system that recognizes and ignores normal or self-antigens malfunctions?
Autoimmunity
Free hormones generally last in the blood stream for:
Less than an hour
Which type of hormones need transport proteins?
Lipid-soluble steroid hormones
White blood cells that are important in producing antibodies and fighting viruses are the:
Lymphocytes
The cardiovascular centers of the brain are located at the base of the brainstem in the:
Medulla oblongata
Platelets are formed from cells in the bone marrow called:
Megakaryocytes
The pineal gland produces ________ which controls ________ cycles
Melatonin...Sleep/Wake
Characteristics of a secondary immune response include:
More extensive and prolonged response than the initial response
The regurgitation of blood that is heard with a stethoscope is called a ________ while the heart abnormalities found with an ECG/EKG is called a ________
Murmur...Arrhythmia
Every blood cell (except lymphocytes) comes from the ________ stem cell
Myeloid
The type of lymphocyte involved in immunological surveillance that is on the lookout for virus infected cells and cancerous cells is:
Natural Killer cells
Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?
Right lymphatic duct
The correct sequence of parts that function to carry cardiac electrical impulses is:
S-A node, A-V node, A-V bundle, Purkinje fibers
The pacemaker cells of the heart are located in the:
SA node
The property of immunity that refers to a response to a certain antigen and only that antigen is:
Specificity
The two MOST important factors affecting blood pressure are:
Cardiac output and peripheral resistance
Which of the following can affect blood pressure?
Cardiac output, Peripheral resistance, Blood volume
The cusps of the atrioventricular valves are attached to papillary muscles by the:
Chordae tendineae
The normal heart sounds S1 and S2 are caused by which of the following events:
Closure of the heart valves
The hormone that is commonly called your "stress hormone" is:
Cortisol
Which type of Lymphocyte is involved in Cellular Immunity?
T-cells
An example of 2 hormones that have a synergistic effect are:
Testosterone and Estrogen
The Hypothalamus controls secretions of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland by way of:
The secretion of regulatory hormones (releasing/inhibiting hormones)
Which of the flowing statements about red blood cells is TRUE
Their shape is biconcave, They are specialized for carrying oxygen, They contain the pigment hemoglobin
Which of the flowing statements about red blood cells is FALSE:
They have a large multi-lobed nuclei
The portion of the spleen that is primarily lymphoid in nature is the ________ pulp
White
Which gland produces the "male" sex hormones (androgens) in women?
adrenal glands
Most hormones are classified as:
amino acid based
An abnormal reading on an EKG/ECG indicates the presence of:
arrhythmia
White blood cells that release histamine and heparin at the site of injury are:
basophils
The bicuspid or mitral valve is located:
between left atrium and left ventricle
What type of muscle tissue has intercalated discs?
cardiac muscle tissue
The function of hemoglobin is to:
carry oxygen
The process of fibrinolysis:
dissolves clots
Which of the following is insoluble in water (which allows it to clot blood)
fibrin
The plasma proteins that are necessary for blood clotting are the:
fibrinogens
The pancreatic hormone that raises your blood sugar in the fasted state (overnight or between meals) is:
glucagon
More than 95% of the protein in a red blood cell is:
hemoglobin
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses
hormones; neurotransmitters
The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow:
in one direction only
Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called:
innate
The pancreatic hormone that lowers your blood sugar after a meal is:
insulin
Lymph is most similar to:
interstitial fluid
The pulmonary veins carry blood into the:
left atrium
The majority of the plasma proteins in your blood are produced by the ________
liver
The heart lies in the:
mediastinum
The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the:
neutrophils
B-Cells become ________ cells before they produce the antibodies involved in the humoral immune response
plasma cells
The hormone Oxytocin:
promotes uterine contractions
The pulmonary semilunar valve guards the entrance to the:
pulmonary trunk
If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)/Stress response system
resistance
Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the ________ from the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
right atrium
Memory T-cells and memory B-cells play a role in the ________ immune response
secondary
________ are capillary beds that have large gaps and need macrophages to monitor their openings
sinusoid
The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a single contraction is called the:
stroke volume
Which type of cells inhibit the activation of T-cells?
suppressor T-cells/Regulatory T-cells
The adrenal gland is a part of the ________ division of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic
________ is to contraction as ________ is to relaxation
systole; diastole
The class of antibody that is most important in allergic responses is:
IgE
Although all classes of antibodies are in breastmilk, what is the only class of antibody that crosses the placenta into the developing fetus?
IgG
Which class of antibody is the most numerous?
IgG
What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?
1. Right atrium 2. Tricuspid valve 3. Right ventricle 4. Pulmonary semilunar valve 5. Left atrium 6. Bicuspid/mitral valve 7. Left ventricle 8. Aortic semilunar valve
How long is the delay in the conducting system at the AV node?
100 milliseconds
The average lifespan of a red blood cell is:
120 days
The total blood volume in the body of a 170 pound man is approximately ________ liters
5-6q
The formed elements of the blood include:
Blood cells and cell fragments
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes:
Both Oxytocin and ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
White blood cells that increase in number during an allergic reaction or in response to parasitic infections are the:
Eosinophils
Which hormone (from the kidneys) assist parathyroid hormone in its duties?
Erythropoietin (EPO)????
Endocrine glands use ducts
False (exocrine)
The gonadotropin hormone that leads to an increase in estrogen production in women is called ________
Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH)
The hormones that are actually active are know as ________ hormones
Free
Most of the lymph fluid originates from:
Greater filtration at capillary beds than reabsorption
The hormone that has an effect on all human cells is:
Growth hormone
The type of T-cell that regulates the control of both T-cells and B-cells are:
Helper T-cells
The most common blood type in America is ________
O+
A person's blood type is determined by the:
Presence or absence of specific antigens on the cell membrane
After B-cells become plasma cells they:
Produce antibodies
The hormone responsible for the PRODUCTION of breast milk is __________
Prolactin
The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to:
Pump blood with greater pressure/force
Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on a electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG) by the:
QRS Complex
Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for which of the following cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness (rubor), Warmth/Heat (calor), Swelling (tumor)
The T-Wave on an EKG readout is measuring:
Ventricular repolarization
The lymphatic organ which gradually decreases in size after puberty and also becomes increasingly fibrous is the:
thymus
Functions of the blood include all of the following
transport of nutrients and waste products, Restricting fluid loss, Defense against pathogens
The drug that can prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn is called RhoGam
true
The blood type that is considered the Universal Donor is:
type O
A normal, healthy adult has more blood in their ________ system
venous
Blood plays a key role in the REGULATION of body temperature because it is slightly ________ than the rest of your body
warmer