Anatomy Intro and the Cell

Integral proteins

- Can act as receptors - Can act as membrane channels - Are embedded within the phospholipid bilayer

Cell membrane

- It consists of a phospholipid bilayer - It can merge with intracellular membranous vesicles - It isolates the cytoplasm from the surrounding environment - It is a selectively permeable membrane

Cholesterol is about ____ of the plasma membrane lipids

20%

Transport protein

A protein that spans the cell membrane completely and assists the movement of a substance across the membrane

Visualizing the body in the _____ position is significant because all observers have a common point of reference when describing and discussing its regions.

Anatomic

Nervous Tissue

Conducts impulses for internal communication

What are functions of human body cells?

Covering, communication, movement, storage

Eplithelial tissue

Covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities

What is NOT a function of human body cells?

Dedifferentiation

Cardiovascular System

Distributes hormones, nutrients, and gases: picks up waste products

Nuclear envolope

Double membrane boundary between cytoplasm and nuclear contents

Which region typically contains the part of the liver, part of the stomach, the duodenum, part of the pancreas, and both adrenal glands?

Epigastric

Chromosome

Filamentous association of DNA and histone proteins

Urinary System

Filters the blood: concentrates waste products

Muscular System

Generates heat

______ form about 90% of all the membrane molecules that have carbohydrates attached to their external surface

Glycoproteins

Which of the abdominopelvic regions typically contains the spleen?

Left hypochondriac region

What type of material passes readily through the cell membrane?

Lipid soluble materials

Which organ system is responsible for the initiation of the immune response?

Lymphatic System

Lysosomes structure

Membrane sacs with digestive enzymes

Organelles

Membrane-bound and non-membrane-bound structures of the cell that carry out specific functions

Peroxisomes structure

Membrane-enclosed sacs, usually contain large amounts of specific enzymes to break down harmful substances

Which of the following is NOT part of the plasma membrane: Transport proteins, receptors, mitochondria, phospholipids

Mitochondria

Golgi apparatus

Modifies, packages, and sorts newly synthesized proteins for secretion, inclusion in new plasma membrane, or lysosomal enzyme synthesis

What is a main factor that influences membrane permeability?

Molecular size

Examples of lipids

Oils, steroids, cholesterol, fats

Nuclear pores

Openings through the nuclear envelope

When the nose, pharynx, and trachea collaborate to clean, warm, humidify, and conduct air from the atmosphere to the gas exchange lungs, which level of organization is depicted?

Organ System level

In which structural levels do different tissue types combine to form a functional structure?

Organ level

Different tissue types combine to form

Organs

A surgeon is about to access the heart by cutting through the serous membranes. Which one will he cut first?

Parietal pericardium

The ____ lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Parietal peritoneum

______ are not embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

Peripheral proteins

The ____ forms the outer, limiting barrier separating the internal contents of the cell from the external environment.

Plasma membrane

The cell structure that functions as a "gatekeeper" to regulate the passage of gases, nutrients, and wastes between the internal and external environments is the

Plasma membrane

A patient is bleeding into the space between the visceral and parietal serous membranes surrounding his left lung. What is this space called?

Pleural cavity

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Muscle Tissue

Produces movement

Connective Tissue

Protects, supports, and interconnects body parts and organs

Transmembrane proteins

Proteins that assist the movement of a substance across the cell membrane

Glycoprotein

Proteins with attached carbohydrate groups

Digestive system

Responsible for nutrient absorption

Osmosis

Simple diffusion of water

Golgi apparatus structure

Stacked series of flattened, smooth membrane sacs with associated transport vesicles

Smooth ER

Synthesizes lipids Metabolizes carbohydrates Detoxifies drugs, alcohol Transport of lipids

Rough ER

Synthesizes proteins for secretion, new proteins for the plasma membrane, and lysosomal enzymes

Nucleolus

Synthesizes rRNA and assembles ribosomes in the nucleus

Integumentary system

Synthesizes vitamin D: prevents water loss

Interstitial fluid

The extracellular fluid found in the microscopic spaces between closely-packed epithelial cells

What is found in the cell membrane?

Transport proteins, cholesterol, phospholipids, receptors

Although there is only one midsagittal plane, there are multiple possibilities of sagittal planes.

True

True or False: Water molecules can pass through the phospholipid bilayer

True

True or false: Membrane channels and receptors are examples of integral proteins

True

On the anterior surface of the body, the anatomical term for the region inferior to the thorax and superior to the hip bones is the _______ region.

abdominal, umbilical, or hypogastric

Lipids

are substances that are insoluble in water; examples include fats and oils

The three components of most human body cells are the

cell membrane, cytoplasm (which contains organelles), and the nucleus

The glycocalyx helps the glycolipid molecules of the plasma membrane participate in

cell-cell recognition, intracellular adhesion, and communication

One of the main factors that influence membrane permeability is _____

concentration gradient

Nucleus

controls protein synthesis and directs the functional and structural characteristics of the cell

The visceral pleura

covers the external surface of the lungs

Cytosol and all the organelles suspended within it make up the

cytoplasm

General term for cellular contents

cytoplasm

The nucleus is surrounded by a

double membrane

Mitochondria structure

double membrane structures with cristae

Integral proteins

embedded within and extend across the phospholipid bilayer

Some membrane proteins catalyze (speed up) the rate of metabolic reactions. These proteins are acting as ______

enzymes

4 major tissue types in the body

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Transport proteins are also called

escort proteins

Rough ER structure

flattened intracellular network of membrane sacs called cisternae; ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic surface

Lipids with attached carbohydrate groups

glycolipids

The plasma membrane is made up of 3 types of lipids. These 3 lipid fractions are the

glycolipids, phospholipids, and cholesterol

The right and left _____ regions are inferior areas located _____ to the hypogastric region

iliac, lateral

2 types of proteins in the plasma membrane

integral and peripheral

Smooth ER structure

interconnected network of membrane tubules and vesicles; no ribosomes attached

The plasma membrane allows certain substances to be transported into the cell by passive processes. These substances include _____

ions

Epithelial cells

line internal surfaces of organs

Functions of human body cells

making connections, producing new cells, providing for defense, lining surfaces

A patient has a lesion in her umbilical area. The lesion is on her

navel

A concentration of RNA within the nucleus is located in the

nucleolus

The anatomical term for eye

orbital

Small intestine is an example of a(n)

organ

The serous membrane forming the outermost layer of the sac that surrounds the heart is the

parietal pericardium

The _____ lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall.

parietal pleura

Regarding the serous membranes of the ventral cavity, a _____ layer lines the internal surface of the body wall, while a ______ layer covers the external surface of organs

parietal, visceral

The main structure of the plasma membrane

phospholipid bilayer

Cytoplasm

place of many metabolic processes of the cell

Calcaneal is to heel as ______ is to sole of the foot

plantar

The ____ membrane is also called the cell membrane

plasma or cytoplasmic

The anatomical term for the central-most anterior region of the pelvis is

pubic

Cell membranes can regulate the transport of materials into and out fo the cell. Thus, cell membranes are said to be _____ permeable

selectively or semi

Cholesterol is scattered within the hydrophobic regions of the phospholipid bilayer, where it strengthens the membrane and ____ it at extreme temperatures

stabilizes

The anatomical term for the medial aspect of the leg, between the knee and ankle, is

tibial

A group of muscles cells performing a common function would be called a(n)

tissue

Organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions are______

tissues

Organs of the thoracic cavity include the

trachea, heart, lungs

The anatomical term for navel

umbilical

The ______ canal contains the spinal cord

vertebral or spinal

The _____ pericardium forms the heart's external surface.

visceral

Serous membranes from two layers

visceral and parietal

The _____ covers the surfaces of most digestive organs.

visceral peritoneum