Anatomy Intro and the Cell
Integral proteins
- Can act as receptors - Can act as membrane channels - Are embedded within the phospholipid bilayer
Cell membrane
- It consists of a phospholipid bilayer - It can merge with intracellular membranous vesicles - It isolates the cytoplasm from the surrounding environment - It is a selectively permeable membrane
Cholesterol is about ____ of the plasma membrane lipids
20%
Transport protein
A protein that spans the cell membrane completely and assists the movement of a substance across the membrane
Visualizing the body in the _____ position is significant because all observers have a common point of reference when describing and discussing its regions.
Anatomic
Nervous Tissue
Conducts impulses for internal communication
What are functions of human body cells?
Covering, communication, movement, storage
Eplithelial tissue
Covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities
What is NOT a function of human body cells?
Dedifferentiation
Cardiovascular System
Distributes hormones, nutrients, and gases: picks up waste products
Nuclear envolope
Double membrane boundary between cytoplasm and nuclear contents
Which region typically contains the part of the liver, part of the stomach, the duodenum, part of the pancreas, and both adrenal glands?
Epigastric
Chromosome
Filamentous association of DNA and histone proteins
Urinary System
Filters the blood: concentrates waste products
Muscular System
Generates heat
______ form about 90% of all the membrane molecules that have carbohydrates attached to their external surface
Glycoproteins
Which of the abdominopelvic regions typically contains the spleen?
Left hypochondriac region
What type of material passes readily through the cell membrane?
Lipid soluble materials
Which organ system is responsible for the initiation of the immune response?
Lymphatic System
Lysosomes structure
Membrane sacs with digestive enzymes
Organelles
Membrane-bound and non-membrane-bound structures of the cell that carry out specific functions
Peroxisomes structure
Membrane-enclosed sacs, usually contain large amounts of specific enzymes to break down harmful substances
Which of the following is NOT part of the plasma membrane: Transport proteins, receptors, mitochondria, phospholipids
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Modifies, packages, and sorts newly synthesized proteins for secretion, inclusion in new plasma membrane, or lysosomal enzyme synthesis
What is a main factor that influences membrane permeability?
Molecular size
Examples of lipids
Oils, steroids, cholesterol, fats
Nuclear pores
Openings through the nuclear envelope
When the nose, pharynx, and trachea collaborate to clean, warm, humidify, and conduct air from the atmosphere to the gas exchange lungs, which level of organization is depicted?
Organ System level
In which structural levels do different tissue types combine to form a functional structure?
Organ level
Different tissue types combine to form
Organs
A surgeon is about to access the heart by cutting through the serous membranes. Which one will he cut first?
Parietal pericardium
The ____ lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity.
Parietal peritoneum
______ are not embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
Peripheral proteins
The ____ forms the outer, limiting barrier separating the internal contents of the cell from the external environment.
Plasma membrane
The cell structure that functions as a "gatekeeper" to regulate the passage of gases, nutrients, and wastes between the internal and external environments is the
Plasma membrane
A patient is bleeding into the space between the visceral and parietal serous membranes surrounding his left lung. What is this space called?
Pleural cavity
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell
Muscle Tissue
Produces movement
Connective Tissue
Protects, supports, and interconnects body parts and organs
Transmembrane proteins
Proteins that assist the movement of a substance across the cell membrane
Glycoprotein
Proteins with attached carbohydrate groups
Digestive system
Responsible for nutrient absorption
Osmosis
Simple diffusion of water
Golgi apparatus structure
Stacked series of flattened, smooth membrane sacs with associated transport vesicles
Smooth ER
Synthesizes lipids Metabolizes carbohydrates Detoxifies drugs, alcohol Transport of lipids
Rough ER
Synthesizes proteins for secretion, new proteins for the plasma membrane, and lysosomal enzymes
Nucleolus
Synthesizes rRNA and assembles ribosomes in the nucleus
Integumentary system
Synthesizes vitamin D: prevents water loss
Interstitial fluid
The extracellular fluid found in the microscopic spaces between closely-packed epithelial cells
What is found in the cell membrane?
Transport proteins, cholesterol, phospholipids, receptors
Although there is only one midsagittal plane, there are multiple possibilities of sagittal planes.
True
True or False: Water molecules can pass through the phospholipid bilayer
True
True or false: Membrane channels and receptors are examples of integral proteins
True
On the anterior surface of the body, the anatomical term for the region inferior to the thorax and superior to the hip bones is the _______ region.
abdominal, umbilical, or hypogastric
Lipids
are substances that are insoluble in water; examples include fats and oils
The three components of most human body cells are the
cell membrane, cytoplasm (which contains organelles), and the nucleus
The glycocalyx helps the glycolipid molecules of the plasma membrane participate in
cell-cell recognition, intracellular adhesion, and communication
One of the main factors that influence membrane permeability is _____
concentration gradient
Nucleus
controls protein synthesis and directs the functional and structural characteristics of the cell
The visceral pleura
covers the external surface of the lungs
Cytosol and all the organelles suspended within it make up the
cytoplasm
General term for cellular contents
cytoplasm
The nucleus is surrounded by a
double membrane
Mitochondria structure
double membrane structures with cristae
Integral proteins
embedded within and extend across the phospholipid bilayer
Some membrane proteins catalyze (speed up) the rate of metabolic reactions. These proteins are acting as ______
enzymes
4 major tissue types in the body
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Transport proteins are also called
escort proteins
Rough ER structure
flattened intracellular network of membrane sacs called cisternae; ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic surface
Lipids with attached carbohydrate groups
glycolipids
The plasma membrane is made up of 3 types of lipids. These 3 lipid fractions are the
glycolipids, phospholipids, and cholesterol
The right and left _____ regions are inferior areas located _____ to the hypogastric region
iliac, lateral
2 types of proteins in the plasma membrane
integral and peripheral
Smooth ER structure
interconnected network of membrane tubules and vesicles; no ribosomes attached
The plasma membrane allows certain substances to be transported into the cell by passive processes. These substances include _____
ions
Epithelial cells
line internal surfaces of organs
Functions of human body cells
making connections, producing new cells, providing for defense, lining surfaces
A patient has a lesion in her umbilical area. The lesion is on her
navel
A concentration of RNA within the nucleus is located in the
nucleolus
The anatomical term for eye
orbital
Small intestine is an example of a(n)
organ
The serous membrane forming the outermost layer of the sac that surrounds the heart is the
parietal pericardium
The _____ lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall.
parietal pleura
Regarding the serous membranes of the ventral cavity, a _____ layer lines the internal surface of the body wall, while a ______ layer covers the external surface of organs
parietal, visceral
The main structure of the plasma membrane
phospholipid bilayer
Cytoplasm
place of many metabolic processes of the cell
Calcaneal is to heel as ______ is to sole of the foot
plantar
The ____ membrane is also called the cell membrane
plasma or cytoplasmic
The anatomical term for the central-most anterior region of the pelvis is
pubic
Cell membranes can regulate the transport of materials into and out fo the cell. Thus, cell membranes are said to be _____ permeable
selectively or semi
Cholesterol is scattered within the hydrophobic regions of the phospholipid bilayer, where it strengthens the membrane and ____ it at extreme temperatures
stabilizes
The anatomical term for the medial aspect of the leg, between the knee and ankle, is
tibial
A group of muscles cells performing a common function would be called a(n)
tissue
Organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions are______
tissues
Organs of the thoracic cavity include the
trachea, heart, lungs
The anatomical term for navel
umbilical
The ______ canal contains the spinal cord
vertebral or spinal
The _____ pericardium forms the heart's external surface.
visceral
Serous membranes from two layers
visceral and parietal
The _____ covers the surfaces of most digestive organs.
visceral peritoneum