Anatomy Lab Test: Exercises 8-11

The presence of discs and the fact the vertebral column is in an S-shape permit flexibility.

Name two factors/structures that permit the flexibility of the vertebral column.

Line

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

Crest

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

greater tubercle (of humerus)

Large lateral prominence; site of the attachment of rotator cuff muscles

Tuberosity

Large rounded projection; may be roughened

frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary They lighten the facial bones and act as resonance chambers for speech.

List the bones that have sinuses and give 2 functions of the sinuses.

hyaline cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

Collagen fibers and cells

Name the important organic bone components

Ethmoid Bone

Superior and middle nasal conchae formed from its projections

Carpals

THe _____ are the wrist bones.

Metacarpals

The _____ form the palm of the had, and the heads of these bones form the knuckles.

Flat Bones

These bones are thin, flat, and curved. They form the ribs, breastbone, and skull.

ethmoid bone and vomer bone

Two bones that form the nasal septum

Trochanter

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (bony prominence)

neck of femur

Weakest part of the femur, the usual fracture site of a "broken hip"

(a)The eye socket or bony cavity that surrounds the eye. (b)frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxilla, palatine, and zygomatic.

What is the bony orbit? What 7 bones make up the bony orbit?

Fibrocartilage

What kind of tissue makes up the intervertebral discs?

It is in contact with all of the other cranial bones

Why can the sphenoid bone be called the keystone bone of the cranium?

Sinus

bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

Maxilla Bone

anterior part of hard palate; forms upper jaw

Ramus

armlike bar of bone

Head of radius

articulates with capitulum of humerus. Proximal end of radius.

Occipital Bone

back of head. Has condyles that articulate with the atlas.

Irregular Bones

bones of the vertebrae and face are what classification

Short Bones

bones of the wrist and ankles. Cube shaped. Contains more spongy bone than compact bones. (Tarsals and Carpals)

Long Bones

bones that are longer than they are wide (the bones of the arm & legs). Has least amount of spongy bone relative to it's volume.

Head

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Process

bony prominence

Nasal Bone

bridge of nose

Meatus

canal-like passageway

greater sciatic notch

deep notch located inferior to the posterior inferior iliac spine; allows the sciatic nerve to enter the thigh

trochlear notch

deep notch that separates the olecranon and the coronoid process; articulates with the trochlea of the humerus

intercondylar fossa

depression between the condyles and beneath the popliteal surface

Head of ulna

distal end of ulna

ulnar styloid process

distal pointed projection; located medial to the head of the ulna

radial styloid process

distal prominence; site of attachment for ligaments that travel to the wrist

inferior articular surface

distal surface of the tibia that articulates with the talus

Yellow Bone Marrow

fatty tissue found in the medullary (shaft of bone) cavity

Acromial end

flat, lateral end that connects with the acromion.

inferior nasal conchae

form the most inferior turbinate

Frontal

forms the anterior cranium, forehead

lateral malleolus of fibula

forms the lateral bulge of the ankle and articulates with the talus

medial malleolus of tibia

forms the medial bulge of the ankle

Notch

indentation at the edge of a structure

inferior pubic ramus

inferior extension of the body of the pubis; articulates with the ischium

intercondylar eminence

irregular projection located between the two condyles

Elastic Cartilage

known for flexibility; found in external ear and epiglottis

olecranon fossa

large distal posterior depression that accommodates the olecranon of the ulna

greater trochanter of femur

large lateral projection; serves as a site for muscle attachment on the proximal femur

lesser trochanter of femur

large posteromedial projection; serves as a site for muscle attachment on the proximal femur

pubic tubercle

lateral end of the pubic crest; lateral attachment for the inguinal ligament

Acromion

lateral end of the scapula, extending over the shoulder joint

ischial spine

located superior to the ischial tuberosity and projects medially into the pelvic cavity

linea aspera of femur

long vertical ridge of bone on the posterior shaft of the femur

osteocytes

mature bone cells

radial tuberosity

medial prominence just below the head of the radius; site of attachment of the biceps brachii

Endosteum

membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

Parietal Bone

much of the lateral and superior cranium

deep socket and ligaments

name two important factors that contribute to the stability of the hip joints.

ischial ramus

narrow portion of the bone that articulates with the pubis

Epiphyseal Lines

once the long bone has stopped growing, these areas are replaced with bone and appear as thin, barely discernible remnants

Turbinate

one of three bony projections into nasal cavity

Sternal End

part of the clavicle that connects to the sternum, the medial end of clavicle

Fovea capitis

pit in the head of a femur

Olecranon

point of elbow

Palatine Bone

posterior part of hard palate

Red Bone Marrow

produces blood cells

Coracoid process of scapula

projects above glenoid cavity, hooklike. Helps attach biceps

intertrochanteric crest

prominent ridge of bone that connects the two trochanters posteriorly

Fibrocartilage

provides strength and shock absorption; found in between vertibrae, knee joints, and hip joints.

head of fibula

proximal end of fibula

ischial tuberosity

receives the weight of the body when sitting

lamellae

rings around the central canal, sites of lacunae

medial epicondyle of humerus

rough condyle proximal to the trochlea

auricular surface

rough medial surface that articulates with the auricular surface of the sacrum, forming the sacroiliac joint

tibial tuberosity

roughened anterior surface; site of patellar ligament attachment

Condyle

rounded articular projection

Capitulum

rounded knob on the humerus that articulates (connects) with the radius

central canal

runs through core of osteon, contains blood vessels and nerve fibers

suprascapular notch

serves as a nerve and blood vessel passageway

Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

iliac fossa

shallow depression below the iliac crest; forms the internal surface of the ilium

coronoid process of ulna

shaped like a point on a crown; articulates with the trochlea of the humerus

anterior border of tibia

sharp ridge of bone easily palpated because it is close to the surface

Spine

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

superior border (of scapula)

short, sharp border located superiorly (top)

Scapula

shoulder blade

Sphenoid Bone

single, irregular, bat-shaped bone, forming part of the cranial floor

Temporal Bone

site of mastoid process. Organ of hearing found here.

Lateral Condyle of tibia

slightly concave surface that articulates with the lateral condyle of the femur; the inferior region of this condyle articulates with the fibula to form the superior tibiofibular joint

medial condyle of tibia

slightly concave surface that articulates with the medial condyle of the femur

lacunae

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

lateral epicondyle of humerus

small condyle proximal to the capitulum

Ulnar notch

small distal depression that accommodates the head of the ulna, forming the distal radioulnar joint

Radial fossa

small lateral depression; receives the head of the radius when the forearm is flexed

Coronoid fossa

small medial anterior depression; receives the coronoid process of the ulna when the forearm is flexed

Lesser Tubercle (of humerus)

small medial prominence; site of attachment of rotator cuff muscles

radial groove of humerus

small posterior groove, marks the course of the radial nerve

anterior inferior iliac spine

small projection located just below the anterior superior iliac spine

posterior inferior iliac spine

small projection located just below the posterior superior iliac spine

radial notch of ulna

small proximal lateral notch that articulates with the head of the radius; forms part of the proximal radioulnar joint

Tubercle

small rounded projection

patellar surface

smooth distal anterior surface between the condyles; articulates with the patella

fibular notch of tibia

smooth lateral surface that articulates with the fibula to form the inferior tibiofibular joint

Facet

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

glenoid cavity

socket in scapular that receives head of humerus

anterior superior iliac spine

the blunt anterior end of the iliac crest

posterior superior iliac spine

the sharp posterior end of the iliac crest

Medial and Lateral supracondylar lines

two lines that diverge from the linea aspera and travel to their respective condyles

Medial and Lateral Condyles

Distal "wheel shaped" projections that articulate with the tibia, each condyle has a corresponding epicondyle

Trochela

A flared medial condyle that articulates with the ulna

intertubercular sulcus

A groove separating the greater and lesser tubercles; the tendon of the biceps brachii lies in this groove

subscapular fossa

A large shallow depression that forms the anterior (front) surface of scapula.

digits, 14, phalanges

A single finger bone is called a _____. Each hand has _____ finger bones, called _____.

conoid tubercle of clavicle

A small, cone-shaped projection located on the lateral (away from body), inferior (bottom) end of the bone; serves to anchor ligaments

The proliferation and hypertrophic zones would be most affected as this is where mitosis and enlargement of the chondrocytes occur.

Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism caused by a dominant allele. The homozygous dominant genotype causes death, so individuals who have this condition are all heterozygotes. If a person with achondroplasia mates with a person who does not have achondroplasia, what percentage of their children would be expected to have achondroplasia?

to provide hardness, strength, and resist compression

Calcium salts from the bulk of the inorganic material in bone. What is the function of the calcium salts?

Epiphyseal Face: cartilage cells are resisting and relatively inactive. Right below, cartilage cells are rapidly producing. Diaphyseal: cartilage cells are dying and the matrix is calcifying and cartilage being replaced with bone.

Compare and contrast events occurring on the epiphyseal and diaphyseal faces of the epiphyseal plate.

Spinal nerves exit through intervertebral foramen located between adjacent discs.

Describe how the spinal nerve exits from the vertebral column.

True ribs attach to the sternum False ribs lack a sternal attachment

Differentiate between true rib and false rib.

Epiphysis

End of a long bone

The bones lack the mineral components of healthy bones, so they would resemble bones soaked in acid

In a child with rickets, the bones are not properly calcified. Which treated bone in Activity 2 would most closely resemble the bones of a child with rickets and why?

Epicondyle

Raised area on or above a condyle

Foramen

Round or oval opening through a bone

Fossa

Shallow depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

clavical and scapula

The bones that form the pectoral girdle are the _______&______.

Synovial Membrane

The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space is _____.

Sternum and Ribs

The major bony components of the thorax are _______&______.

Fibroblast for outer layer and osteoblast for the inner layer

The pain in the leg that is referred to as "shin splints" is often caused by microtears in the periosteum and perforating fibers. These tears lead to inflammation in the periosteum. Considering the type of tissue found in the periosteum, which cells do you think would be most involved in the repair process?

Humerus, Radial, and Ulna

The upper limb is formed by the arm bone, the ______, and the two bones of the forearm, the _____&_____.

Hyoid Bone

a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue.

infraspinous fossa

a broad depression located inferior (below) to the spine of the scapula

periosteum

a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

supraspinous fossa

a depression located superior (top) to the spine of scapula

Fissure

a narrow, slit-like opening through a bone

spine of scapula

a ridge of bone on the posterior surface that is easily felt through the skin

arcuate line

a ridge of bone that runs inferiorly and anteriorly from the auricular surface

deltoid tuberosity

a roughened area about midway down the shaft of the lateral humerus; site of attachment of the deltoid muscle

What is a herniated disc?

a ruptured intervertebral disc that leaks its internal gel

adductor tubercle of femur

a small bump on the superior portion of the medial epicondyle; attachment site for the large adductor magnus muscle

lesser sciatic notch

a small notch located inferior to the ischial spine

Zygomatic bone

cheek bone

Perforating Fibers

collagen fibers that penetrate into the bone

Clavicle

collar bone

What problems might a herniated disc cause?

compresses nerves causing pain.

articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

superior pubic ramus

superior extension of the body of the pubis

Articular Surface

surface of a bone that moves against another bone.

articular surface of pubis

surface of each pubis that combines with fibrocartilage to form the pubic symphysis

pubic crest

thick anterior border

lateral (axillary) border

thick border that is closest to the armpit and ends superiorly with the glenoid cavity

iliac crest

thick superior margin of bone

Epiphyseal Plate

thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides for longitudinal growth of the bone during youth

gluteal tuberosity

thin ridge of bone located posteriorly; serves as a site for muscle attachment on the proximal femur

intertrochanteric line

thin ridge of bone that connects the two trochanters anteriorly

medial (vertebral) border

thin, long border that runs roughly parallel to the vertebral column (up and down)

Lacrimal Bone

tiny bones bearing tear ducts

Canaliculi

tiny canals connecting osteocytes of an osteon