Anatomy Lab Test: Exercises 8-11
The presence of discs and the fact the vertebral column is in an S-shape permit flexibility.
Name two factors/structures that permit the flexibility of the vertebral column.
Line
Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
Crest
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
greater tubercle (of humerus)
Large lateral prominence; site of the attachment of rotator cuff muscles
Tuberosity
Large rounded projection; may be roughened
frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary They lighten the facial bones and act as resonance chambers for speech.
List the bones that have sinuses and give 2 functions of the sinuses.
hyaline cartilage
Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose
Collagen fibers and cells
Name the important organic bone components
Ethmoid Bone
Superior and middle nasal conchae formed from its projections
Carpals
THe _____ are the wrist bones.
Metacarpals
The _____ form the palm of the had, and the heads of these bones form the knuckles.
Flat Bones
These bones are thin, flat, and curved. They form the ribs, breastbone, and skull.
ethmoid bone and vomer bone
Two bones that form the nasal septum
Trochanter
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (bony prominence)
neck of femur
Weakest part of the femur, the usual fracture site of a "broken hip"
(a)The eye socket or bony cavity that surrounds the eye. (b)frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxilla, palatine, and zygomatic.
What is the bony orbit? What 7 bones make up the bony orbit?
Fibrocartilage
What kind of tissue makes up the intervertebral discs?
It is in contact with all of the other cranial bones
Why can the sphenoid bone be called the keystone bone of the cranium?
Sinus
bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
Maxilla Bone
anterior part of hard palate; forms upper jaw
Ramus
armlike bar of bone
Head of radius
articulates with capitulum of humerus. Proximal end of radius.
Occipital Bone
back of head. Has condyles that articulate with the atlas.
Irregular Bones
bones of the vertebrae and face are what classification
Short Bones
bones of the wrist and ankles. Cube shaped. Contains more spongy bone than compact bones. (Tarsals and Carpals)
Long Bones
bones that are longer than they are wide (the bones of the arm & legs). Has least amount of spongy bone relative to it's volume.
Head
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Process
bony prominence
Nasal Bone
bridge of nose
Meatus
canal-like passageway
greater sciatic notch
deep notch located inferior to the posterior inferior iliac spine; allows the sciatic nerve to enter the thigh
trochlear notch
deep notch that separates the olecranon and the coronoid process; articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
intercondylar fossa
depression between the condyles and beneath the popliteal surface
Head of ulna
distal end of ulna
ulnar styloid process
distal pointed projection; located medial to the head of the ulna
radial styloid process
distal prominence; site of attachment for ligaments that travel to the wrist
inferior articular surface
distal surface of the tibia that articulates with the talus
Yellow Bone Marrow
fatty tissue found in the medullary (shaft of bone) cavity
Acromial end
flat, lateral end that connects with the acromion.
inferior nasal conchae
form the most inferior turbinate
Frontal
forms the anterior cranium, forehead
lateral malleolus of fibula
forms the lateral bulge of the ankle and articulates with the talus
medial malleolus of tibia
forms the medial bulge of the ankle
Notch
indentation at the edge of a structure
inferior pubic ramus
inferior extension of the body of the pubis; articulates with the ischium
intercondylar eminence
irregular projection located between the two condyles
Elastic Cartilage
known for flexibility; found in external ear and epiglottis
olecranon fossa
large distal posterior depression that accommodates the olecranon of the ulna
greater trochanter of femur
large lateral projection; serves as a site for muscle attachment on the proximal femur
lesser trochanter of femur
large posteromedial projection; serves as a site for muscle attachment on the proximal femur
pubic tubercle
lateral end of the pubic crest; lateral attachment for the inguinal ligament
Acromion
lateral end of the scapula, extending over the shoulder joint
ischial spine
located superior to the ischial tuberosity and projects medially into the pelvic cavity
linea aspera of femur
long vertical ridge of bone on the posterior shaft of the femur
osteocytes
mature bone cells
radial tuberosity
medial prominence just below the head of the radius; site of attachment of the biceps brachii
Endosteum
membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
Parietal Bone
much of the lateral and superior cranium
deep socket and ligaments
name two important factors that contribute to the stability of the hip joints.
ischial ramus
narrow portion of the bone that articulates with the pubis
Epiphyseal Lines
once the long bone has stopped growing, these areas are replaced with bone and appear as thin, barely discernible remnants
Turbinate
one of three bony projections into nasal cavity
Sternal End
part of the clavicle that connects to the sternum, the medial end of clavicle
Fovea capitis
pit in the head of a femur
Olecranon
point of elbow
Palatine Bone
posterior part of hard palate
Red Bone Marrow
produces blood cells
Coracoid process of scapula
projects above glenoid cavity, hooklike. Helps attach biceps
intertrochanteric crest
prominent ridge of bone that connects the two trochanters posteriorly
Fibrocartilage
provides strength and shock absorption; found in between vertibrae, knee joints, and hip joints.
head of fibula
proximal end of fibula
ischial tuberosity
receives the weight of the body when sitting
lamellae
rings around the central canal, sites of lacunae
medial epicondyle of humerus
rough condyle proximal to the trochlea
auricular surface
rough medial surface that articulates with the auricular surface of the sacrum, forming the sacroiliac joint
tibial tuberosity
roughened anterior surface; site of patellar ligament attachment
Condyle
rounded articular projection
Capitulum
rounded knob on the humerus that articulates (connects) with the radius
central canal
runs through core of osteon, contains blood vessels and nerve fibers
suprascapular notch
serves as a nerve and blood vessel passageway
Diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
iliac fossa
shallow depression below the iliac crest; forms the internal surface of the ilium
coronoid process of ulna
shaped like a point on a crown; articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
anterior border of tibia
sharp ridge of bone easily palpated because it is close to the surface
Spine
sharp, slender, often pointed projection
superior border (of scapula)
short, sharp border located superiorly (top)
Scapula
shoulder blade
Sphenoid Bone
single, irregular, bat-shaped bone, forming part of the cranial floor
Temporal Bone
site of mastoid process. Organ of hearing found here.
Lateral Condyle of tibia
slightly concave surface that articulates with the lateral condyle of the femur; the inferior region of this condyle articulates with the fibula to form the superior tibiofibular joint
medial condyle of tibia
slightly concave surface that articulates with the medial condyle of the femur
lacunae
small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
lateral epicondyle of humerus
small condyle proximal to the capitulum
Ulnar notch
small distal depression that accommodates the head of the ulna, forming the distal radioulnar joint
Radial fossa
small lateral depression; receives the head of the radius when the forearm is flexed
Coronoid fossa
small medial anterior depression; receives the coronoid process of the ulna when the forearm is flexed
Lesser Tubercle (of humerus)
small medial prominence; site of attachment of rotator cuff muscles
radial groove of humerus
small posterior groove, marks the course of the radial nerve
anterior inferior iliac spine
small projection located just below the anterior superior iliac spine
posterior inferior iliac spine
small projection located just below the posterior superior iliac spine
radial notch of ulna
small proximal lateral notch that articulates with the head of the radius; forms part of the proximal radioulnar joint
Tubercle
small rounded projection
patellar surface
smooth distal anterior surface between the condyles; articulates with the patella
fibular notch of tibia
smooth lateral surface that articulates with the fibula to form the inferior tibiofibular joint
Facet
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
glenoid cavity
socket in scapular that receives head of humerus
anterior superior iliac spine
the blunt anterior end of the iliac crest
posterior superior iliac spine
the sharp posterior end of the iliac crest
Medial and Lateral supracondylar lines
two lines that diverge from the linea aspera and travel to their respective condyles
Medial and Lateral Condyles
Distal "wheel shaped" projections that articulate with the tibia, each condyle has a corresponding epicondyle
Trochela
A flared medial condyle that articulates with the ulna
intertubercular sulcus
A groove separating the greater and lesser tubercles; the tendon of the biceps brachii lies in this groove
subscapular fossa
A large shallow depression that forms the anterior (front) surface of scapula.
digits, 14, phalanges
A single finger bone is called a _____. Each hand has _____ finger bones, called _____.
conoid tubercle of clavicle
A small, cone-shaped projection located on the lateral (away from body), inferior (bottom) end of the bone; serves to anchor ligaments
The proliferation and hypertrophic zones would be most affected as this is where mitosis and enlargement of the chondrocytes occur.
Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism caused by a dominant allele. The homozygous dominant genotype causes death, so individuals who have this condition are all heterozygotes. If a person with achondroplasia mates with a person who does not have achondroplasia, what percentage of their children would be expected to have achondroplasia?
to provide hardness, strength, and resist compression
Calcium salts from the bulk of the inorganic material in bone. What is the function of the calcium salts?
Epiphyseal Face: cartilage cells are resisting and relatively inactive. Right below, cartilage cells are rapidly producing. Diaphyseal: cartilage cells are dying and the matrix is calcifying and cartilage being replaced with bone.
Compare and contrast events occurring on the epiphyseal and diaphyseal faces of the epiphyseal plate.
Spinal nerves exit through intervertebral foramen located between adjacent discs.
Describe how the spinal nerve exits from the vertebral column.
True ribs attach to the sternum False ribs lack a sternal attachment
Differentiate between true rib and false rib.
Epiphysis
End of a long bone
The bones lack the mineral components of healthy bones, so they would resemble bones soaked in acid
In a child with rickets, the bones are not properly calcified. Which treated bone in Activity 2 would most closely resemble the bones of a child with rickets and why?
Epicondyle
Raised area on or above a condyle
Foramen
Round or oval opening through a bone
Fossa
Shallow depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
clavical and scapula
The bones that form the pectoral girdle are the _______&______.
Synovial Membrane
The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space is _____.
Sternum and Ribs
The major bony components of the thorax are _______&______.
Fibroblast for outer layer and osteoblast for the inner layer
The pain in the leg that is referred to as "shin splints" is often caused by microtears in the periosteum and perforating fibers. These tears lead to inflammation in the periosteum. Considering the type of tissue found in the periosteum, which cells do you think would be most involved in the repair process?
Humerus, Radial, and Ulna
The upper limb is formed by the arm bone, the ______, and the two bones of the forearm, the _____&_____.
Hyoid Bone
a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue.
infraspinous fossa
a broad depression located inferior (below) to the spine of the scapula
periosteum
a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.
supraspinous fossa
a depression located superior (top) to the spine of scapula
Fissure
a narrow, slit-like opening through a bone
spine of scapula
a ridge of bone on the posterior surface that is easily felt through the skin
arcuate line
a ridge of bone that runs inferiorly and anteriorly from the auricular surface
deltoid tuberosity
a roughened area about midway down the shaft of the lateral humerus; site of attachment of the deltoid muscle
What is a herniated disc?
a ruptured intervertebral disc that leaks its internal gel
adductor tubercle of femur
a small bump on the superior portion of the medial epicondyle; attachment site for the large adductor magnus muscle
lesser sciatic notch
a small notch located inferior to the ischial spine
Zygomatic bone
cheek bone
Perforating Fibers
collagen fibers that penetrate into the bone
Clavicle
collar bone
What problems might a herniated disc cause?
compresses nerves causing pain.
articular cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints
superior pubic ramus
superior extension of the body of the pubis
Articular Surface
surface of a bone that moves against another bone.
articular surface of pubis
surface of each pubis that combines with fibrocartilage to form the pubic symphysis
pubic crest
thick anterior border
lateral (axillary) border
thick border that is closest to the armpit and ends superiorly with the glenoid cavity
iliac crest
thick superior margin of bone
Epiphyseal Plate
thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides for longitudinal growth of the bone during youth
gluteal tuberosity
thin ridge of bone located posteriorly; serves as a site for muscle attachment on the proximal femur
intertrochanteric line
thin ridge of bone that connects the two trochanters anteriorly
medial (vertebral) border
thin, long border that runs roughly parallel to the vertebral column (up and down)
Lacrimal Bone
tiny bones bearing tear ducts
Canaliculi
tiny canals connecting osteocytes of an osteon
