Anatomy Lecture exam 2
Which of the following selections correctly lists the sequence of events that occur during intramembranous ossification? A) Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum. B) Calcification > Ossification center develops > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum. C) Ossification center develops > Formation of trabeculae > Calcification > Development of new periosteum. D) Development of new periosteum > Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae. E) Ossification center develops > Calcification > Development of new periosteum > Formation of trabeculae.
A) Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum.
Joint ligaments that are tense restrict the range of motion and direct the movement of articulating bones with respect to each other. A) True B) False
A) True
The fibrous capsule of a synovial joint is a thickened continuation of the periosteum of the bones that articulate at the joint. A) True B) False
A) True
While playing soccer, Maria sustained an injury in which she over-stretched some of the ligaments in her left knee. No bones or muscles were injured. It would be correct to describe her knee injury as a sprain, and not a strain. A) True B) False
A) True
The joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum can be described by which term(s)? Select all that apply. A) a synchondrosis B) a synarthrosis C) a cartilaginous joint D) a synovial joint E) a diarthrosis
A) a synchondrosis
During childhood, bones growth in diameter by A) appositional growth B) interstitial growth C) inflectional growth D) all of these
A) appositional growth
The process of intramembranous ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of mesenchymal tissue. In contrast, endochondral ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of _____. A) hyaline cartilage B) periosteum C) articular cartilage D) adipose tissue E) none of these choices
A) hyaline cartilage
The prime mover of hip flexion is the __________. A) iliopsoas B) semitendinosus C) gluteus maximus D) biceps femoris
A) iliopsoas
Which of the following would not be a common occurrence at joints due to aging? A) ligaments become stretched and lengthen B) the amount of synovial fluid produced decreases C) osteoarthritis due to wear and tear on joints can occur D) articular cartilages become thinner E) exercise can help an older person maintain their range of motion
A) ligaments become stretched and lengthen
Which of the following adducts and flexes the hip? A) pectineus B) gluteus maximus C) biceps femoris D) quadratus femoris
A) pectineus
Nodding your head yes to answer a question occurs at the _________ joint. Shaking your head no to answer a question occurs at the __________. Both movements are occurring at a functionally classified __________ joint.
Atlanto-occipital Atlanto-axial Diarthrosis
_______ contribute(s) to the hardness of bone while ________ give(s) it flexibility. A) Mineral salts; collagen and other organics B) Collagen; mineral salts C) Proteins; hydroxyapatite D) Yellow bone marrow; collagen
B) Collagen; mineral salts
During the process of bone formation in a fetus, a primary ossification center develops in the epiphysis of a cartilage model of a long bone. A) True B) False
B) False
In primary ossification, the first type of bone that forms and replaces the cartilage model is compact bone. A) True B) False
B) False
Osteocytes within lacunae are only found in compact bone and not within the trabeculae of spongy bone. A) True B) False
B) False
An overactive parathyroid gland can cause A) Hypocalcemia B) Hypercalcemia C) Isocalcemia D) All of these
B) Hypercalcemia
Which of the following cartilaginous joints is/are correctly classified? A) Epiphyseal plate-Synarthrosis B) Joint between manubrium and first rib prior to adulthood-Synarthrosis C) Pubic symphysis-Amphiarthrosis D) All of these are correctly classified
B) Joint between manubrium and first rib prior to adulthood-Synarthrosis
The type of bone fracture characterized by the broken ends of the bone protruding through the skin is known as a(n) A) Closed (simple) fracture B) Open (compound) fracture C) Impacted fracture D) Pott's fracture E) Greenstick fracture
B) Open (compound) fracture
Why would running and jumping have a larger effect on bone health than walking? A) Osteoblasts are less active and osteoclast are more active when there is mechanical stress placed on bones. B) Osteoblasts are more active and osteoclast maintain normal activity when there is mechanical stress placed on bones. C) Mechanical stress does not have an influence on osteoblast and osteoclast activity. D) Running and jumping will prevent demineralization over time.
B) Osteoblasts are more active and osteoclast maintain normal activity when there is mechanical stress placed on bones.
Which of the following is mismatched? A) Periosteal arteries - supply the periosteum and outer part of the bone. B) The nutrient arteries enter through Volkmann's canals and supply the inner and outer part of the bone. C) Metaphyseal arteries help to supply the red bone marrow and tissue of the metaphysis. D) Epiphyseal arteries supply the epiphysis red bone marrow and tissue.
B) The nutrient arteries enter through Volkmann's canals and supply the inner and outer part of the bone.
Which ligament strengthens the posterior part of the knee joint? A) patellar ligament B) arcuate popliteal ligament C) lateral patellar retinacula D) medial patellar retinacula
B) arcuate popliteal ligament
Which of the following regions of bone would not undergo bone remodeling as frequently as the other regions? A) spongy bone B) compact bone C) bone subjected to new stresses D) damaged bone E) all of these have similar rates of remodeling
B) compact bone
A gomphosis is which type of joint? A) fibrous and a suture B) fibrous and a syndesmosis C) cartilaginous and a synchondrosis D) cartilaginous and a symphysis E) synovial
B) fibrous and syndesmosis
Because it is an immovable joint, the sagittal suture, which joins the two parietal bones of the skull, is classified as a _______. A) diarthrosis B) synarthrosis C) synovial joint D) amphiarthrosis E) cartilaginous joint
B) synarthrosis
Which of the following is an example of a uniaxial joint? A) the saddle joint between the thumb and trapezium of the wrist B) the hinge joint of the elbow C) the joint between a metacarpal and the proximal phalanx D) the ball-and-socket joint between the scapula and humerus E) the plane joints between the carpal bones (wrist)
B) the hinge joint between a metacarpal and the proximal phalanx
Which is a degenerative joint disease in which joint cartilage is gradually lost due to a combination of aging, obesity, wear and abrasion of the joints? A) gouty arthritis B) Lyme disease C) bursitis D) osteoarthritis E) synovitis
D) osteoarthritis
This tissue contains chondrocytes along with thick bundles of collagen fibers. A location for this tissue is A) pinna of the ear B) fetal skeletal C) tendons and ligaments D) pubic symphysis E) cervix of uterus
D) pubic symphysis
Articular discs 1. maintain the stability of a joint; 2. direct flow of the synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction; 3. are made of hyaline cartilage; 4. are only found in the vertebral column. A)1 only B) 2 only C) 3 only D) 4 only E) 1 and 2
E) 1 and 2
Which of the following structures is used to reduce friction in joints? 1. Bursae; 2. Synovial fluid; 3. Accessory ligaments; 4. Labrum A) 1 only B) 2 only C) 3 only D) 4 only E) 1 and 2
E) 1 and 2
Which is the proper sequence of steps in the healing of a fracture (the steps are listed below but are not in the correct sequence of events): 1 osteoblasts form trabecular bone that joins together the fractured ends of the bone and bony callus replaces fibrocartilage callus 2 bone remodeling occurs and compact bone replaces the spongy bone around the periphery of the fracture site 3 fibroblasts and chondrocytes from the periosteum form the fibrocartilage callus 4 a fracture hematoma forms and bone cells in the region of the fracture die 5 phagocytes and osteoclasts begin to remove the dead cells and damaged tissue around the hematoma A) 4, 5, 1, 2, 3 B) 5, 4, 3, 1, 2 C) 4, 5, 2, 3, 1 D) 3, 1, 2, 4, 5 E) 4, 5, 3, 1, 2
E) 4, 5, 3, 1, 2
Which of the following is mismatched? A) Planer joints - Biaxial or multiaxial B) Hinge joints - Uniaxial C) Condyloid joints - Biaxial D) Saddle joints - Biaxial E) Ball and socket - Biaxial
E) Ball and socket - Biaxial
Which of the following is a function of calcium in the body? A) nerve cells require extracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) for proper functioning B) Ca2+ is a cofactor needed for many enzymes to function properly C) Ca2+ is required for the process of blood clotting D) Ca2+ is needed by muscle cells for contraction E) all of these are important roles of calcium in the body
E) all of these are important roles of calcium in the body
Which factors help to keep the articular surfaces in contact and affect the range of motion? A) structure or shape of articular bones B) strength and tension (tautness) of the joint ligaments C) arrangement and tension of the muscles D) contact of soft parts E) all of these choices
E) all of these choices
Bursae are saclike structures that are commonly found between bone and A) skin. B) muscle. C) ligaments. D) tendons. E) all the other answer selections.
E) all of these selections
Bones that are generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue are A) sesamoid bones B) long bones C) short bones D) sutural bones E) flat bones
E) flat bones
Which of the following hormones are more important post-puberty for bone growth? A) insulin like growth factors B) thyroid hormones C) human growth hormone D) insulin E) sex hormones
E) sex hormones
The maxillae bones usually completely fuse into one bone before birth. This joint is known as a A) synchondrosis. B) syndesmosis. C) symphysis. D) diarthrosis. E) synostosis.
E) synostosis
Complete the sentence with the best term. ______________ the receptors, respond to low blood calcium levels. ______________input activates the control center when blood calcium is low. ______________is/are the effector(s) of PTH. Osteoclasts _______________ in response to PTH. The kidney _______________ in response to PTH. ______________ is secreted in response to PTHs effects on the kidney.
PT gland cells Cyclic AMP Osteoclasts and kidney cells Release calcium to enter blood Increase reabsorption of calcium Calcitrol
Which of the following do not descend from mesenchyme cells? A) Osteoblasts B) Osteocytes C) Osteoclasts D) Chondrocytes
C) Osteoclasts
Hyperflexion occurs when the femur is displaced anteriorly and the tibia is displaced posteriorly. Which ligament should help prevent this movement? A) Fibular collateral ligament B) Anterior cruciate ligament C) Posterior cruciate ligament D) Patellar ligament E) Arcuate popliteal ligament
C) Posterior cruciate ligament
Which of the following is mismatched? A) Zone of resting cartilage - anchors the epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis. B) Zone of proliferating cartilage - Large chondrocytes arranged in stacks divide to replace those dying at the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate. C) Zone of hypertrophic cartilage - consists of rapidly dividing immature chondrocytes D) Zone of calcified cartilage - is converted into bone by endochondral ossification. E) Epiphyseal line - signifies the end of longitudinal bone growth
C) Zone of hypertrophic cartilage - consists of rapidly dividing immature chondrocytes
Osteons are found in _____, while trabeculae are found in _____. A) broken, whole B) whole, broken C) compact, spongy D) spongy, compact
C) compact, spongy
In fetal bone, the primary ossification center is found A) at the periosteum. B) at the epiphysis. C) in the middle of the bone. D) all of these.
C) in the middle of the bone.
In which region of a long bone, such as the humerus, would you find the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)? A) epiphysis B) diaphysis C) metaphysis D) periosteum E) endosteum
C) metaphysis
Which statement describes the fibular and tibial collateral ligaments? Select all that apply. A) The ligaments are intracapsule ligaments. B) The ligaments are part of the synovial cavity. C) The ligaments are composed of dense regular connective tissue. D) The ligaments are extracapsular ligaments E) The ligaments alleviate friction in the joint. F) The ligaments are associated with the knee joint. G) The ligaments strengthen the sides of the joint.
C, D, F, G
Which of the following is incorrectly matched? A) Diaphysis - shaft of bone B) Epiphysis - proximal and distal ends of the bone C) Epiphyseal growth plate - found in metaphysis of a growing bone D) Articular cartilage - composed of elastic cartilage to allow flexibility E) Endosteum - lines the medullary cavity
D) Articular cartilage - composed of elastic cartilage to allow flexibility
Which of the following could contribute to a decreased range of motion if a person wore a cast for several weeks which prohibited movement at a particular joint, such as the elbow? A) a decrease in synovial fluid thus reducing the lubrication of the joint B) muscle atrophy thus resulting in weakness in the muscles that would move and stabilize the joint C) reduced flexibility of the tendons and ligaments at the joint D) all of these could be contributing factors E) none of these are factors that would limit range of motion
D) all of these
Which of the following statement(s) about the structures making up a synovial joint is incorrect? A) Articular cartilage reduces friction between articulating surfaces in the joint during movement and helps to absorb shock. B) Synovial fluid which contains hyaluronic acid and interstitial fluid, helps to nourish chondrocytes, absorb shocks, and supply nutrients and remove wastes. C) Articular discs absorb shocks and help to distribute synovial fluid across the articular surfaces of the joint. D) All of these are correct statements.
D) all of these
While the bones of this joint may fracture, they rarely become dislocated. The articular capsule and accessory ligaments of this joint make it one of the strongest structures in the body. A) temporomandibular joint B) elbow joint C) shoulder joint D) hip joint E) knee joint
D) hip joint
When walking down stairs or a steep hill, the knee is flexed. Which structure prevents the tibia from sliding too far posteriorly, and the femur from sliding too far anteriorly? A) the patellar ligament B) the anterior cruciate ligament C) the posterior cruciate ligament D) medial meniscus E) lateral meniscus
D) medial meniscus