POSC 356 Final

1. Based on all that you have learned in this course, how would you assess China's prospects for democratization? Cite the various sources we have used in this class as evidence for your findings.

Youths in China poll saying that they prefer the American political system (democracy), with these people growing older and more influential it is possible that they will be able to influence government to become more democratic Chinese youth criticize America on the international stage, but favor America over China when it comes to cultural issues, particularly popular culture, and other aspects of domestic society including the American political system. Film box office and TV series viewership also support this conclusion. Weibo's ability to bring together Chinese people to discuss issues in a somewhat open forum could promote democracy President Xi's removal of term limits is the opposite of democratization in taking away any shift in leadership that China previously had. This being said, the Chinese people no longer have the guarantee of a switch in leader to correct the problems created by the leader before so they might be willing to resist against the system as a whole and create a more democratic government. Xi's China Dream is not democratic as it calls for putting the dream of all of China and the collective group of people above the individual Please Vote For Me: decreasing likeness of democratization within China because the youth don't know what democracy looks like outside of the context that China has provided them

Assess the role of leadership in the Chinese political system, in particular the efforts of Xi Jinping to enhance the power and influence of the top leader after the more collective leadership that was exercised during the Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao eras. Is it necessary, and is there a broad consensus that it is also desirable, to have a "strongman" if China is to solve its many problems?

a. Role of leadership in Chinese Political System China's political system is divided into three major institutions: the government, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and the military. The government and military are subordinate to the CCP, which sets the national policy agenda. The CCP is organized into three major bodies: the Central Committee, the Politburo, and the Politburo Standing Committee. Each organization is respectively smaller in size and holds increasingly more political power, with the Politburo Standing Committee holding the most authority. B. Efforts of Xi to enhance power -After coming to power in 2012, Xi launched a relentless campaign to crack down on corruption and enforce loyalty. More than one million officials have been disciplined, including a number of prominent party and military leaders. -Took aggressive steps to tighten the party's control over Chinese society. His calls to strengthen grassroots "party building" have seen weak party branches in 77,000 villages and communities become active again. He also ordered state media and universities to serve the party. -Administration put forward strict rules regulating non-government organisations, religious practices, and online speech. Hundreds of rights lawyers and activists were detained or interrogated during his first term. -Mr. Xi seems determined to remain "three-in-one" leader because he sees himself on a historic mission to make China into a great power. Achieving that will take more than a decade, Xi has said. (party leader and military chairman) -abolished presidential term limits Amid the anti-corruption campaign, a separate propaganda campaign praising and promoting Xi went into overdrive. China's televisions and internet were filled with poetry lauding the Chinese leader, viral videos about his policies and visits by Xi to media organizations countrywide. C. necessary and wanted? In Regards to Term Limits: China's 64-year-old leader has waged war on dissenters, both inside and outside the Communist party, in a drive to establish total control, crushing civil society and jailing rivals to ensure his coronation as China's most powerful leader since Mao at last year's party congress. In perhaps the boldest public expression of dissent, Li Datong, a former newspaper editor, reminded the Communist party that it introduced term limits "after the immense suffering [wreaked] by the Cultural Revolution" and urged legislators to block the move when they convene in Beijing His wide-reaching anti-corruption campaign, which has been criticized as a way to consolidate power, has been widely popular among ordinary Chinese.

What have been the major factors accounting for the relative success of Taiwan, both in terms of economic development and democratization? What is the potential impact of this democratization and economic development on the relationship between mainland China and Taiwan? Is democratization in Taiwan threatened by the polarization that has become evident in surveys that address "identity" issues and that has also surfaced in some recent presidential elections?

a.Success After the civil war and the NAtionalist Party fled to Taiwan in 1949, Taiwan was able to establish a stronghold (political system and a separate economy) because of U.S. support. The ROC government, with massive economic aid and strong security guarantees from the United States, set to work building Taiwan into an economic and military powerhouse. In the early 1950s, it carried out a thorough, non-violent land reform program that paved the way for economic progress in the rural areas. It encouraged competitive local elections as a way of legitimating local government and identifying talented leaders. It encouraged export-oriented industrialization by promoting state-sponsored heavy industries and small- and medium-sized family firms. The combination of successful policies, a well-developed prewar infrastructure, hardworking and nimble entrepreneurs, and ready access to the U.S. market drove double-digit economic growth and rapidly rising living standards and inspired the phrase "Taiwan's economic miracle." B. Relationship with China Since its democratic transition, Taiwan's relationship with mainland China has changed radically. Under the authoritarian system, Taiwan treated the PRC as enemy territory, but democratization ushered in a more relaxed view. In 1987, Taipei lifted the ban on travel to the mainland that had been in place since the 1950s and thousands of Taiwanese made the trip. Many were Mainlanders hoping to reunite families divided by the civil war, but many others were Taiwanese who went as tourists. The visitors included entrepreneurs who saw in China's fast-changing economy an investment opportunity. Rising wages and land prices on the island were starting to suffocate Taiwan's traditional manufacturers, but marrying China's low costs to Taiwan's know-how and global connections offered a way forward. Taiwanese manufacturers soon became a leading force in the Chinese economy, and investment in the mainland became a critical factor in Taiwan's economic growth. As the second decade of the century began, the two were among each other's top trading partners, and Taiwan was almost certainly the first or second largest source of direct foreign investment in the PRC economy. The flood of Taiwanese visiting and investing in the mainland brought the two sides closer than they had been in four decades.n. In recent years, Beijing's rhetoric has shifted from insisting on achieving unification as soon as possible to opposing independence. While incorporating Taiwan into a unified China is still the PRC's long-term goal, the range of acceptable formats under which that goal might be achieved has widened. The KMT believes this new emphasis on patience and flexibility is real, which makes it safe to negotiate on issues short of unification itself. The DPP, in contrast, believes PRC leaders cannot be trusted. Ma's outreach to the PRC was no less welcome in Washington than in Beijing. During the Chen years, U.S. policymakers found the ill will and lack of communication between the two sides dangerously destabilizing. Chen's behavior was hard to predict, and Chinese reactions were alarming. C. Threatened Democratization? Most of the polarization comes from "identity politics" (cultural and political), the Taiwanese only likely support the DPP, whereas those who favor unification of China and Taiwan favors the national party - In 2000, the DPP candidate (Chen Shiu-bian) won the presidential election, ending an era of KMT authoritarian rule - Taiwan became a true democracy o Ma and the KMT recognized the "1992 consensus" and therefore managed to maintain good relations with China o DPP, however, has not recognized the "1992 consensus" because the DDP wants to agree on an interpretation o 74% of people in Taiwan support Tsai's policy on China, so relations probably won't improve soon o Growing resentment toward "One China" principle o Growing sense of Taiwanese identity and growing caution against China o 60% of residents consider themselves Taiwanese, not Chinese, and 80% of those under 30 oppose unification - The two parties are totally polarized on the issue of independence/unification o KMT is strong in the north (more mainlanders) o DDP is strong in the south (poorer, more native Taiwanese) Significance: Whichever party comes into power in Taiwan, could like cause a lot of domestic turmoil should they proceed or reject the unification with China, as both parties feel strongly and are at opposite ends of the spectrum about the issue. - The Nationalist Party (KMT) was the only political party until 1986 - In 1986, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) was founded, and even though the creation of an opposition party violated martial law, it wasn't punished - In 1987, martial law ended and new/opposition political parties were officially allowed

July 1, 1997 was a very important day in the history of Hong Kong. It was on that day that Hong Kong ceased to be a British colony and reverted back to Chinese rule. The jury is of course still out on the long-term results of that transition, but there were and still are those who are optimistic and those who are pessimistic about the ultimate results of this transition. The future of Hong Kong depends, in part, on the degree of autonomy that remains as the transition continues. Discuss the transition by making use of the materials assigned in this class and offer your assessment of the likelihood of Hong Kong's autonomy, including the prospects for universal suffrage, as Hong Kong's relationship with the mainland continues to evolve.

dentify: Milton Friedman: within two years, HK currency would disappear and they would use Chinese currency but that didn't happen Elaborate: One of the officials in the Mainland office: can't advocate independence for HK, asked Terry Lamb that freedom of speech will be guaranteed to HK? Answer is no, not likely to stand up to Beijing on any kind of issue. April 1997: Leslie Stahl tries to get interview with the incoming chief executive, he refuses, and therefore goes to the Preference: cannot give example of when he tells people that Beijing disagrees with the policies. Significance: More and more HK leaders are checking with Beijing before they do anything and are looking over their shoulders Legal System Freedom of Speech Getting into and out of HK from China (border openness) Identify: The People's liberation army, Hong Kong's currency, the judicial system, and civil rights hasn't changed. Emigration has changed. Elaborate: A Fortune magazine article predicted that the death of Hong Kong would come in the form of a present army on the streets. Other than one appearance during the handover ceremony in 1997, the troops have stayed pretty much invisible. While it was expected that China would impose its currency on Hong Kong, this is not the case. Hong Kong still has much of the british influence on their judicial systems with english being the main language and with judges wearing wigs and robes. Hong Kong has been able to keep many freedoms including speech and associate with many pro-democracy legislators and protesters still prevalent. Scared of China's crackdowns on freedom and economic slowdown, one-twelfth of hong kong residents left in the years before the handover. By 2005, a third of the people who left had come back due to booming economy. Significance: Many expected the handover to drastically change Hong Kong, but most things stayed the same, insinuating that the one country two systems framework seems to be working out. But how long can this keep up? If China tries to encroach on more freedoms not long. The first major move of Tung in his second term was to push for legislation to implement Article 23 of the Hong Kong Basic Law in September 2002. However, the initiative drew a hostile response from the pro-democratic camp, lawyers, journalists, religious leaders and human rights organizations. All efforts for universal suffrage have been rejected by Beijing.

A number of the handouts posted on Blackboard suggest sometimes indirectly, that as China moves into the Xi Jinping era the country is confronted by a paradox. As one commentator - albeit not in an article posted on Blackboard - put it, "on the one hand, its leaders acknowledge the major challenges facing them,but on the other, they are extremely reluctant to alter the power structure or the reliance on economic growth that have produced many of these problems." Compose an essay in which you address this seeming paradox, focusing on the challenges or problems China faces and the prospects for solving them. Whether you agree with this analysis or not - and it would be helpful if you made your position clear on this - please be specific in discussing the nature of the power structure and the reliance on economic growth that has marked the reform period in China. Most of the books would be helpful sources in addressing this paradox, as would some of the handouts.

China's power structure is rigid → Xi Jinping eliminating term limits (ex. Xi breaks down vested interests in state-owned enterprises) Can China continue economic growth without altering power structure?

China has been spending more than US $10 billion a year to promote its soft power, for example by establishing Confucius Institutes and promoting its films overseas, but the results have been less than ideal. Compose an essay in which you address China's efforts and discuss the results of those efforts. Please use the relevant chapters in China's Global Engagement, and any other sources of your choice, in your answer.

Chinese soft power is not successful because it focuses too much on spreading political ideologies. Confucius Institutes Chinese government seeks to develop a global cultural influence that is at least as powerful as its growing economic, military, and political influence. Geo-cultural influence is a nation's ability to influence larger cultural trends, values, habits, and customs. The Confucius Institute (CI) project reflects a deep anxiety on the part of China's leadership, and much of the population, about China's relatively ineffectual impact on global trends in values, goals, and aspirations. CI project looks to find a place for Chinese history philosophy, and culture to enter a global cultural conversation. The CI project is primarily an attempt to influence global cultural discourse rather than as a "political" project concerned with forcing Chinese political doctrine upon the rest of the world. CIs try to embody CHinese cultural traditions in local contexts but not always effectively. CIs are a geo-cultural initiative in an attempt to insert CHinese language, cultural traditions, and resources into the main currents of global cultural evolution. There is little evidence that CIsa re ever used to push Chinese political stances, not that they would be successful if they tried. Helping bring Chinese culture into the global sphere not Chinese CIs are successful in spreading Chinese traditions but not in spreading Chinese political ideologies Films Overseas Chinese youth criticize America on the international stage, but favor America over CHina when it comes to cultural issues, particularly popular culture, and other aspects of domestic society including the American political system. Film box office and TV series viewership also support this conclusion. The lack of Chinese success is a basic contradiction in Chineses cultural policy where they are trying to produce culture based on "socialist values" while American culture focuses on universal appeal. China has not had any notable success in foreign film industry since 2006. China has tried many different ways to find internal success for their movies. One includes using prominent Hollywood actors in their films, but it has not been successful. Chinese directors have also tried to "dumb down" their action or martial arts films that were successful in China to create a new version for western audiences, but this has not worked either. Using extensive advertising as well as reediting Chinese films has been successful but it is very expensive. Another issue is that distributors and cinema owners view films with subtitles as art-house films and are reluctant to show them. The most successful strategy in showing CHinese films outside China has been co production but a small amount of films lend themselves well to co production. Chinese films are told to take a "socialist core value as a guide" and show the China Dream which makes them unappealing to international markets. Because Chinese films do not do well internationally it hurts China's soft power attempts.

Debating China is an examination of the US-China relationship in "ten conversations". Compose an essay in which you address that relationship as it is discussed by the authors in that volume. On what points is there agreement and on what points is there disagreement between the Chinese and American scholars? What are the most difficult issues facing the relationship?

Choose three of the arguments. Main Point: how America and Chinese side are talking past each other, there is no political trust -Chinese side doesn't believe what Americans are saying and Americans aren't sure of what the Chinese side are saying either Economic Policy: Americans question the intentions of CHina's exchange rate policy and China's unbalanced growth model China argues that these assertions a re simply an American attempt to scapegoat China for the flaws in the US economic system, while ignoring what he claims is the equivalent currency manipulation by the Federal Reserve (through quantitative easing) Agreement: Both have benefited the most from globalization and the world system created and supported by the US China agrees with the US that there are issues surrounding weak IPR protection as it hurts American and Chinese firms China agrees with the US that Chinese state-owned enterprises are given too much privilege US agrees with China that US has a distinct system referred to as "high capitalism" Disagree: China disagrees with US analysis of global imbalances and criticisms of China's approach to dealing with them, including exchange rate: China believes there is no issue with running current account surpluses as many countries do it and it improves quality of life China does not believe that the undervalue of the RMB is the sole cause of global imbalances, US agrees to this, but believes it is a good place to start rebalancing US: China must commit to free and open trade as the US has Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs): this is US's comparative advantage in trade, prohibits Chines development, hurts US markets US complaint: China has not follow the rules of the WTO to the leave that should be China's unbalanced growth model: especially unbalanced trade account, surplus has come down since 2007, but it is still large, this shows that the issue is improving Exchange rate: China uses a set exchange rate, there is a bubble in Chinese production of investment goods, China must let the RMB appreciate State enterprises: Chinese government officials expect their state-owned enterprises to act like national champions and give them special preferences China: American versions of "high capitalism": high innovation, high salaries, high returns, and high level of competition, cause of 2008, "winner-takes-all" American Labor Market: too flexible at citizens' expenses Financial Sector: caused the finial crisis and is still contributing to America's current account deficit, American manufacturing sectors is awarded by America's super-efficient and super-profitable financial sector, financial sector is detached from the real economy and has become an island creating its own wealth, US must reform their financial sector Taiwan and Tibet China: Background: Communist versus KMT beginning in late 1940s, most Chinese believe that US military intervention in the wake of the Korean War in 1950, which prevented China from liberating Taiwan created the whole problem China believes that despite Taiwan's political separation, it remains a part of China in terms of territory and sovereignty Resolve the Taiwan problem through peaceful dialogue, consultation, and negotiation, but is ready to fight a war China wants: peace and unification Why does China want unification? Sovereignty and territorial integrity National dignity and respect National unity: Taiwan independence may encourage separatism in other regions CCP promised national reunification Taiwan's strategic value China wants the US out of Taiwan issue and to reduce and phase out arms sales to Taiwan Beijing has offered "one country, two systems" formula for reunification America's strategy: "one China" policy, the principle of peaceful resolution, and arms sales to Taiwan (US maintains the right to see needed defensive weapons to Taiwan) Arms Sales: every time US sells arms to Taiwan it hurts their relationship with China Tibet: China believes that Tibet is under the full authority of the government in Beijing, China believes that US has no right to discuss Tibet US: Change in leadership in Taiwan that no longer seeks de jure independence lowers risk of conflict Thinks that if China allows Taiwan to have a presence in the international community they will have better relations with main land China Nobody involved in policy making in the US is going to try and change the "one China" policy US policy is best summed up as seeking to promote peace and stability and to ensure that neither side engages in provocation or tries to change the status quo US support whatever solution the two sides agree on peacefully, not dedicated to not unifying US sells arms and supports Taiwan so that Beijing is not tempted to view use of force as a cost-free option, also helps to maintain the stable relations between the two countries US policy has always accepted that Tibet is part of China US suggests China strengthen their relationship with Tibet through working with the Dalai Lama to find mutual respect for Tibetan values and their aspirations within China Agree: US agrees that at the issues with Taiwan is important US agrees with China's assessment that people in Taiwan do not trust the mainland US agrees that China wants both peace and unifications with Taiwan US agrees that China keeping Taiwan is an issues of sovereignty, territorial integrity, national dignity, and respect but asks China to look at this from Taiwan's point of view US wants peace Disagree: US does not believe that the "one country, two systems" protocol will not be successful in Taiwan US disagrees with Chinas's statement that the US wants separation due to ideological, poetical, economic, and strategic reasons. US wants peace because war would disrupt regional equilibrium and set the stage for greater tensions and even conflict US belies that if PRC leaders threaten economic sanctions or employ military pressure to force unification will be the most self-defeating policy for PRC China disagreed that Taiwan has never "really" been integrated into China because they have a distinct Chinese culture. The different occupations of Taiwan by Europeans and Japanese has not made Taiwanese any less "Chinese" China does not believe that most Taiwan residence reject unifications as a future option, they think that unification is dependent on Chinese mainland improving themselves enough for Taiwanese to want unification China does believe that "one country two systems" will work as it is what has basically been in place just without a formal agreement China believes that the real thrust of the US policy is to strengthen Taiwan to a degree that makes a negotiated unification very difficult China does not think that the US should feel the need to protect Taiwan as it is a part of China not the US Media China China tries to buy influence through media. The game of China's official news media reaching out to an international audience will continue until they run out of money Weibo: China's copycat version of twitter, discussions of every important issue that matters in China, people chose from themselves what they care about without input from the government, has a much more radical effect in China then in other countries, has regulations Three main focuses of Weibo: people's livelihoods, democracy, and nationalism Weibo magnifies the conflict between the people and the government Rises nationalism The Chinese people will support a more assertive China on the international stage, and the government will happily oblige For each ministry in Beijing and each municipal government across the country there are dangbao branches: furthest media from being independent and closest to the government New media outlets that are a hybrid on dangbao and the market. How independent they are depends on where they operate and how open-minded the local government leaders are The independent or professional new media organizations are farthest away from the government, but the government still controls their license to publish The government's regulatory pressures have weighed heavily on the independent news media, and the more successful the outlet, the stronger the pressure Two revolutions: the internet and social media Asymmetric regulations of the professional news media and social media Chinese social media (Weibo) is replacing the professional news media, not complementing it. Opposite to the US Nationalism rises through social media The Chinese people have split feelings towards the US, they love it as a democratic capitalistic powerhouse, but they are suspicious of it as the reigning hegemon US Weibo is creating a marketplace of ideas that is a healthy sign of social progress Censorship in China tightened up before the 2008 Games and never loosened The information revolution has lead the propaganda bureaucracies to have extend their power and resources by arguing that media commercialization and the growth of the Internet makes their job harder and more essential to the survival of the Party Communist Party tolerates much criticism of the government and highly censor any call to mobilize collective action or any criticism of censorship itself Leaders have decided that Weibo microblogs create an illusion of freedom and can serve as an effective weapon for heading off threats to Party rule Weibo, compared to traditional media, is milder and more critical. Weibo criticism is targeted on corruption, pollution, and other domestic failures rather than international issues China's insecure politicians bolster their popular support by stoking anti-foreign nationalism in the media despite the international risks. A mess media that is market oriented but still controlled by the government is a recipe for nationalist pressure on decision makers A fundamental solution would be to eliminate the Propaganda Department and decontrol the marketplace of ideas to allow people a broader range of information, which will in turn give China's leaders more accurate information about public opinion. Loosening their grip on the media will also make the leaders look more confident and gain them legitimacy at home and abroad Because American media is not controlled by the government it shows much more negative information. Diplomats try to highlight how well the governments are cooperating, but most media voices are telling another more hostile story Agree US agrees that Weibo has produced a quantum leap in the information environment in China US agrees that professional journalism operates under serious constraints Weibo magnifies opinion when it coincides with government interests which will increase nationalist foreign policy DIsagree US disagrees that profesional journalism has achieved a lot

A number of the books and other sources used in this class discuss the transformation of China during the reform period. Compose an essay in which you examine the primary areas in which this transformation has occurred. What basic problems appear to have been solved in the course of this transformation and which ones remain particularly resistant to solution? What are the key factors that will determine China's success as the country continues this transformation?

December 1978 Reform period beings, Deng XiaoPing is in charge but doesn't have title yet Officially, China moves from an emphasis on creating a new socialist man and woman to emphasizing economic modernization. January 1979: Policies begin removal, like removing class labels from people Class used to determine a lot of what happened to people and their personal behavior Since December 1978, a reform of the rigid and overly centralized political and economic systems has been an integral part of the modernization program. The economic reforms involve adopting measures to (1) decentralize decision-making power to the production units, whether enterprises in the urban state sector or households in the rural sector, (2) enhance material incentives to stimulate economic efficiency and productivity, (3) substitute administrative planning methods by economic levers (jingji ganggan), e.g. credit control, interest rates, taxes, and prices, (4) and allow the market mechanism to play a role in resource allocation and distribution

44. Choose one chapter in Debating China and compare American and Chinese views on the topic in question

Identify: Elaborate: Economic Policy: Americans question the intentions of CHina's exchange rate policy and China's unbalanced growth model China argues that these assertions are simply an American attempt to scapegoat China for the flaws in the US economic system, while ignoring what he claims is the equivalent currency manipulation by the Federal Reserve (through quantitive easing) Agreement: Both have benefited the most from globalization and the world system created and supported by the US China agrees with the US that there are issues surrounding weak IPR protection as it hurts American and Chinese firms China agrees with the US that Chinese state-owned enterprises are given too much privilege US agrees with China that US has a distinct system referred to as "high capitalism" Disagree: China disagrees with US analysis of global imbalances and criticisms of China's approach to dealing with them, including exchange rate: China believes there is no issue with running current account surpluses as many countries do it and it improves quality of life China does not believe that the undervalue of the RMB is the sole cause of global imbalances, US agrees to this, but believes it is a good place to start rebalancing US: China must commit to free and open trade as the US has Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs): this is US's comparative advantage in trade, prohibits Chines development, hurts US markets US complaint: China has not follow the rules of the WTO to the leave that should be China's unbalanced growth model: especially unbalanced trade account, surplus has come down since 2007, but it is still large, this shows that the issue is improving Exchange rate: China uses a set exchange rate, there is a bubble in Chinese production of investment goods, China must let the RMB appreciate State enterprises: Chinese government officials expect their state-owned enterprises to act like national champions and give them special preferences China: American versions of "high capitalism": high innovation, high salaries, high returns, and high level of competition, cause of 2008, "winner-takes-all" American Labor Market: too flexible at citizens' expenses Financial Sector: caused the finial crisis and is still contributing to America's current account deficit, American manufacturing sectors is awarded by America's super-efficient and super-profitable financial sector, financial sector is detached from the real economy and has become an island creating its own wealth, US must reform their financial sector Significance:

22. The results of the 2004 presidential election in Taiwan and your explanation for the outcome

Identify: The result of 2004 presidential election is controversial since Chen only won by a margin of 0.22%. Also the number of invalid vote was high, and the pan blue camp brought out large protest. Lian tried to challenge the result by stating that DPP and the pan greens manipulated the election, but was unsuccessful. Elaborate: During the election there was high tide of negative campaigning and polarization of electorate and candidates. Osama Bin-Laden and Saddam Hussein mobilized in KMT ads. Significance: The negative campaigning helped Chen pull ahead.

16. The 2008, 2012 or 2016 presidential election in Taiwan in comparison to the 2000 and 2004 elections

Identify: Elaborate: 2000: Second-ever direct presidential election, 82% voter turnout, Chen Shui-Bian of DPP (Democratic Progressive Party) elected to presidency, put end to over 50-years of KMT rule. Once-radical DPP lost by landslide in 1996 election, then reformed platform to less independence-based platform. KMT was split after highly-popular James Soong failed to gain party nomination, given to Lien Chan (who was seen as aloof and undemocratic). Commonly believed that then-president of KMT, Lee Teng-hui, chose Lien to sabotage KMT and electing Chen Shui-Bian to power. Lee later defected to Pan-Green party. 2004: Height of negative campaigning and party polarization. Identity and loyalty to taiwan an issue. Chen won in a major thin margin.Incumbent DPP President & VP, Chen Shui-Bian and Annette Lu, ran again backed by Pan-Green Coalition. Ran against KMT-PFP Pan-Green Coaltion with Lien and Soong as President and VP, paired despite poor relations during 2000 elections. Both campaigns moved closer to center on issues, which mostly concerned Taiwan-PRC relations, the economy and political reform. Tone of election was negative and personal, attributed to the similarity of both tickets platforms. A scandal involving former Justice Minister Liao Cheng-hao building pan-blue campaign offices on the mainland, 2012: Somewhat less negative campaigning, although KMT highlights alleged DPP continuing corruption; DPP promotes Tsai's "softer" image as a conciliator. KMT details successes in first four years; emphasizes PEACE ACROSS THE STRAITS and POLITICAL STABILITY. Ma and KMT Victory Ensures Peace in the Taiwan Straits and Political Stability 2016: presidential election saw the first female president win. Significance:

36. Political parties and elections in Hong Kong

Identify: Democratic Alliance for the betterment of Hong Kong (DAB): pro-establishment camp Chinese nationalism Conservatism Pro-Beijing Legislative Council (2016): 13/70 seats District Councils (2015): 117/458 seats Democratic Party (DP): pan-democracy camp Social liberalism Pro-democracy Legislative Council (2016): 7/70 seats District Councils (2015): 42/458 seats Elaborate: NEED TO FILL OUT Legislative Council Elections 2000: DP: 12/60, DAB: 11/60 2004: DP: 9/60, DAB: 12/60 2008: DP: 8/60, DAB: 13/60 2012: DP: 6/70, DAB: 13/70 2016: DP: 7/70, DAB: 12/70 District Council Elections 2003: DP: 95/400, DAB: 62/400 2007: DP: 59/405, DAB: 115/405 2011: DP: 47/412, DAB: 136/412 2015: DP: 43/431, DAB: 119/431 Significance: NEED TO FILL OUT

14. The meaning of "One Country, Two Systems" for Hong Kong's relationship to China

Identify: "One country, two systems" is a constitutional principle formulated by Deng Xiaoping, the Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China (PRC), for the reunification of China during the early 1980s. Elaborate: Hong Kong has its own constitution known as Basic Law. Hong Kong is run and operates like an autonomous nation except for in two areas; foreign affairs, and defense. The people's liberation army has its own barracks in Hong Kong. Significance: At the end of the day, even though Hong Kong seems to operate independently, it is still under Chinese sovereignty. This is why hong Kong is called Hong Kong SAR. this stands for Special Administrative Region A constitutional principle formulated by Xiaoping, the paramount leader of the PRC · There would be only one China, but distinct Chinese regions such as Hong Kong and Macau could retain their own capitalist economic and political systems while the rest of China uses the socialist/capitalist economic system · Set to expire in 2047, the current arraignment has permitted Hong Kong to function as its own entity in many international settings rather than as part of China · Income gap increased drastically, air pollution worsened, property prices have increased, but civil liberties remain protected. (free speech, free press, etc.) There was speculation that their media was under censorship, this is simply not the case because local newspapers and internet websites post anti-mainland rhetoric.

23. The views of the two major political parties in Taiwan on the relationship with mainland China

Identify: - The two major political parties in Taiwan are the Democratic progressive party (dpp) and the Kuomintang (kmt). DPP is pro-independent and wants to be independent of China. KMT on the other hand believes that Taiwan should be part of China Elaborate: - As of the Taiwan election in January 16, 2016, there was a huge change in Taiwan politic when Tsai ing-wen was elected as the first female president. Her party, the DPP won the parliamentary race against KMT. The first time DPP won the election was in 2000 when chen shui bian represented DPP. - DPP winning the election could suggest the growing sentiment of taiwan's liberation from china as well as a growing sense of identity (data shows that 60% of Taiwanese identify themselves Taiwan and not china). KMT is also vulnerable due to the growing resentment towards "one china" principle. Significance: - Today, DPP's relation with china is shaky as presented by the issue of "1992 consensus". Tsai ing-wen and DPP does not recognize the acceptance of "one china", and Xi jinping had been trying to undermine Tsai's administration in hope that a replacement which is more favorable to china would take over. - Xi's strategy had been to place unofficial sanctions on Taiwan by limiting the amount of tourists allowed to visit Taiwan. Public opinion however, sides with Tsai's china policy support so there is no reason for her to change her political strategy anytime soon.

28. How China and the U.S. misperceive each other, and why they do so

Identify: American self image: American "Exceptionalism," the US sees itself as a model for the rest of the world. Chinese self-image: culturally different from other nations, Chinese tradition stresses harmony and therefore is not a threat, new self-confidence, patriotism and pride among Chinese youth. Both US and China are the the most righteous country in the world and undoubtedly, they misperceive one another as both of them believes that they are right all the time. The core issue lies in their perception in moral values as they bring these values into their politics. Elaborate: America feels threatened by China because they do not fully understand or agree with their governing style and fear their huge economic growth. Major differences in the media and political structures of the two countries. The Media Chinese view of the role of media: promote the improvement of Sino-American relations American media singles out China for "demonization" (Chinese view) American response to chinese view of American media American media "demonizes" everyone, not just China American public not interested in foreign news or culture American media coverage of China: interpret CHinese exevents in an American context Political Structure: The different logics of the Chinese and American political systems Many American politicians are lawyers American system is pluralistic and federal (not unitary like the Chinese system), with multiple, conflicting voices Separation of powers/checks and balances/overlapping jurisdictions --US sees themselves as "models" for the rest of the world. They believe that they are obligated to help other nations be as good as they are, and to impart their American values. For example, US prevented Beijing from obtaining the Olympics in 2000 due to many of the human rights violation in China. --China on the other hand believes that they exercise the Chinese tradition of harmony and that they are not a threat to other countries. They see themselves as culturally different than others. Significance: The way China and America view each other is very important in their relationship. Changes the way they both deal with issues like trade barriers, Taiwan, etc.

18. The issue of universal suffrage and the pace of democratization in Hong Kong

Identify: Basic law says that Hong Kong will have universal suffrage Elaborate: One person one vote.The national people's congress proposed implementing universal suffrage in hong kong, but candidates had to be approved by the group before they could run. The legislative counsel needed 2/3rds majority. Was not passed in Hong Kong. Beijing gave up on accommodating Hong Kong First elements of democracy introduced by the British (Politics in China) but brake by PRC · One country two systems since handover (1997): own legal systems with (in theory) rights such as freedom of assembly and free speech · · Hong Kong's mini-constitution, the Basic Law, says that "the ultimate aim" is to elect the chief executive "by universal suffrage upon nomination by a broadly representative nominating committee in accordance with democratic procedures" BUT Legislative independence more than questionable since RPC can interpret the law · Since 97, marginalisation of the pro-democracy opposition in the legislature. Today, Legislative Council (Legco): 70 members (half directly elected, half indirectly), majority of votes to democratic party BUT only have 27 seats vs 43 seats to Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (Pro-Beijing) · universal suffrage is main focal point for the pro-democracy camp. They agree with the Hong Kong Government on the interpretation that Hong Kong Basic Law Article 45 indicates universal suffrage as the ultimate aim. However, they differ on the pace of implementing universal suffrageCrc · Since the election of CY Leung as Chief Executive in 2012, democratic development have come to a halt. · Chinese government had promised in 2007 direct elections for chief executive by 2017 · But in August 2014 China's top legislative committee ruled that voters would only be able to choose from a list of two or three candidates selected by a nominating 'pro-Beijing) committee Significance: After the proposition was turned down in the legislation, tensions rose and polarized opinions rose. Democratization of HK is DEAD · For the democracy camp; this is proof that Hong Kong is a sham democracy è led to protests (the Umbrella revolution) BUT the government considers Beijing's decision "a major step forward in the development of Hong Kong's society"

42. The different political structures in China and the US and the implications for misunderstanding

Identify: China and the US have two very different political structures as in the U.S that can cause a lot of misunderstandings between the countries because of their cultural differences. Elaborate: Under the American system, senatorial leaders are elected every two years and there is a strong cultural of identity and independence. In China, the people are thought of as a collective, as a whole instead of individual peoples and thus there are no elections in China. Significance: The misunderstandings arise because the Chinese don't understand why representatives would only be concerned about their own constituents. What they don't understand is that in the US, they don't think about China but they do think about their own education systems, jobs, quality of life, etc. American system: elected every two years

27. Factors in Taiwan that favor or disfavor (re)unification with the mainland

Identify: China believes that despite Taiwan's political separation, it remains a part of China in terms of territory and sovereignty Elaborate: Favor: --mainland reducing number of tourists china send to taiwan, --unofficial economic sanction, growing power of the mainland, --mainland controls Taiwan's international space, us would chose the side of the mainland probably, unification is likely if China keeps getting stronger and Taiwan has a change of regime in the future --Peace and stability Disfavor: --nearly 74% of the taiwanese public supports Tsai's china policy, no political imperative for her to change course anytime soon, --win of DDP (democratic progressive party) bc of growing sense of identity and increasing caution towards china in taiwan,1992 Consensus- an acceptance of "One China" reached with Ma and the KMT, but never recognized by Tsai or the DPP, --60% of taiwan residents consider themselves taiwanese and not chinese, identity is an issue, see what is happening in hong kong and don't want that same situation, --They are prepared to fight due to the arms they are buying from the US --Sovereignty --Do not think the one country two systems protocol will work in Taiwan Significance: Important because if Taiwan moves towards independence could start a huge international conflict

47. What have been the main obstacles to the success of Chinese films outside China?

Identify: China has not had any notable success in foreign film industry since 2006. Elaborate: China has tried many different ways to find internal success for their movies. One includes using prominent Hollywood actors in their films, but it has not been successful. Chinese directors have also tried to "dumb down" their action or martial arts films that were successful in China to create a new version for western audiences, but this has not worked either. Using extensive advertising as well as reediting Chinese films has been successful but it is very expensive. Another issue is that distributors and cinema owners view films with subtitles as art-house films and are reluctant to show them. The most successful strategy in showing CHinese films outside China has been co production but a small amount of films lend themselves well to co production. Significance: Chinese films are told to take a "socialist core value as a guide" and show the China Dream which makes them unappealing to international markets. Because Chinese films do not do well internationally it hurts China's soft power attempts.

33. The trade issue that most divides the U.S. and China isn't tariffs

Identify: China has struck a hard stance on the issue at the root of the looming trade fight between Beijing and Washington: China's government-led drive, which Washington describes as breaking international rules, to build the cutting-edge industries of the future. Elaborate:Chinese officials in recent days have been defending the government's ambitious plan, known as Made in China 2025, to create globally competitive players in industries like advanced microchips, driverless cars and robotics. While Beijing has signaled a willingness to compromise on other matters, the intractable standoff over its core industrial policy could prolong a trade fight that has already shaken markets and led to concerns about a full-blown trade war.The Trump administration has largely shunned the highly structured discussions of past administrations, which were used to try to reach agreement on economic and security issues. The White House now views those channels as producing largely hollow promises by the Chinese and has shifted toward engaging directly with senior-level Chinese counterparts. Significance: Washington has also protested that companies in the targeted industries have been offered loans at low interest rates by state-controlled Chinese banks. The White House argues that will result in global capacity gluts that could drive down prices and destroy the viability of tech companies in the West, as well as in countries, like Japan and South Korea, that are allied with the United States. For now, China seems to be pinning its hopes on heavy lobbying in Washington by Wall Street, traditionally Beijing's most reliable ally in bilateral disputes. China's sovereign wealth fund owns stakes in a variety of American financial institutions. Estimates of Chinese outbound investment over the next decade run as high as $2.5 trillion, a rich source of advisory fees in the United States.On crucial issues, China and the United States appear to be talking past each other, not even agreeing on what is being debated.

5. Richard Bush on "China and Taiwan" (The China Reader)

Identify: China was divided between mainland China and Taiwan after WWII. Cross-Strait relations remained frozen in all respects until the 1980s. The two governments disagreed on most matters but each believed that Taiwan was a part of Chinese territory and it should reunify China (on its terms, of course). Three trends changed this status quo. Elaborate: The first was in economic relations. China needed external investment to stimulate the Chinese economy and stabilize its political system, and companies in both Hong Kong and Taiwan were the prime candidates to provide it.That trend was Taiwan's democratization, which began in 1986 and culminated in the presidential election of 1996. Chiang Ching-kuo, the leader of the ruling Kuomintang, had the counter-intuitive insight that perhaps the regime could govern more effectively by opening up the political system rather than through continued tight control. He also recognized that democracy would give Taiwan a new, values basis for American support. Lee Teng-hui, Chiang's successor, completed the democratization process that he had begun.The third new trend was the end of the Cold War. Specifically the fall of the Soviet Union caused the collapse of the international arms market. Defense contractors everywhere were in trouble and looking for markets. China saw an opportunity to buy Soviet weapons systems and so modernize its arsenal much faster than was possible through indigenous development. Taiwan saw a similar opportunity with the United States and a few European countries. Things went from bad to worse for Beijing in the mid-1990s when Lee Teng-hui sought a second full term in Taiwan's first presidential contest by direct elections. The public wanted Taiwan to break out from China's diplomatic quarantine, so Lee engineered a visit to the United States. To appeal to the Taiwanese majority, he emphasized identity politics. And he saw the value of playing upon the public's fears of China. In response, China therefore engaged in coercive diplomacy, including conducting missile exercises in the days before the election in March 1996. He accepted the so-called 1992 Consensus, a formula that the two sides had worked out for the April 1993 meeting noted above. (To reassure the Taiwan public, he also called for no unification and no war.) The two sides agreed that they would focus first on "easy," mainly economic, issues before moving to harder ones in the political.The talks got hung up on the question of whether officers in the SEF's office on the mainland could visit Taiwan residents who had been detained by mainland law-enforcement authorities. Significance: The aspiration for unification on the mainland is strong, and the expectation there is that it will occur according to the PRC's "one country two systems" formula. On Taiwan's opinion it is very divided and some believe that Taiwan should be its own country, but most hope for status quo.

39. The Chinese Dream in popular culture

Identify: China's economy and film industry have grown to second largest in the world. The China Dream is intended to appeal to both domestic and international constituencies, but at present the China Dream is targeted at Chinese youth and the growing middle class. American Dream is more appealing to Chinese youth than the China Dream. Elaborate: Chinese youth criticize America on the international stage, but favor America over CHina when it comes to cultural issues, particularly popular culture, and other aspects of domestic society including the American political system. Film box office and TV series viewership also support this conclusion. Significance: Those promoting the Chinese dram and Chinese exceptionalism more broadly often begin with the superiority of Chinese culture, yet China has been losing the cultural war to the US internationally and domestically. The lack of Chinese success is a basic contradiction in Chineses cultural policy where they are trying to produce culture based on "socialist values" while American culture focuses on universal appeal. Chinese leaders have tried to counteract the influence of the American dream and American culture. China faces obstacles in making the China dream more attractive due to its traditional culture and political system. For example, China values collective over the individual which is not appealing to youths who want to succeed.

1. Xi Jinping decides to abolish term limits (handouts)

Identify: China's legislature voted almost unanimously to end a two-term limit on the presidency Elaborate: According to Xinhau News Agency and other paty run news outlets, having a term limit on just the presidency is unreasonable because neither of Mr. Xi's other two major posts--party leader and military chairman--has a similar limit. Significance: This might turn into a Mao type of situation, one lesson that china drew from the upheavals of the Cultural Revolution was the danger of concentrating power in one supreme, unassailable leader who ruled for life.

2. Compare and contrast mainland China's relationship with Hong Kong and Taiwan (handouts, Politics in China book, and lectures)

Identify: China's relationship with Hong Kong and Taiwan are both contentious and in a state of negotiation. Elaborate: Taiwan: China believes that there is "one China" and that Taiwan is a part of mainland china, while the people of Taiwan tend to disagree and those who subscribe to "one China" believe that it should be ruled in Taipei. The 1992 consensus states there is one china but people still disagree which party is in charge. U.S. arms sales to Taiwan, totaling more than $46 billion since 1990, have led to U.S.-China friction and an upsurge in bellicose rhetoric across the strait. Beijing has been trying to forge a better relationship with Taiwan by creating economic linkages that maybe to costly for Taiwan to dismiss, thus creating one China. Beijing also is militarily preparing for a conflict with Taiwan and Taiwan is also preparing. Hong Kong: Until 2047, Hong Kong will operate under the "one country, two systems" philosophy. They operate as very different countries with different languages, currencies, cultures and freedoms. 40% of citizens asked identified with being more Hong Konger than chinese. Comparisons: Both SARs of China -- giving extra privileges to political and economic policies comparative to mainland rule. HK and Taiwan both promote freedom of press, critical to PRC's views on censorship of press. Both fearful of limitations on liberties with full integration in PRC, loss of cultural identity, and economic virtues. Both experienced major political shakeups in 1990s ("Handover" for HK, transition to democratic elections + civic rights in Taiwan). Contrast Taiwan has held democratic elections since 1990s, HK still working to find a system for direct elections that finds agreement in Beijing. Taiwan handles military affairs (purchases US equipment) and foreign affairs with countries that recognize it (21 UN nations), HK's defense and military affairs are governed by PRC. Significance: While both have tumultuous relationships and are simultaneously Chinese and not Chinese, Hong Kong has a more set idea of identity under the one country two systems while Taiwan and China are in more disagreement about who has power.

3. Hu Jintao

Identify: Chinese Politicians and government official, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 2002 to 2012 and president of China from 2003 to 2013. Elaborate: China's GDP grew by more than 8 percent each year Hu was president. In foreign policy, Hu expanded China's diplomatic reach to Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America, maintained a stable (if chilly) relations with the United States, and even managed to make progress on China's single most important issue: reunion with Taiwan. He presided over a decade of strong economic growth, and reintroduced state control in some sectors of the economy. He was a fairly conservative leader when it came to political reform, and he advocated for "China's peaceful development", pursuing soft power in international relations and a cooperative approach to governance. He favored populist policies, which saw the abolishment of the agricultural tax on farmers, and more flexible policies towards migrant workers in urban centers. Significance: As impressive as China's economic growth as become, income inequality has emerged as a major threat to the country's social fabric, creating a society of haves and have-nots that is getting worse before it gets better. Class divisions, a cause of two 20th century revolutions in the country, seem to be coming back with a vengeance. But in the last few years, China has deviated from this path by aggressively defending its interests in the East China Sea, effectively claiming an entire swathe of ocean for itself. This strategy -- popular among China's ultra-nationalists -- has done little in strategic terms but push countries like Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, and the Philippines even further in the United States' camp. Because he was considered a soft leader, his reign saw a spike in corruption and decentralization of power within the party, and this remains the main criticism of his regime.

32. Confucius Institutes as a geo-cultural force

Identify: Chinese government seeks to develop a global cultural influence that is at least as powerful as its growing economic, military, and political influence. Geo-cultural influence is a nation's ability to influence larger cultural trends, values, habits, and customs. The Confucius Institute (CI) project reflects a deep anxiety on the part of China's leadership, and much of the population, about China's relatively ineffectual impact on global trends in values, goals, and aspirations. CI project looks to find a place for Chinese history philosophy, and culture to enter a global cultural conversation. Elaborate: The CI project is primarily an attempt to influence global cultural discourse rather than as a "political" project concerned with forcing Chinese political doctrine upon the rest of the world. CIs try to embody CHinese cultural traditions in local contexts but not always effectively. Significance: CIs are a geo-cultural initiative in an attempt to insert CHinese language, cultural traditions, and resources into the main currents of global cultural evolution. There is little evidence that CIsa re ever used to push Chinese political stances, not that they would be successful if they tried. Helping bring Chinese culture into the global sphere not Chinese political goals.

38. What are the major points in John Mearshimer's argument with regard to the international implications of China's rise?

Identify: Comes up with the concept of "The Middle of Income Trap" . Mearshimer begins his argument: "China cannot rise peacefully and if it continues its dramatic economic growth in the next few decades, the United States and China are likely to engage in an intense security competition with the likelihood for war." follows his theory that the goal of every great power is to dominate the system Elaborate: Today's world does not allow for global hegemony, only regional, China is likely to dominate Asia while the US has dominated the western hemisphere--will try to maximize the power gap between itself and its neighbors to ensure that no state in Asia will threaten it. If China can push the US out of Asia, they will be able to get Taiwan. 2025: the time this will likely happen. The situation that exists today is essentially irrelevant. Cannot predict the future, only way to do it is by using theory. Bases theory on traditional notions of hard power, he is a realist Significance: Future of Hegemons: why should we expect China to act differently from the US? It prides itself on being a harmonious society with a harmonious history, the rise of China in the world will be peaceful in comparison to the Western Nations and Japan. So even if China were to be the most powerful country in the world, it would be done in a way that would benefit other countries, would not emulate the US. US policy makers react harshly when other great powers send military forces in the Western Hemisphere--i.e. Cuban Missile Crisis. These foreign forces are seen as threat to American superiority, and Chiense are likely to imitate the United States in becoming a regional hegemon because they are not any more moral or less concerned with foreign threats. "Better to be Godzilla than Bambi"

37. "Central Document No. 9"

Identify: Communist Party cadres have been warned by senior leaders that power could escape their frip, unless the party eradicates seven subversive currents coursing through Chinese society. These seven perils were enumerated in a memo, referred to as Document No. 9, that bears the unmistakable imprimatur of Xi. The document warns seven dangerous Western values. Elaborate: The seven perils included, "western constitutional democracy," promoting "universal values" of human rights, Western-inspired notions of media independence and civic participation, ardently pro-market "neoliberalism," freedom of the press, and "nihilist" criticisms of the party's traumatic past. Significance: The document was issued in the context of planned economic reforms and increased calls for political reform. Document warns that western subjects undermine the CCP's control over the Chinese society. The document also promotes way of dealing with these problems, which include "unwavering adherence to the principle of the Party's control of the media." "The Third selection (Central Document No. 9) is very revealing of the Chinese Communist Party's assessment of the ideological weaknesses it is experiencing inside the Party and in society, and it further illustrates the paranoia the CCP has towards all forms of Western political influence.

30. The Taiwan-PRC-US triangle

Identify: Due to its importance to both China and the United States, Taiwan has burdened the relationship between the two powers as long and as fierce as any. Elaborate: China considers Taiwan an integral part of its territory and has been unwilling to reject the use of force to settle the Taiwan issue. Under these conditions, Taiwan has chosen to balance China by aligning itself with the United States in order to avoid submission or destruction. Although the U.S. supports a "one-China" policy, it is strongly opposed to any move that could change the status quo in the Taiwan Strait by force. -Taiwan's actions and China's response alarmed the US because it feared that a negative cross-straight spiral might lead to conflict in which it would have to intervene. So the Clinton and 2nd Bush administrations pursued an approach of "dual deterrance": simultaneously warning Beijing and Taipei against provocative actions and reassuring each of US intentions. Significance: While both Beijing and Washington often emphasize positive engagement and dialogue, divergent interests of China and the United States over Taiwan, along with their contest for domination in East Asia, have remained a focal point of contention that could send the two powers on a collision course. -US relations with Taiwan are a function of Taiwan's policies towards China -If Taiwan is to stay independent it needs to strengthen itself diplomatically, primarily through US relations, as the US remains Taiwan's sole protector

7. A Hong Kong newspaper on a mission to promote China's soft power

Identify: Every day, The Post churns out dozens of articles about China, many of which seek to present a more positive view of the country. As it does, critics say it is moving away from independent journalism and pioneering a new form of propaganda. Elaborate: The revival began with The Post's acquisition two years ago by the Alibaba Group, the Chinese technology and retail giant. But if Alibaba is breathing new life into the paper, it has also given it a new mission: improving China's image overseas and combating what it sees as anti-Chinese bias in the foreign media. But journalists worry that Alibaba, which has become one of the most highly valued companies in the world in part by maintaining good ties with the Chinese government, is abandoning The Post's history of scrappy reporting to please Beijing. Significance: There has been at least one noticeable change since the sale: an outpouring of coverage of Alibaba and its leader, Jack Ma, one of China's richest men. Articles mentioning Alibaba reached an average of about 3.5 per day last year online and in print, roughly double the number in 2016, according to an archival search.

25. The importance of Lee Teng-hui for an understanding of the evolution of politics in Taiwan

Identify: Lee Teng Hui is considered as the "father of Taiwan's democracy". Lee succeeded after the death of Chiang Ching Kuo, as the first Haka (indigenous Taiwanese) president. Lee Teng Hui achieved series political reforms in Taiwan during his presidency from 1988 to 2000. Elaborate: During his presidency, Lee promoted the Taiwanese localization movement and worked to gain allies around the world. After leaving office Lee was expelled from the KMT for founding the pro-independence Taiwan Solidarity Union. Lee has been outspoken in support for Taiwanese Independence from China. Domestic affairs: Lee is pushed Taiwan's political system into pluralistic democracy. After the Wild Lily student movement, Lee actively engaged in conversation with student protesters, and eventually forced the concession of political elders in the National Assembly. In 1996, Taiwan held the first direct election and Lee was reelected as president. Foreign: Under Chiang Kai Shek and Chiang Ching Kuo's leadership, KMT claimed that they are the official government of China, that they will eventually fight back and reclaim the authority of China from the Chinese Communist Party. When Lee succeeded, that argument was abandoned. Lee tried to make the relationship between Taiwan and China into a "state to state" relationship. In fact, Lee was the first president that support the Taiwanization movement. Significance: After the Wild Lily student movement he expressed his support of the students' goals and pledged his commitment to full democracy in Taiwan.

26. The importance of polarization as a factor in Taiwan politics

Identify: Main polarization between the two parties: DPP v. KMD Elaborate:Most of the polarization comes from "identity politics" (cultural and political), the Taiwanese only likely support the DPP, whereas those who favor unification of China and Taiwan favors the national party - In 2000, the DPP candidate (Chen Shiu-bian) won the presidential election, ending an era of KMT authoritarian rule - Taiwan became a true democracy o Ma and the KMT recognized the "1992 consensus" and therefore managed to maintain good relations with China o DPP, however, has not recognized the "1992 consensus" because the DDP wants to agree on an interpretation o 74% of people in Taiwan support Tsai's policy on China, so relations probably won't improve soon o Growing resentment toward "One China" principle o Growing sense of Taiwanese identity and growing caution against China o 60% of residents consider themselves Taiwanese, not Chinese, and 80% of those under 30 oppose unification - The two parties are totally polarized on the issue of independence/unification o KMT is strong in the north (more mainlanders) o DDP is strong in the south (poorer, more native Taiwanese) Significance: Whichever party comes into power in Taiwan, could like cause a lot of domestic turmoil should they proceed or reject the unification with China, as both parties feel strongly and are at opposite ends of the spectrum about the issue. - The Nationalist Party (KMT) was the only political party until 1986 - In 1986, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) was founded, and even though the creation of an opposition party violated martial law, it wasn't punished - In 1987, martial law ended and new/opposition political parties were officially allowed

21. How accurate were the predictions about post-1997 Hong Kong?

Identify: Milton Friedman: within two years, HK currency would disappear and they would use Chinese currency but that didn't happen Elaborate: One of the officials in the Mainland office: can't advocate independence for HK, asked Terry Lamb that freedom of speech will be guaranteed to HK? Answer is no, not likely to stand up to Beijing on any kind of issue. April 1997: Leslie Stahl tries to get interview with the incoming chief executive, he refuses, and therefore goes to the Preference: cannot give example of when he tells people that Beijing disagrees with the policies. Significance: More and more HK leaders are checking with Beijing before they do anything and are looking over their shoulders Legal System Freedom of Speech Getting into and out of HK from China (border openness)

29. Some specific examples of either (or both) Chinese and American insensitivities to the culture of the other

Identify: NEED TO FILL OUT Elaborate: -Chinese cultural appropriation examples in film, Long Duk Dong -both countries are morally self righteous, think they're right all the time self image -american exceptionalism- us sees itself as a model for the rest of the world, special nation, chosen nation, redeemer of an oppressed world, goes back to founding of country, world was intervention, fighting to make the world safe for democracy, obligation to help others not content just with self -many people blame the us for beijing not getting the olympics in 2000, american political body criticized human rights, beginning of anti-americanism -1998 conference on us media coverage of china in washington dc, chinas view: promote and improve sino american relations, don't know why journalists would damage relationship- irresponsible, american press demonizes china Significance: NEED TO FILL OUT

34. The importance of Deng Xiaoping for Chinese politics [Note: He lived from 1904-1997]

Identify: NEED TO FILL OUT Elaborate: In Mao's Era: （Military Secretary and Commissar of 2nd Field Army during the Civil War) 1950: Political Commissar of the South West Military Base 1956, he became Head of the Communist Party's Organization Department and member of the Central Military Commission. 1957, General Secretary ( After support Mao's Anti Rightists Movement) Purged During the Cultural Revolution by the "Gang of Four", lost every position After Mao's Death Take power away from Hua Guofeng who is a fan of Maoism "De Maoism", stop the violent class struggle, clearing the name for those who were labeled as class enemies, traitors, capitalist roaders, etc. Permit private farming and transform the previous collective farms into Township and village enterprises Initiate Market Reform, liberalization in economy Political Reform, 82 constitution, foundation for domestic stability and modernization (such as the introduction of property rights, de-emphasis on class struggle, importance of non party member on Chinese politics) Significance: NEED TO FILL OUT

43. What are the key elements director Micha Peled emphasizes in his documentary film "China Blue"?

Identify: NEED TO FILL OUT Elaborate: Showing the inside of a blue jean company in China Factory owner realized everything is based on getting orders and meeting deadlines regardless of how many hours workers have to work Because the city is made for textile production, there is much competition between factories, negotiations to the cent Mr. Lam agreed to let him film in his factory because he was proud of the conditions in his factory (12 to a room, others 20-50) How does the process of globalization work? How do goods go from their making to selling them retail? Condemning the interlocking system of global free trade Middlemen (Walmart) win, not the producers nor really the consumers Women being filmed had never met a foreigner before Film was made after making a film about Walmart in rural US and this is the prequel to it which shows the items being made before they are sent to the united states Chinese migrant workers' struggles Young Chinese workers who work in the factories work and send the money back to their families in rural China to pay for schooling, food, healthcare, etc. Orchids Story Wanted there to be a love story so it was not completely bleak film Significance: Rural to urban migrant women in China Millions are leaving the rural parts of China with the intent to become part of the New China economy. Women comprise a majority of the migrant population in the world 130 million transistioned from Unfair wages, slave labor, no choice bc need money, makes 6 cents an hour ,work 7 days a week , most factory workers are women bc they are obedient , earn 65$ a month

11. Thomas Friedman in The New York Times on Donald Trump and truth

Identify: One of the hardest things to accept for all of us who want Donald Trump to be a one-term president is the fact that some things are true even if Donald Trump believes them! And one of those things is that we have a real trade problem with China. Imports of Chinese goods alone equal two-thirds of the global U.S. trade deficit today. Elaborate: The first problem he raised has to do with the "shock" that China delivered to U.S. lower-tech manufacturers in the years right after Beijing joined the World Trade Organization in 2001, when it gained more open access to the U.S. and other world markets. Autor and his colleagues David Dorn and Gordon Hanson found in a 2016 study that roughly 40 percent of the decline in U.S. manufacturing between 2000 and 2007 was due to a surge in imports from China primarily after it joined the W.T.O. And it led to the sudden loss of about one million factory jobs in Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania. Trump won all of those states.The second problem has to do with access to China's market for the goods U.S. companies sell. There, noted Autor, "China has not only taken our lunch, they've opened a restaurant that's serving it to their citizens." We assumed that China would "reform and open" after it joined the W.T.O., said James McGregor, a longtime China trade expert. Instead, China "reformed and closed." So China kept a 25 percent tariff on new cars imported from the U.S. (our tariff is 2.5 percent) and similarly steep tariffs on imported auto parts. As Reuters noted, for companies like Apple, "if they don't accept demands to partner with Chinese companies and store data in China, then they risk losing access to the lucrative Chinese market, despite fears about trade secret theft and the rights of Chinese customers." Tesla founder Elon Musk tweeted it right when he said that "no US auto company is allowed to own even 50% of their own factory in China, but there are five 100% China-owned EV auto companies in the US." Significance: So what would a smart American president do? First, he'd sign the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade accord. TPP eliminated as many as 18,000 tariffs on U.S. exports with the most dynamic economies in the Pacific and created a 12-nation trading bloc headed by the U.S. and focused on protecting what we do best - high-value-added manufacturing and intellectual property. Alas, Trump tore it up without reading it. Once a smart president restored participation in TPP, he'd start secret trade talks with the Chinese - no need for anyone to lose face - and tell Beijing: "Since you like your trade rules so much, we're going to copy them for your companies operating in America: 25 percent tariffs on your cars, and your tech companies that open here have to joint venture and share intellectual property with a U.S. partner - and store all their data on U.S. servers."

13. Compare the three candidates for class monitor in "Please Vote For Me"

Identify: Please Vote for Me is a 2007 documentary film following the elections for class monitor in a 3rd grade class of eight-year-old children in the Evergreen Primary School in Wuhan, China. Elaborate: Xiaofei (girl)- reserved, plays the flute, wants to be Class Monitor based on her good merits. Unlike the two boys, Xu comes from a single parent home. We quickly see that bare knuckle campaigning just isn't in her. Cheng Cheng deploys a sort of primitive Swift Boating during the musical competition, which leaves her in tears. She is kind and deliberate, not exactly the stuff of Tammany Hall. Cheng Cheng (boy)- He wants to be a top chinese officials when he is older. He tries to gain popularity for the election through his charisma, He employs two of his close friends to help him out. He also manipulates some class mates by telling them they will be rewarded in different ways if they end of voting for him. It would seem that candidate Cheng Cheng fits the first and third categories nicely. Early on, he espouses the virtue of class monitor in starkly authoritarian terms. "The class monitor," he reminds us, "gets to order people around." Cheng Cheng does a good deal of this, both at school and at home. He is equal parts Dick Cheney, Barack Obama and Eric Cartman. Even as he begins his dirty tricks campaign against his adversaries - it took about four minutes - Cheng Cheng manages to charm and amaze with a combination of sweeping rhetoric and democratic ideals. At first, his motivations seem to be the purest of political ones, namely, that he wants the office and could use the control. As the film progresses, the child displays a personable and complex character. Few observers will argue early on that he isn't a winner. Luo lei (winner)- He was the former class monitor, he is also known to be sort of a bully. His parents are very involved and help his son with the election by taking the whole class on a field trip to see the aboveground train that runs through the city. The third, and incumbent, candidate is Luo Lei. Much like Cheng Cheng, the first impression can be misleading. When discussing campaign strategy with his parents, Luo Lei insists that his compatriots should make their decision freely, and of sound mind. As the film develops, we learn that Luo defines bearing any burden through a clenched fist. There is an hilarious scene where both Xu Xiaofei and Cheng Cheng's campaign staffers are compiling a list of Luo Lei's shortcomings as class monitor. When Xu Xiaofei's emissary gets around to Cheng Cheng himself, he states that a serious flaw in Luo Lei as monitor is that he beats the students too much. "We've got that one already," she responds, to Cheng Cheng's amusement. In the course of debate, Cheng Cheng asks for a show of hands on who has been beaten by Luo Lei during his tenure as class monitor. There are quite a few volunteers. Luo Lei defends himself, as his parents suggested the night before, with very paternalistic reasoning. "Sure, I beat you, but only because you misbehave. If a parent beats his child, is it for no reason?" Cheng Cheng responds logically, stating that Luo Lei is a child himself, not an adult, then continues with a rhetorical flourish that eventually renders his opponent speechless. He has vanquished the more difficult foe, it seems. Significance: It shows how very little the Chinese people, children included, know about the democratic system and how it operates. They are not taught the particulars of the process and thus base their entire interpretation on what they have seen from media and what they believe to be a good leader is/ how to win support based upon practices that the Chinese government employs.

40. The improved relationship between the mainland and Taiwan under the presidency of Ma Ying-jeou

Identify: President of Taiwan from 2008 to 2016, KMT. He positions himself as a force for stability and cross-strait peace through maintaining the status quo and said "everyone in Taiwan in hoping for peace, stability, development, and prosperity." He promised "no reunification, no independence and no war" while running for president, but his policies have been largely pro-unification. Elaborate: Ma Ying-jeou meet with President Xi in the first meeting of both sides' top leaders since 1949. He opened more flights between Taiwan and the mainland, opened Taiwan to mainland Chinese tourists, eased restrictions on Taiwan investment in mainland China, and approved measures that will allow mainland Chinese investors to buy Taiwan stocks. In 2008, both sides started allowing direct flights between the two sides. Direct talks between CCP and KMT. He was willing to make concessions because the PRC had changed their position from achieving unification to opposing independence- PRC widened the range of possibilities of how the relationship could work Significance: Increased relations between Taiwan and the mainland to alleviate stress within their relationship. Most Taiwanese welcomed this improvement, but Ma faced a lot of criticism from his opponents for compromising with Beijing- opponents worried that his actions meant he was pro-unification and that he would "sell out" Taiwan

15. Joint Declaration on Hong Kong (1984)

Identify: Sino-British Joint Declaration, formally known as the Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong, was signed by Premier Zhao Ziyang of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher of the United Kingdom (UK) on behalf of their respective governments on 19 December 1984 in Beijing. Elaborate:In accordance with the "one country, two systems" principle agreed between the UK and the PRC, the socialist system of PRC would not be practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(HKSAR), and Hong Kong's previous capitalist system and its way of life would remain unchanged for a period of 50 years until 2047. The Joint Declaration provides that these basic policies should be stipulated in the Hong Kong Basic Law and that the socialist system and socialist policies shall not be practised in HKSAR. However, with the start of the Umbrella Revolution in 2014, a campaign against the perceived infringements in the HKSAR by mainland China, the British Foreign Office announced that Chinese officials now treat the Joint Declaration as "void" Significance: While Hong Kong is now the property of China, the declaration allows it to retain its way of life for the next 50 years. This may contribute to the rise in Hong Kong identity rather than One China identity.

31. The "February 28, 1947 Incident" in Taiwan and why it's important

Identify: The February 28 Incident or the February 28 Massacre, also known as the 2.28 Incident was an anti-government uprising in Taiwan that was violently suppressed by the Kuomintang-led Republic of China government, which killed thousands of civilians beginning on 28 February 1947. Elaborate: In 1945, following the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II, the Allies handed temporary administrative control of Taiwan to the Republic of China (ROC), thus ending 50 years of Japanese colonial rule. Local inhabitants became resentful of what they saw as high-handed and frequently corrupt conduct on the part of the Kuomintang (KMT) authorities, their arbitrary seizure of private property and their economic mismanagement. The flashpoint came on 27 February 1947 in Taipei, when a dispute between a cigarette vendor and an officer of the Office of Monopoly triggered civil disorder and an open rebellion that lasted for days.[2] The violence spread and led to indiscriminate lynching of Mainlanders. The uprising was violently put down by the military of the Republic of China, and the island was placed under martial law. Significance: The massacre marked the beginning of the White Terror in which tens of thousands of other Taiwanese went missing, died or were imprisoned. The incident is one of the most important events in Taiwan's modern history and was a critical impetus for the Taiwan independence movement.

17. Article 23 in the Basic Law for Hong Kong and its significance and the implications for politics in Hong Kong

Identify: The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall enact laws on its own to prohibit any act of treason, secession, sedition, subversion against the Central People's Government, or theft of state secrets, to prohibit foreign political organisations or bodies from conducting political activities in the Region, and to prohibit political organisations or bodies of the Region from establishing ties with foreign political organisations or bodies. Elaborate: · Article 23 (aka anti-subversion law): basis of a security law proposed by the government of Hong Kong on 24 September 2002: idea to prohibit acts of treason/secession against the Central People's Government (Beijing) + prohibits ties with foreign political organizations · Controversial: although Hong Kong operates as a separate legal system since the Sino-British Joint Declaration (1984); the legislation was openly pushed by Beijing · March against article 23 in 2003 (700,000 on July, 1st) · Never passed (Tung Chee Hwa resigned in 2005) because not enough Legislative Council support. Significance: However now, with recent Beijing interference, talks that it might be implemented despite popular opinion è the article would be used to criminalize the fact of publicly expressing pro-independence · Article on Blackboard: chances are Hong Kong will move on the controversial security law as Beijing just barred 2 independence activists from Legco (oath-taking controversy in which two young advocates of self-determination mispronounced voluntarily "China") ⇒ the withdrawal of this revision to the Basic Law was only temporary · Significance/effects of politics in Hong Kong? Impact advancement of universal suffrage

12. What has and has not changed in Hong Kong since July 1, 1997, according to Professor Rosen's lecture?

Identify: The People's liberation army, Hong Kong's currency, the judicial system, and civil rights hasn't changed. Emigration has changed. Elaborate: A Fortune magazine article predicted that the death of Hong Kong would come in the form of a present army on the streets. Other than one appearance during the handover ceremony in 1997, the troops have stayed pretty much invisible. While it was expected that China would impose its currency on Hong Kong, this is not the case. Hong Kong still has much of the british influence on their judicial systems with english being the main language and with judges wearing wigs and robes. Hong Kong has been able to keep many freedoms including speech and associate with many pro-democracy legislators and protesters still prevalent. Scared of China's crackdowns on freedom and economic slowdown, one-twelfth of hong kong residents left in the years before the handover. By 2005, a third of the people who left had come back due to booming economy. Significance: Many expected the handover to drastically change Hong Kong, but most things stayed the same, insinuating that the one country two systems framework seems to be working out.

48. China's efforts to develop an alternative framework for Asian security in the Asia-Pacific and American responses

Identify: The US was dominant in shaping Asia-Pacific international relations after WWII and used a "hub and spokes" system of bilateral alliances and defense relationships as their primary organizing concepts. Beijing is dissatisfied with US policies that they believe to impinge on Chinese vital interests. Beijing wants other powers to acknowledge the legitimacy of its security objectives without triggering instability or overt conflict. Elaborate: The US and China are both intent on ownership of rival concepts of international relations, with neither prepared to endorse the other's vision. The US does not want to exclude China from future international governance and rulemaking, but insists Beijing pursue its policy goals within an existing framework of rules, institutions, and norms developed under US leadership. Significance: The enhancement of China's comprehensive national power over the past two decades has raised renewed questions about the durability of Beijing's accomodation with the American-designed and led order. The United States is intent on upholding its long-standing regional interests, but China's power ascendance is now directly influencing US policy deliberations, triggering an equivalent focus on US strategy in Beijing. There is no decisive strategy among the Chinese, but the debate within China suggests an increased awareness to potential consequences.

35. Beijing's offer of "equal status" to Taipei and the implications

Identify: The aim would be to gradually allow Taiwanese to receive the same treatment as mainlanders while studying, doing business, working, or living on the mainland Measures would relax access to mainland markets for Taiwanese films, television programs, and books Elaborate: The prospect of higher pay and bigger markets lures more Taiwanese workers to mainland Better incentives to work in the mainland due to small market and low pay in Taiwan Mainland is working to extend economic and cultural exchanges Would also allow Taiwanese professionals to freely join mainland-based industry associations or study for any of 134 professional qualifications Significance: Taiwan would lose investment and experience a "brain drain" This could lead to Taiwan becoming further divided as more people call for closer links with Beijing

46. The centralization of management of Chinese media under the State Council and the Party's Propaganda Department and what it means

Identify: The centralization of management of Chinese media under the State Council and the Party's Propaganda Department is indicative of Xi's emphasis on the centralised role of the Party in regulating all aspects of political, social, and cultural life. Elaborate: The centralization reflects the Party's enhanced efforts to control and unify the message in promoting China's soft power both at home and abroad. The Party is looking to show more patriotic Chinese films in China and rely less on Hollywood films. In film, the propaganda efforts have concentrated on the domestic market, with the recent announcement of the selection of 5,000 movie theaters to screen and promote propaganda films one example of these efforts. With the recent box office successes of such nationalistic films as Wolf Warrior 2 and Operation Red Sea, Party leaders now feel that China can succeed in its own market without relying on the Hollywood product. Significance: American films exports are unlikely to change because they already had to be approved by the Propaganda Department. Indeed, one likely result is even more censorship of Hollywood films seeking to enter the Chinese market, particularly since the key new responsibilities of the Propaganda Department include the maximization of film's special role in propaganda and the enhancement of cooperative foreign productions and international cooperation. Some of this censorship of Hollywood will be imposed by Beijing, and some will be self-censorship.

19. China's Regulation of Investment Trade

Identify: The investment policies of the People's Republic of China are part of China's overall strategy of using international trade to further its aggressive ascent as a global economic power in a rapidly changing world economy. Designed to promote China's massive state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Elaborate: At home, China seeks to weaken and compromise the ability of multinational companies (MNCs) to compete in China and in countries abroad through the use of various competition laws, such as the Anti-Monopoly Law and the Anti-Unfair Competition Law. In regulating investment abroad by its SOEs, China gives SOEs almost free rein in how to conduct their business affairs giving them an advantage over MNCs. SOEs can make bribes to foreign officials. Significance: This two pronged strategy allows SOEs to have advantages over MNCs in both CHina and in countries abroad. China is not in violation of any international law obligations under the WTO. China's actions are not subject to challenge under the WTO's dispute settlement system.

8. The "1992 Consensus" in Taiwan

Identify: The result of a cross-strait meeting in which both sides acknowledged they belong to one china, but with different interpretations. Elaborate: China believes "one china" refers to the Peoples republic of China and Taiwan believes it refers to Republic of China (ROC), founded in 1911 and with de jure sovereignty over all of China. In 1992, Taiwan and the mainland agreed to consider themselves part of a single Chinese nation, but each side embraces a different interpretation of what that means. Mainland officials treat the consensus as a prerequisite for normal relations, and threatened to suspend contact if Ms. Tsai did not endorse the principle. KMT embraces consensus, but says ROC re presents the one, true China -- not PRC. DPP rejects the consensus outright, argues that there are two sovereign countries on opposite sides of the straight. Significance: It acknowledged existing disputes but preserved enough ambiguity to avoid confronting them, allowing the mainland and Taiwan to build constructive dialogue on other issues. The Consensus has served an important role in reducing mistrust and hostility and opening communication.

4. Xi Jinping

Identify: The top leader in the Communist Party of china and the President of the People's Republic of China. Elaborate: Xi has set about stimulating a slowing Chinese economy. In 2014, China introduced the One Belt, One Road initiative to bolster trade routes and launched the ambitious Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. He has also changed some of the laws enacted by predecessors, formally ending China's One Child Policy in 2015. Cracked down on corruption and anti government rhetoric severely. He has worked to consolidate power, going against the collective command approach of his predecessor. He has promoted what he terms the "chinese dream" : a call to better the collective over the individual Significance: As part of his goal to establish China as a 21st century global superpower, Xi has pushed for military reform to upgrade naval and air forces. Already chairman of the Central Military Commission, in 2016 he added the title of commander in chief of its joint battle command center. He might just become the next Mao Zedong after the abolishment of term limits, but he's also trying to bring China up in terms of global influence that might just come into fruition within the next decade.

45. The possible effects of the trade tension between the US and China on the global economy

Identify: The trade tensions could send a shudder through the global economy and complicate Mr. Xi's efforts to sustain China's rapid growth in the face of rising debt and an aging population. Elaborate:First, China and the US are hugely dependent on each other for economics and trade. The US is China's largest export market, while China is the US' biggest import market. In fact, over the past decade or so, overall increase in the Sino-US trade deficit has been revised down from 24.5 percent in 2005 to 8.1 percent in 2017. The trade deficit is the inevitable result of the international industrial division of labor and the optimal allocation of resources against the backdrop of economic globalization. Second, once a trade war breaks out between China and the US, the industries of both countries will be negatively impacted. In 2017, transport equipment, mechanical and electrical products, plant products, chemical and mineral products were among the top five US exports to China, accounting for more than 60 percent of total exports. A trade war will no doubt hit hard states and regions whose exports are dominated by these products. Third, the trade war's potential impact may also endanger employment, prices and other areas of people's livelihoods, negatively impacting on society. The large amount of quality goods imported at modest prices from China not only helps to keep inflation low, but also increases the real purchasing power of the American people, especially the middle and low income groups. Significance:

20. Tung Chee-hwa, Donald Tsang, C.Y. Leung and Carrie Lam

Identify: These are the four chief executives of Hong Kong since HK went back to China on July 1, 1997. Elaborate: Distinguishing characteristics: Tung chee hwa 1997-2005 Tung was the first Chief Executive of Hong Kong after the transfer of sovereignty from British of PRC The first major move of Tung in his second term was to push for legislation to implement Article 23 of the Hong Kong Basic Law in September 2002. However, the initiative drew a hostile response from the pro-democratic camp, lawyers, journalists, religious leaders and human rights organizations.[21] This stoked public concerns that the freedoms they enjoyed would deteriorate. The sentiment, together with other factors such as the SARS epidemic in early 2003, when the government was criticized for its slow response, strained hospital services and the unexpected death toll, resulted in the largest mass demonstration since the establishment of HKSAR, with an estimated 500,000 people (out of the population of 6,800,000) marching on 1 July 2003. Many demanded Tung to step down.[22] Tung was also widely criticized of his poor administration and other controversial policies Tung resigned in 2005, due to "health problems". Donald Tsang: 2005-2012 Donald Tsang was the second Chief Executive, C,Y Leung is the current Chief Executive Donald Tsang was criticized of the increasing wealth gap during his term. As well as the failure to establish a well-rounded legal system, creating many social problem: (mainly between Hong Kong and Mainland China). Such as : illegal immigrants from mainland, excess purchase of goods in HK that caused the increase of commodity price in HK. -Members of his administration were arrested under allegations of bribery and corruption "Junket Controversy" CY Leung C,Y Leung was the Chief Executive until 2017. the electoral result was signi cant in several aspects. the central government in Beijing originally supported Tang but later changed its position to favor Leung on March 14 after Tang was plagued by a series of scandals, including extra-marital a airs and illegal construction at his house. It was revealed that Leung, too, had had illegal work done on his home, and there were accusations of involvement of Hong Kong gang (triad) members in his campaign. Leung's administration got off to a rocky start. His appointee as secretary for development, Mak Chai-kwong, resigned after just twelve days in o ce following charges of financial fraud. A poll taken in June 2013 show that only 13.3 percent of those surveyed were satis ed with the political situation in Hong Kong, down from a high of nearly 60 percent on the eve of the 1997 takeover Carrie Lam Current Chief executive Becoming the first female Chief Executive of Hong Kong In July 2017, the Lam administration proposed co-location arrangement of the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link (XRL) has sparked concerns that it might constitute a breach of the Basic Law and undermine Hong Kong's autonomy of "One Country, Two Systems", especially regarding the immigration control issue. Lam responded by stating that "some Hong Kong legal professionals have an elitist mentality or double standards, that is, they think that Hong Kong's legal system is supreme, and that the mainland legal system - a big country with a 1.3 billion population - is wrong." Her statement prompted widespread disbelief as she appeared to defend Chinese legal system being better than Hong Kong's legal system which is derived from British system, accusing her of hypocrisy as she herself is seen as an elite out of touch with society, damaging the One Country, two systems principle and for attacking the character instead of the arguments of Hong Kong's lawyers Significance: All three of them faced public dissatisfaction and protest during their tenure.

41. The difference between The New York Times and China Daily in how they address the trade conflict and tariffs issue

Identify: US more balanced, but a little more biased to US. China is very biased and attacking the US. Elaborate: New York Times Believes that free trade is good for both US and China, but China has not been following the rules Imports from China caused define in US manufacturing Trade war versus negotiations, negotiations are obviously the best option Trump does not blame China for their actions with the US in trading, he blames Americans for allowing these trade deals China joined WTO in 2001 and there have been questions about weather or not they have been following the regulations China Daily Biased towards China US imposing a tariff on Chinese goods would be devastating to the US economy Tariff could lead to a destructive trade war with serious consequences for US economic growth and job creation Saying that China has not gone against ay of their promises regarding trade regulations China does not want a trade war, but they are prepared for one and to protect themselves Attacking Trump's trade policies and uses Americans' statements as proof Significance: Worsening the divide between the US and China.

24. Using the lecture, handouts and any other material as a guide, does the Western press "demonize" China?

Identify: Western press often does not look at China in a good light. US-China relation is often seen as a zero-sum game; however this is not true. Elaborate: Media represents the US-China relationship much worse than political officials do. Americans see China as a threat and think China is trying to rise to world hegemon threatening America. It is evident that the US demonizes China through Trump's legislation to put tariffs on Chinese goods in an attempt to correct the trade imbalance with China. West focusing on the negative aspect of the bilateral relation much more systematically than China (cf US vs Chinese news covers after bilateral talks: "Bush presses China on currency, lawmakers warn of possible action" vs "complete success") · US critique of the influence of Chinese institutes (Confucius) on College campuses · Portrayal of Xi + Chinese dragon · BUT Misperceptions goes in both directions (see introductory chapter of "Debating China") Notion of rivalry/rise of China Many articles from Chinese newspapers that we read are also very critique of western attitudes · Press freedom not the same in the West and in China so the two regions are not equally used to voicing criticism of government anyway Significance: China uses America's alleged negative attitude towards China as a way to encourage Chinese population to dislike America, but this does not always work well because American soft power is so prevalent in China and young people prefer the American political system to the Chinese one.

9. The Chinese view on the abolition of term limits for president

Identify: Within China, reporting in state-run media has been extremely low-key. There has been little mention of it beyond noting the repeal as one of a number of constitutional changes. Elaborate: The state-run press noted that the change was merely an "adjustment" or "a perfecting of the term system for the president." Significance: By contrast, it has been a major topic on Chinese social media, and censors have been hard at work removing the many critical comments that have appeared online. The Chinese government does not want a shift into the negative from the view of the Chinese public.

6. Does Patriotism mean Party Loyalty in Hong Kong?

Identify: Xi made it crystal clear that Hongkongers needed to "strengthen their sense of belonging to the nation and their patriotic feeling." Yet, for decades, whether "loving the country" equates to "loving the party" has remained a troubling question for both the city and Beijing. Elaborate:This was what prompted Tam Yiu-chung, the sole Hong Kong delegate to the country's top legislative body, the NPC Standing Committee, to remind the city's political activists that chanting slogans of "end one-party rule" might jeopardise their chances of running for elections in future. Significance: Other Beijing officials' recent remarks indicate that in the central government's eyes, although the city follows a capitalist system, its legislature is still part of the establishment of the special administrative region, which is part of the People's Republic of China.

10. Does a stronger Xi mean a weaker Communist Party?

Identify: Yes, the more power Xi centralizes for himself the less the party as a whole has. Elaborate: Xi removed term limits, he has concentrated more power than any Chinese leader since Mao. Lifting term limits introduces new unpredictability in the CCP China needs a strong leader to guide it through the transition from low-cost labor-intensive production towards a more innovative and environmentally friendly model It is unclear the impact of the loss of term limits on the CCP which has ruled CHina partly by deftly institutionalizing the peaceful transfer of power at the top Removing formal limits on office terms will exacerbate competition from would-be successors and popular discontent Xi has dismantles practices that spread out power and has amassed power for himself Xi has exploited the party to build a cult around his personality. Xi's move to entrench himself as president, perhaps for life, risks undermining the norms and mechanisms developed by the CCP that have brought China this far Lifting term limits removes incentives for would-be leaders to bide their time and wait out Xi's time in office Scheduled leadership changes can calm the people by allowing a new leader to adjust policies in order to correct a predecessor's mistakes or overreach Term limits are a device that over the years has allowed the Chinese government to control elite jockeying and popular expectations, two challenges that tend to be very tricky for authoritarian regimes to manage Significance: Xi's indefinite term threatens the return to one-man rule, at the cost of one-party rule

3. "The only aspect of China's political future that is predictable is its unpredictability. In spite of the basic political forces and trends that analysts frequently identify, the range of possible political futures is still wide." Write an essay in which you analyze some of these possible futures; and discuss which scenarios are more or less likely.

International and Domestic are both parts of its future--depending variable is the political future Potential Maoist Revival -Effect of end of term limits for Xi Jin Ping -Danger of control Possible more democratization -young people like the democracy of the US, but with the abolishing of term limits this is unlikely -Youths in China poll saying that they prefer the American political system (democracy), with these people growing older and more influential it is possible that they will be able to influence government to become more democratic

The "One Country, Two Systems" formula was originally created not for application to Hong Kong, but for Taiwan. Given the nature of the mainland China-Taiwan relationship and the continuation on the relative economic prosperity of Hong Kong after the handover to Beijing sovereignty, will the "One Country, Two Systems" formula likely be successfully applied to Taiwan in the future? Be sure to include any similarities and differences between Taiwan and Hong Kong when constructing your response.

It most likely won't work due to freedoms already awarded to Taiwan that Hong Kong does not have. Taiwan has already had movements against being controlled by China. China believes that there is "one China" and that Taiwan is a part of mainland china, while the people of Taiwan tend to disagree and those who subscribe to "one China" believe that it should be ruled in Taipei. Sunflower Student movement The protesters perceived the trade pact with the People's Republic of China would hurt Taiwan's economy and leave it vulnerable to political pressure from Beijing, while advocates of the treaty argued that increased Chinese investment would provide a necessary boost to Taiwan's economy, that the still-unspecified details of the treaty's implementation could be worked out favorably for Taiwan, and that to "pull out" of the treaty by not ratifying it would damage Taiwan's international credibility. Identify: China's relationship with Hong Kong and Taiwan are both contentious and in a state of negotiation. Elaborate: Taiwan: China believes that there is "one China" and that Taiwan is a part of mainland china, while the people of Taiwan tend to disagree and those who subscribe to "one China" believe that it should be ruled in Taipei. The 1992 consensus states there is one china but people still disagree which party is in charge. U.S. arms sales to Taiwan, totaling more than $46 billion since 1990, have led to U.S.-China friction and an upsurge in bellicose rhetoric across the strait. Beijing has been trying to forge a better relationship with Taiwan by creating economic linkages that maybe to costly for Taiwan to dismiss, thus creating one China. Beijing also is militarily preparing for a conflict with Taiwan and Taiwan is also preparing. Hong Kong: Until 2047, Hong Kong will operate under the "one country, two systems" philosophy. They operate as very different countries with different languages, currencies, cultures and freedoms. 40% of citizens asked identified with being more Hong Konger than chinese. Comparisons: Both SARs of China -- giving extra privileges to political and economic policies comparative to mainland rule. HK and Taiwan both promote freedom of press, critical to PRC's views on censorship of press. Both fearful of limitations on liberties with full integration in PRC, loss of cultural identity, and economic virtues. Both experienced major political shakeups in 1990s ("Handover" for HK, transition to democratic elections + civic rights in Taiwan). Contrast Taiwan has held democratic elections since 1990s, HK still working to find a system for direct elections that finds agreement in Beijing. Taiwan handles military affairs (purchases US equipment) and foreign affairs with countries that recognize it (21 UN nations), HK's defense and military affairs are governed by PRC. Significance: While both have tumultuous relationships and are simultaneously Chinese and not Chinese, Hong Kong has a more set idea of identity under the one country two systems while Taiwan and China are in more disagreement about who has power.