anatomy lecture final study guide

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functional morphology

Branch of anatomy that explores how organs and body structures work and assesses the efficiency of their design

respiratory system

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen

gross anatomy

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

tissue level

Tissues consist of similar types of cells

organismal level

all organ systems combined to make the whole organism

chemical level

atoms combine to form molecules

Organ level example

brain

Identity one function of the organ system illustrated here.

carries fluid from body tissues back to the blood vascular system

cellular level

cells and their surrounding are made up of molecules

When many molecules come together to form organelles that become compartmentalized into a single structure that works as a unit, you have an example of the

cellular level

simplest organizational level

chemical

Oxygen and hydrogen combine with one another to form water; this is an example of the

chemical level of organization

What's the order of the levels of organization?

chemical, cellular, tissuse, organ level, organ system, organismal

organ system level example

digestive system

The organs shown here make up the __________.

endocrine system

What is the advantage of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) over positron emission tomography (PET)?

fMRI pinpoints smaller brain areas, does not use radioactive tracers, and works faster.

organ system

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

axial region contains

head, neck, trunk

right nostril and right ear are

ipsilateral

Which advanced imaging technique is capable of distinguishing body tissues on the basis of differences in water content, and makes bones "invisible"?

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

cellular level example

neuron

chemical level example

neurotransmitters

organ level

one or more tissues functioning together

The small intestine contains epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. The combination of these different tissue types to form one discrete structure is an example of the

organ level

The pituitary gland, adrenal gland, and other hormone-producing organs all work together to help the body send hormones through the blood stream and respond to internal changes. This is an example of the

organ system level

Most complex level of organization

organismal

Identify the membranes that line the cavity surrounding the lungs.

parietal and visceral pleura

skeletal system

produces blood cells

muscular system

produces heat

urinary system

regulates water, electrolyte, and acid base balance of the blood

the appendix is in the

right iliac region

tissue level example

smooth muscle tissue

Review the descriptions of an organ in Figure 1.1. Use your knowledge from this figure to correctly identify an organ.Which of the following best represents an example at the organ level?

stomach

radiographic anatomy

studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures

Embryology

study of embryos and their development

surface anatomy

study of shapes and landmarks that reveal underlying organs

Histology

study of tissues

integumentary system

synthesizes vitamin D

Muscle fibers are cells that contain actin, myosin, and other accessory proteins. When these cells are collected together, they can all function as a unit, carrying out the shortening capabilities of muscle. When multiple cells with a similar function come together, it is an example of the

tissue level

The proximal convoluted tubule is a structure within the kidney nephron that plays a significant role in the reabsorption of important products that have been filtered from the blood. One of the key features of this structure is its lining. The cells that line the tubule are responsible for the transport of substances across the membrane. These cells and their collective efforts would be an example of which of the following levels?

tissue level

cardiovascular system

transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes


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