anatomy second semester review mastering a&p
What part of a neuron receives signals and sends a message to the cell body?
dendrite
The neural processes that convey incoming messages toward the cell body are
dendrites
the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges?
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Which ciliated neuroglial cell circulates cerebrospinal fluid?
ependymal cells
Includes the pineal gland and choroid plexus of the third ventricle
epithalamus
Immature form of this cell is called a reticulocyte
erythocyte
Type of cell produced in response to erythropoietiner
erythocyte
Type of cell that averages 5 million cells/mm3 of blood
erythocyte
Type of cell that is shaped like a biconcave disc
erythocyte
Excess of these cells cause polycythemia
erythocytes
Control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the ________.
hypothalamus
Regulates body temperature, water balance, and metabolism
hypothalamus
What indicates damage to the primary motor area?
inability to voluntarily move skeletal muscles
What type of neuron connects sensory and motor neurons in neural pathways?
interneurons (association neurons)
Excess numbers of these cells cause leukocytosis
leukocyte
Contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting
medulla oblongata
What are the two main functional subdivisions of the nervous system?
sensory and motor
What brain dysfunction results when blood supply to a region (or regions) of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissue dies, as by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel?
stroke
What branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) mobilizes the body during extreme situations, such as rage or fear?
sympathetic division
The _________________________ system decreases digestive system activities
sympathetic nervous
The _________________________ system decreases urine output of the kidneys
sympathetic nervous
The _________________________ system increases metabolic rate
sympathetic nervous
The _________________________ system increases the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
sympathetic nervous
The _________________________ system stimulates sweat glands to produce perspiration
sympathetic nervous
Gap between the axon terminals and the plasma membrane of a neighboring muscle cell
synaptic cleft
what is NOT a major region of the brain?
ventral ramus
The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores this chemical
calcium ions
Ganglia are collections of ________.
cell bodies
The metabolic center of the neuron is
cell body
What initiates an action potential on a muscle cell?
acetylcholine binding to receptors on the sarcolemma within the neuromuscular junction
During skeletal muscle contraction, to what do myosin heads bind?
actin filaments
Electrical current that travels the length of the sarcolemma that results in the contraction of the muscle fiber
action potential
What method of regenerating ATP during muscle contraction can produce lactic acid?
anaerobic glycolysis
Specific neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle cells
acetylcholine
What is released by axon terminals into the synaptic cleft to stimulate a muscle to contract?
acetylcholine
A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood, for any reason, is a condition known as ________.
anemia
Subdivision of the motor division responsible for controlling involuntary events
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
The part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is the ________.
axon
Neurotransmitters are released upon stimulation from a nerve impulse from the ________.
axon terminals of a motor neuron
The term central nervous system refers to the ________.
brain and spinal cord
Pons, midbrain, and medulla oblongata is where?
brain stem
Reticular formation happens where?
brain stem
The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the ________.
brain stem
What is one of the major functions of the pons?
breathing
What mineral is released within muscle cells to trigger contraction?
calcium
Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon's membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next?
calcium
Why are calcium ions necessary for skeletal muscle contraction?
calcium ions trigger the binding of myosin heads to actin filaments
What term refers to a smooth, sustained contraction?
complete tetanus
Muscle tissue has the ability to shorten when adequately stimulated, a characteristic known as ________.
contractility
What metabolic waste accumulates in muscle with excessive exertion?
lactic acid
These formed elements number 4,800 to 10,800 cells/mm3 of blood
leukocyte
Granulocytes and agranulocytes are classified as types of these cells
leukocytes
The vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the ________.
medulla oblongata
The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three connective tissue membranes that are collectively called ________.
meninges
The blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of ________.
metabolic waste such as urea
Includes the cerebral peduncles and the corpora quadrigemina
midbrain
Functional nervous system division that carries information from the central nervous system toward effectors
motor (efferent) divison
One neuron and all the skeletal muscles it stimulates is known as a ________.
motor unit
Support cells in the central nervous system are collectively called ________.
neuroglia
The gaps between Schwann cells found at regular intervals in peripheral system neurons are called ________.
nodes of Ranvier
The _________________________ system constricts bronchioles of respiratory passageways
parasympathetic nervous
The _________________________ system decreases heart rate
parasympathetic nervous
The _________________________ system has no effect on most blood vessels
parasympathetic nervous
Structural nervous system subdivision that consists of spinal nerves and cranial nerves
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Gland that hangs from the hypothalamus
pituitary gland
Cell fragments that form from the rupture of a megakaryocyte
platelet
Type of cell fragment involved in hemostasis
platelet
What formed elements is responsible for stopping bleeding?
platelet
Life at a high altitude, where less oxygen is available, can lead to a red blood cell disorder known as ________.
polycythemia
During repolarization, what ions are pumped out of the cell?
potassium
components of a reflex arc in the correct sequence?
receptor; afferent neuron; control center; efferent neuron; effector
What type of exercise causes increase in muscle size?
resistance excercise
What cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS?
schwann cells
Functional nervous system subdivision that carries information toward the central nervous system from receptors
sensory (afferent) division
An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell:
sodium
What ion depolarizes the membrane when it diffuses into the axon of a neuron?
sodium
Chemical that enters a muscle cell upon excitation
sodium ions
What are the major positive ions situated outside the neuron when it is polarized?
sodium ions
What must rush into a muscle cell to promote its depolarization?
sodium ions
Fibers that carry information from the skin, joints, and skeletal muscles to the central nervous system are ________.
somatic and sensory
Which division of the peripheral nervous system activates skeletal muscles?
somatic nervous system
What event must occur first to trigger the skeletal muscle to generate an action potential and contract?
AcH binds to receptors on the sarcolemma and allow passage of sodium ions into the cell
Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine (ACh)
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can't vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to say words properly is the ________.
Broca's area
The gap between two communicating neurons is termed ________.
synaptic cleft
Relay station for sensory impulses passing to the sensory cortex
thalamus
What portion of the diencephalon acts as a relay station for sensory impulses traveling upward to the sensory cortex?
thalamus
What changes occur in the sarcomere during muscle contraction?
z discs move closer together
Normal blood pH falls in a range between ________ to ________.
7.35; 7.45
What is the first event of an action potential?
Sodium gates open and the membrane depolarizes.
Structural nervous system subdivision that consists of the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system (CNS)
what brain part controls balance and equilibrium?
cerebellum
Motor homunculus and sensory homunculus is where?
cerebrum
occipital lobe is where?
cerebrum
Cerebrospinal fluid is formed from blood by clusters of capillaries in the brain known as ________.
choroid plexuses
The heads of the myosin myofilaments are called ________ when they link the thick and thin filaments together during skeletal muscle contraction.
cross bridges
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus is where?
diacephalon
The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the ________.
diacephalon
What is the function of creatine phosphate?
directly regenerates ATP from ADP within a muscle cell
Bundles of nerve fibers (neuron processes) running through the CNS are called ________, whereas in the PNS they are called ________.
tracts; nerves