anatomy second semester review mastering a&p

What part of a neuron receives signals and sends a message to the cell body?

dendrite

The neural processes that convey incoming messages toward the cell body are

dendrites

the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges?

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Which ciliated neuroglial cell circulates cerebrospinal fluid?

ependymal cells

Includes the pineal gland and choroid plexus of the third ventricle

epithalamus

Immature form of this cell is called a reticulocyte

erythocyte

Type of cell produced in response to erythropoietiner

erythocyte

Type of cell that averages 5 million cells/mm3 of blood

erythocyte

Type of cell that is shaped like a biconcave disc

erythocyte

Excess of these cells cause polycythemia

erythocytes

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the ________.

hypothalamus

Regulates body temperature, water balance, and metabolism

hypothalamus

What indicates damage to the primary motor area?

inability to voluntarily move skeletal muscles

What type of neuron connects sensory and motor neurons in neural pathways?

interneurons (association neurons)

Excess numbers of these cells cause leukocytosis

leukocyte

Contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting

medulla oblongata

What are the two main functional subdivisions of the nervous system?

sensory and motor

What brain dysfunction results when blood supply to a region (or regions) of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissue dies, as by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel?

stroke

What branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) mobilizes the body during extreme situations, such as rage or fear?

sympathetic division

The _________________________ system decreases digestive system activities

sympathetic nervous

The _________________________ system decreases urine output of the kidneys

sympathetic nervous

The _________________________ system increases metabolic rate

sympathetic nervous

The _________________________ system increases the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

sympathetic nervous

The _________________________ system stimulates sweat glands to produce perspiration

sympathetic nervous

Gap between the axon terminals and the plasma membrane of a neighboring muscle cell

synaptic cleft

what is NOT a major region of the brain?

ventral ramus

The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores this chemical

calcium ions

Ganglia are collections of ________.

cell bodies

The metabolic center of the neuron is

cell body

What initiates an action potential on a muscle cell?

acetylcholine binding to receptors on the sarcolemma within the neuromuscular junction

During skeletal muscle contraction, to what do myosin heads bind?

actin filaments

Electrical current that travels the length of the sarcolemma that results in the contraction of the muscle fiber

action potential

What method of regenerating ATP during muscle contraction can produce lactic acid?

anaerobic glycolysis

Specific neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle cells

acetylcholine

What is released by axon terminals into the synaptic cleft to stimulate a muscle to contract?

acetylcholine

A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood, for any reason, is a condition known as ________.

anemia

Subdivision of the motor division responsible for controlling involuntary events

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

The part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is the ________.

axon

Neurotransmitters are released upon stimulation from a nerve impulse from the ________.

axon terminals of a motor neuron

The term central nervous system refers to the ________.

brain and spinal cord

Pons, midbrain, and medulla oblongata is where?

brain stem

Reticular formation happens where?

brain stem

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the ________.

brain stem

What is one of the major functions of the pons?

breathing

What mineral is released within muscle cells to trigger contraction?

calcium

Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon's membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next?

calcium

Why are calcium ions necessary for skeletal muscle contraction?

calcium ions trigger the binding of myosin heads to actin filaments

What term refers to a smooth, sustained contraction?

complete tetanus

Muscle tissue has the ability to shorten when adequately stimulated, a characteristic known as ________.

contractility

What metabolic waste accumulates in muscle with excessive exertion?

lactic acid

These formed elements number 4,800 to 10,800 cells/mm3 of blood

leukocyte

Granulocytes and agranulocytes are classified as types of these cells

leukocytes

The vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the ________.

medulla oblongata

The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three connective tissue membranes that are collectively called ________.

meninges

The blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of ________.

metabolic waste such as urea

Includes the cerebral peduncles and the corpora quadrigemina

midbrain

Functional nervous system division that carries information from the central nervous system toward effectors

motor (efferent) divison

One neuron and all the skeletal muscles it stimulates is known as a ________.

motor unit

Support cells in the central nervous system are collectively called ________.

neuroglia

The gaps between Schwann cells found at regular intervals in peripheral system neurons are called ________.

nodes of Ranvier

The _________________________ system constricts bronchioles of respiratory passageways

parasympathetic nervous

The _________________________ system decreases heart rate

parasympathetic nervous

The _________________________ system has no effect on most blood vessels

parasympathetic nervous

Structural nervous system subdivision that consists of spinal nerves and cranial nerves

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Gland that hangs from the hypothalamus

pituitary gland

Cell fragments that form from the rupture of a megakaryocyte

platelet

Type of cell fragment involved in hemostasis

platelet

What formed elements is responsible for stopping bleeding?

platelet

Life at a high altitude, where less oxygen is available, can lead to a red blood cell disorder known as ________.

polycythemia

During repolarization, what ions are pumped out of the cell?

potassium

components of a reflex arc in the correct sequence?

receptor; afferent neuron; control center; efferent neuron; effector

What type of exercise causes increase in muscle size?

resistance excercise

What cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS?

schwann cells

Functional nervous system subdivision that carries information toward the central nervous system from receptors

sensory (afferent) division

An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell:

sodium

What ion depolarizes the membrane when it diffuses into the axon of a neuron?

sodium

Chemical that enters a muscle cell upon excitation

sodium ions

What are the major positive ions situated outside the neuron when it is polarized?

sodium ions

What must rush into a muscle cell to promote its depolarization?

sodium ions

Fibers that carry information from the skin, joints, and skeletal muscles to the central nervous system are ________.

somatic and sensory

Which division of the peripheral nervous system activates skeletal muscles?

somatic nervous system

What event must occur first to trigger the skeletal muscle to generate an action potential and contract?

AcH binds to receptors on the sarcolemma and allow passage of sodium ions into the cell

Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine (ACh)

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can't vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to say words properly is the ________.

Broca's area

The gap between two communicating neurons is termed ________.

synaptic cleft

Relay station for sensory impulses passing to the sensory cortex

thalamus

What portion of the diencephalon acts as a relay station for sensory impulses traveling upward to the sensory cortex?

thalamus

What changes occur in the sarcomere during muscle contraction?

z discs move closer together

Normal blood pH falls in a range between ________ to ________.

7.35; 7.45

What is the first event of an action potential?

Sodium gates open and the membrane depolarizes.

Structural nervous system subdivision that consists of the brain and spinal cord

central nervous system (CNS)

what brain part controls balance and equilibrium?

cerebellum

Motor homunculus and sensory homunculus is where?

cerebrum

occipital lobe is where?

cerebrum

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed from blood by clusters of capillaries in the brain known as ________.

choroid plexuses

The heads of the myosin myofilaments are called ________ when they link the thick and thin filaments together during skeletal muscle contraction.

cross bridges

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus is where?

diacephalon

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the ________.

diacephalon

What is the function of creatine phosphate?

directly regenerates ATP from ADP within a muscle cell

Bundles of nerve fibers (neuron processes) running through the CNS are called ________, whereas in the PNS they are called ________.

tracts; nerves