Anatomy terms & ankle

2. repair (bone fracture healing)

- acute still continues and a boy splint (fibrous callus) forms - process of transforming callus to bone begins at about week 3 and continues for 3 months - in most cases, after 6 weeks in a cast the fracture is strong enough to allow participation with protection (athlete is able to return to competition)

1. acute (bone fracture healing)

- bleeding occurs in the area - OsteoClasts begin to eat the debris or reabsorb it into the body - OsteoBlasts begin to add new layers to the outside of the bone tissue - continues for about 4 days

2. repair (soft tissue healing)

- fibroblasts (fiber-building cells) begin building fibers across the area of injury

Major causes of shin splits are

- flat feet/overly arched feet - overuse - impropercare

To manage leg cramps, one should

- flex the muscle * - roll out/massage the muscle

ankle

- hinge* joint - calcaneus, talus, tibia, fibula - medial: deltoid ligament (least commonly sprained) - lateral: posterior talofibular ligament, anterior talofibular ligament (most commonly sprained), calcanofibular ligament

1. acute inflammatory (soft tissue healing)

- increased blood flow to the area which brings cells and chemicals to begin the healing process - phagocytes, leukocytes, platelets - lasts about2 days

bones (functions)

- protect vital organs and structures from trauma - create movement due to the action of muscles - produce blood cells and store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus (metabolically active)

3. remodeling (bone fracture healing)

- takes several years to complete - during this phase, the callus is reabsorbed and replaced with a fibrous cord of bone that is formed around the fracture site (bones contain minerals that have an electrical charge, and adding electrical stimulation increases the layering of the bone) - if a bone never heals, it is referred to as a nonunion fracture : a nonunion fracture to a weight bearing bone (such as a leg) means the person will not walk again : most occur in the scaphoid bone (painful and may lead to arthritis and inability to move the wrist)

3. remodeling (soft tissue healing)

- takes up to 1 year or more to accomplish - body's way of building tissue strength in the tendons, ligaments, and muscles to withstand the stress applied to the body during activity

soft tissue healing

1. acute inflammatory, 2. repair, 3. remodeling - greater the injury, longer the healing time - degree of injury, location and blood supply to the injury, age of the athlete - complication of healing: excessive scar tissue, can delay the healing process and interfere with function/ROM

sprains and strains severity

1st degree - overstretched and no loss of motion 2nd degree - partially torn with loss of motion 3rd degree - the tissue is completely or nearly ruptured with complete loss of motion/movement

fracture

a crack or break in a bone

laceration

a jagged or irregular open wound caused by a non cutting object

gliding joints

allow for smooth movement in several directions along a plane or other smooth surfaces, articulating surfaces flat of slightly curved (sliding or twisting) ~ wrist and ankle bones / sternum to clavicle

ball and socket joint

allow for stable movement in several directions without slippage, like a saddle joint - allows bending in several directions without slipping, creating a highly stable, strong joint ~ hip joint, shoulder

anatomical position

an erect stance, arms at the sides, palms facing forward (thumb out)

amputation

an open wound in which a part is completely cut away from the body

incision

an open wound made by a cutting object such as a scalpel (rarely seen in athletics)

tendons

attach muscle to bone and transmit the force that a muscle exerts

distal

away from the attachment - farthest away from the body

posterior

back of the body

flexion

bending movement of the joints (i.e. bending the elbow, clenching a fist)

wound

break in the skin

stress fracture

caused by repeated and overused action, also known as a fatigue fracture

synovial joints

characterized by the presence of synovial fluid within a space that encapsulates the articulating surfaces of the joint, synovial capsule reduces the friction between the bones allowing more smooth movement

saddle joints

characterized by two bones that fit together in a manner similar to a rider in a saddle, allows bending motion in several directions without sliding ~ thumb, 1st metacarpal and trapzium

superficial

close to the body's surface

contusion

close wound commonly called a bruise

medial

closer to the midline of the body (think M-idline : M-edial

ligaments

connect bones and help to form joints

cartilage

covers the ends of long bones, can be found between bones - join structures - absorb shock - permit smooth bone movement

deep

deep under the body's surface

oblique fracture

diagonal line across the bone

hinge joint

formed between two bones, allows for stable flexion and extension without sliding or deviation ~ elbow, phalanges

anterior

front of the body

superior

higher than another point

soft tissue injuries

incision ~ abrasion ~ contusion ~ laceration ~ avulsion ~ amputation ~ puncture

sprains

injuries to ligaments

strains

injuries to the muscles

hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

just below the dermis - not technically part of the skin, but helps to hold the skin to under lying bone and muscle tissue - responsible for storing 50% of the body's fat

dermis

just below the epidermis, 2nd layer

avulsion fracture

ligament or tendon pulls so hard that at its bony attachment a portion of the bone is torn away

The tibia and fibula make up the

lower leg (shin).

inferior

lower than another point

epidermis

most superficial layer of skin, thin, connects to dermis layer

abduction

movement AWAY from the body

adduction

movement TOWARD the body

plantar flexion

movement of the foot toward the sole, occurs at ankle

dorsiflexion

movement of the foot toward the tibia, occurs at ankle

The fibula is

not weight bearing.

puncture

occurs when a pointed object enters the body

dislocation

occurs when significant force displaces bone so the the 2 bone ends in the same joint no longer line up, sometimes a dislocation can also cause avulsion, sprains, disruption of blood flow and nerve conduction

skin

outermost surface of the body - provides the first line of defense against external forces such as insects, air, dirt, bacteria, and blows - has ability to expand to accommodate an increase in muscle girth

lateral

outside of the body, away from the midline - more circulation so wounds heal faster

avulsion (soft tissue)

partial tearing away of a body part (may occur if one catches a ring on something)

abrasion

results from scraping off a layer of skin and may or not bleed depending on depth

supination

rotation/twist laterally, farther from the body (anatomical position - foot rolls outward)

pronation

rotation/twist medially, towards the body (hands -- anatomical position - rotating hand inward so thumb is closest to body) (foot rolls inward)

pivot joint

rotational motion occurs without gliding movement, allows for turning motions without sideways displacement or bending ~ stability of head on the neck / radius and ulna

longitudinal fracture

runs the length of the bone and usually caused by impact

condyloid joints

similar to gliding joints, have an irregular surface where the bones move past one another, like two bowls nested together ~ metacarpals and phalanges

inversion

sole of foot turned in

eversion

sole of foot turned out

extension

strengthening movement of the joints (i.e. knees when standing up)

The Thompson test

tests the Achilles tendon. Squeeze calf and look for movement.

The structure that connects the calf muscle to the heel bone is

the Achilles.

The drawer test tests the integrity of

the anterior talofibular ligament.

The two bony landmarks in the ankle are

the medial malleolus and the lateral malleolus.

The tibia and fibula articulate (connect) to

the talus.

spiral fracture

torsional force along the length of the bone

proximal

toward the attachment - closest to the body

depressed fracture

usually occurs from direct impact to the skull

The tibia is

weight bearing.

blowout fracture

when an eye is pushed hard and backward and down in the socket

compression fracture

when opposing forces are applied to a bone